Portuguese Macau: Difference between revisions
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| common_name = Portuguese Macau |
| common_name = Portuguese Macau |
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| status = [[Colony]] |
| status = [[Colony]] |
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| flag_type_article = Flag of Macau |
| flag_type_article = Flag of Macau bees of portugal |
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| other_symbol = <div style="padding:0.3em;">[[File:Bandeira do Leal Senado.svg|border|100px]] [[File:Mca-ilhas flag.png|border|100px]] |
| other_symbol = <div style="padding:0.3em;">[[File:Bandeira do Leal Senado.svg|border|100px]] [[File:Mca-ilhas flag.png|border|100px]] |
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| other_symbol_type = [[Municipalities_and_parishes_of_Macau|Flags of Municipalities]] |
| other_symbol_type = [[Municipalities_and_parishes_of_Macau|Flags of Municipalities]] |
Revision as of 05:33, 15 June 2022
22°10′N 113°33′E / 22.167°N 113.550°E
Portuguese Macau Macau português 葡屬澳門 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1557–1999 | |||||||||
Anthem: "A Portuguesa" (1910–1999) (English: "The Portuguese") | |||||||||
Flags of Municipalities | |||||||||
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Status | Colony | ||||||||
Official languages | Chinese1 Portuguese | ||||||||
Religion | |||||||||
Demonym(s) | Macanese | ||||||||
Head of state of Portugal | |||||||||
• 1557 | King John III (first) | ||||||||
• 1996–1999 | President Jorge Sampaio (last) | ||||||||
Governor | |||||||||
• 1557–1558 | Francisco Martins (first) | ||||||||
• 1991–1999 | Vasco Rocha Vieira (last) | ||||||||
Legislature | Council of Macau (1583–1849) Legislative Assembly (1976–1999) | ||||||||
Historical era | Age of Exploration Early Modern Period Late Modern Period | ||||||||
• Portuguese settlement established | 1557 | ||||||||
1 December 1887 | |||||||||
1966–1967 | |||||||||
20 December 1999 | |||||||||
Population | |||||||||
• 1998 estimate | 409,620 [1] | ||||||||
GDP (PPP) | estimate | ||||||||
• Per capita | $34,091 | ||||||||
GDP (nominal) | 1998 [2] estimate | ||||||||
• Total | $6,79 billion | ||||||||
• Per capita | $16,595 | ||||||||
Currency | Macanese Pataca (1894–1999) | ||||||||
Internet TLD | .mo | ||||||||
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Today part of | |||||||||
This article is part of a series on the |
History of Macau |
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Other Macau topics |
History of China |
Portuguese Macau was a Portuguese colony that existed from the first Portuguese settlement in 1557 to the end of colonial rule and the transfer of sovereignty over Macau to the People's Republic of China in 1999. It constituted of the Municipality of Macau and the Municipality of Ilhas. Macau was both the first and last European holding in China.[4]
Overview
Macau's history under Portugal can be broadly divided into three distinct political periods.[5] The first was the establishment of the Portuguese settlement in 1557 until 1849.[6] There was a system of mixed jurisdiction; the Portuguese had jurisdiction over the Portuguese community and certain aspects of the territory's administration but had no real sovereignty.[5] The second was the colonial period, which scholars generally place from 1849 to 1974.[7] As Macau's importance among other territories grew within the Portuguese Empire, Portuguese sovereignty over Macau was strengthened and it became a constitutional part of Portuguese territory.[5] Chinese sovereignty during this era was mainly nominal.[7] Finally, the third was the transition period or post-colonial period, which occurred after the Carnation Revolution in 1974 until the handover in 1999.[5][8]
Wu Zhiliang more specifically identified six periods:[9]
- The early relationship between the Chinese and Portuguese (1514–1583)
- The Senado (Senate) period (1583–1783)
- The decline of the Senado (1783–1849)
- The colonial period (1849–1976)
- The district autonomy period (1976–1988)
- The transition period (1988–1999)
History
In their first attempts at obtaining trading posts by force, the Portuguese were defeated by the Ming Chinese at the Battle of Tunmen in Tamão or Tuen Mun in 1521 where the Portuguese lost 2 ships and Battle of Sincouwaan in Lantau Island where the Portuguese also lost 2 ships and Shuangyu in 1548 where several Portuguese were captured and near the Dongshan Peninsula in 1549 where two Portuguese junks and Galeote Pereira were captured. During these battles the Ming Chinese captured weapons from the defeated Portuguese which they then reverse engineered and mass produced in China such as matchlock musket arquebuses which they named bird guns and breech loading swivel guns which they named as Folangji (Frankish) cannon because the Portuguese were known to the Chinese under the name of Franks at this time. The Portuguese later returned to China peacefully and presented themselves under the name Portuguese instead of Franks in the Luso-Chinese agreement (1554) and rented Macau as a trading post from China by paying annual lease of hundreds of silver taels to Ming China.[10] The use of Macau as a commercial port dates back to 1535 during the Ming dynasty, when local authorities established a custom house, collecting 20,000 taels in annual custom duties.[11] Sources also call this payment a rent or bribe.[12] In 1554, the custom house was moved to Lampacao likely due to threats of piracy.[11] After the Portuguese helped the Chinese defeat the pirates, they were allowed to settle in Macau.[11][13] By 1557, they established a permanent settlement,[14] paying an annual ground rent of 500 taels.[15] In 1573, the Chinese built the Barrier Gate to regulate traffic and trade. The rent and boundary delimitation showed both the Portuguese subsidiary position to the Ming government and China's tacit acceptance of Macau's de facto foreign occupation. By 1583, the enclave had a municipal government with a Senate Council.[14]
The Kingdom of Portugal declared a right of sovereignty over Macau in 1783.[16] The 1822 constitution included Macau as an integral part of its territory.[5] A Portuguese royal decree on 20 November 1845 declared Macau a free port.[17] In 1846, Ferreira do Amaral was appointed governor, having been given a mandate to assert Portuguese sovereignty. He terminated the rent, closed the custom house headed by the hoppo, imposed taxes on the Chinese residents, and placed them under Portuguese law.[6] The Senate opposed his actions, stating that establishing full control by force was an "unfair and disloyal gesture".[18] Amaral dissolved the Senate and called them unpatriotic. He told Chinese officials that they would be received as representatives of a foreign power. Amaral's policies evoked much resentment, and he was assassinated by Chinese men on 22 August 1849. This led the Portuguese to capture the Passaleão fort beyond the Barrier Gate three days later.[18]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Amacao.jpg/220px-Amacao.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Macao_Street_Scene.jpg/220px-Macao_Street_Scene.jpg)
On 26 March 1887, the Lisbon Protocol was signed, in which China recognised the "perpetual occupation and government of Macao" by Portugal who in turn, agreed never to surrender Macau to a third party without Chinese agreement.[19] This was reaffirmed in the Treaty of Peking on 1 December.[19] A growing nationalist movement in China voiced disapproval of the treaty and questioned its validity. Although the Nationalist (Kuomintang) government in China vowed to abrogate the "unequal treaties", Macau's status remained unchanged. The 1928 Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Friendship and Trade reaffirmed Portuguese administration over Macau.[20] In 1945, after the end of extraterritorial rights in China, the Nationalists called for the liquidation of foreign control over Hong Kong and Macau, but they were too preoccupied in the civil war with the Communists to fulfil their goals.[21]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Macao-07-Leal_Senado.jpg/220px-Macao-07-Leal_Senado.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/12-3_Incident_Apology.jpg/220px-12-3_Incident_Apology.jpg)
The 12-3 incident occurred in 1966, when demonstrations against Portuguese rule were held.
After the 1974 revolution in Portugal, a new decolonisation policy paved the way for Macau's retrocession to the People's Republic of China (PRC).[20] Portugal offered to withdraw from Macau in late 1974, but China declined in favour of a later time because it sought to preserve international and local confidence in Hong Kong, which was still under British rule. In January 1975, Portugal recognised the PRC as the sole government of China.[20][22] On 17 February 1976, the Portuguese parliament passed the Organic Statute of Macau, which called it a "territory under Portuguese administration". This term was also put in Portugal's 1976 constitution, replacing Macau's designation as an overseas province. Unlike previous constitutions, Macau was not included as an integral part of Portuguese territory.[8] The 1987 Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration called Macau a "Chinese territory under Portuguese administration". The granting of full sovereignty to the People's Republic of China was transferred in a ceremony on 20 December 1999.[23]
Government
Since 1657, the office of Captain-Major was appointed by the King of Portugal or on his behalf by the Viceroy of India to any fidalgo (nobleman) or gentleman who excelled in services to the Crown.[24] The Captain-Major was head of the fleets and emporia from Malacca to Japan, and the official representative of Portugal to Japan and China. Since he was often away from Macau for long periods, an embryonic municipal government formed in 1560 to resolve matters. Three representatives chosen by vote held the title of eleitos (elected) and could perform administrative and judicial duties.[25]
By 1583, the Senate Council was formed, later called the Loyal Senate (Leal Senado).[14] It consisted of three aldermen, two judges, and one city procurator.[25] Portuguese citizens in Macau elected six electors who would then select the senators.[26] The most serious issues were dealt with by convening the General Council of Ecclesiastic Authorities and leading citizens to decide what measures should be taken.[25] After several Dutch invasions, the Senate created the post of War Governor in 1615 to establish a permanent presence of a military commander.[27] In 1623, the Viceroy created the office of Governor and Captain-General of Macau, replacing the Captain-Major's authority over the territory.[28][29]
Macau was originally administered as part of Xiangshan County, Guangdong. Chinese and Portuguese officials discussed affairs in casa da câmara, or the city hall, where the Leal Senado Building was later built. In 1731, the Chinese set up an assistant magistrate (xian cheng) in Qian Shan Zhai to manage affairs in Macau. In 1743, he was later based in Mong Ha village (Wang Xia), now part of Our Lady of Fátima, Macau. In 1744, the Chinese formed the Macau Coast Military and Civilian Government headed by a subprefect (tongzhi) based in Qian Shan Zhai.[30]
Sovereignty
The sovereignty over Macau has been a complex issue. Professor of Sociology, Zhidong Hao, at the University of Macau said that some consider sovereignty to be "absolute" and cannot be shared, while others say it is "relative" and can be joint or shared.[9] He stated:
The complexity of the sovereignty question in Macau suggests that the Chinese and Portuguese shared Macau's sovereignty before 1999. [...] In the colonial period of Macau, China had the lesser control in Macau, therefore the lesser sovereignty, and Portugal had more of it. On the other hand, if the Portuguese had sovereignty over Macau, even after the 1887 treaty, it was never absolute either. So sovereignty in fact had been shared between China and Portugal in one way or another, with one party having more at one time than the other.[9]
Macau's political status was still disputed after the 1887 treaty due to its ambiguous wording. The interpretation depends on the perspective of the writer, with the Portuguese and Chinese taking different sides. Scholar Paulo Cardinal, who has been a legal advisor to the Legislative Assembly of Macau, wrote:
On an international law level of analysis, Macau has been characterized by western scholars as a territory on a lease; a union community with Portugal enshrined in and by the Chief of State; a condominium; a territory under an internationalized regime; a territory under a special situation; an autonomous territory without integration connected to a special international situation; and a dependent community subjected to a dual distribution of sovereignty powers (in other words, China held the sovereignty right but Portugal was responsible for its exercise). Without a doubt, it was an atypical situation. Since the Joint Declaration, Macau was, until 19 December 1999, an internationalized territory by international law standards, despite the absence of such a label in the treaty itself.[31]
Education
In 1594, the Jesuits opened St. Paul's College, the first Western-style university in the East.
In 1728, St. Joseph's Seminary and Church was founded and provided an academic curriculum equivalent to a Western university.[32]
In 1893, Liceu de Macau was opened, the only public Portuguese language school. Official teaching in Portuguese underwent reforms after the Portuguese revolution of 1911, and education in Macau experienced a great development. The education promoted by the Church, despite continuing with government support, evolved into private education and the private teaching in Chinese was moved from private home classes to state schools.[33]
According to the 1921 Yearbook, public education in Macau covered 125 secondary and primary schools, of which 2 official schools (Macao Liceu and Commercial School), 7 schools subsidized by the Government, 10 municipal schools and 4 Church schools, with a total number of 5477 students.[34]
In 1928, the Yuet Wah College was moved from Canton to Macau. During the Japanese invasion of China in 1937, other private educational institutions closed their doors in mainland China and also moved to Macau.
Gallery
-
Street in Macau, by John Thomson, c. 1870
-
Panoramic painting of Macau from Penha Hill, c. 1870
See also
- Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino, archives in Lisbon documenting the Portuguese Empire, including Macau
- British Hong Kong (1841–1997)
- British Weihaiwei (1898–1930)
- China–Portugal relations
- Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan (1898–1945), French leased territory in China, administered as a part of Indochina
- Military of Macau under Portuguese rule
- Portuguese Empire
References
- ^ https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=MO&most_recent_value_desc=false [bare URL]
- ^ https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=MO [bare URL]
- ^ Yee, Herbert S. (2001). Macau in Transition: From Colony to Autonomous Region. Hampshire: Palgrave. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-230-59936-9.
- ^ Dillon, Michael (2017). Encyclopedia of Chinese History. New York: Routledge. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-315-81853-5.
- ^ a b c d e Cardinal 2009, p. 225
- ^ a b Halis 2015, pp. 70–71
- ^ a b Hao 2011, p. 40
- ^ a b Halis 2015, pp. 72–73
- ^ a b c Hao 2011, pp. 31–32, 224
- ^ p. 343-344, Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank, The Cambridge history of China, Volume 2; Volume 8, Cambridge University Press, 1978, ISBN 0-521-24333-5
- ^ a b c Chang, T'ien-Tse (1933). Sino-Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644: A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources. Leyden: E. J. Brill. p. 93.
- ^ Strauss, Michael J. (2015). Territorial Leasing in Diplomacy and International Law. Leiden: Brill Nijhoff. p. 58. ISBN 978-90-04-29362-5.
- ^ Rêgo, António da Silva (1994). "Direct Sailings Between Macao and Brazil: An Unrealizable Dream? (1717-1810)". Review of Culture. No. 22 (2nd series). Cultural Institute of Macao.
- ^ a b c Mendes 2013, p. 10
- ^ Twitchett, Denis; Mote, Frederick W., eds. (1998). The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 344. ISBN 0-521-24333-5.
- ^ Mendes 2013, p. 7
- ^ Sena, Tereza (2008). "Macau's Autonomy in Portuguese Historiography (19th and early 20th centuries)". Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies 17: 91–92.
- ^ a b Hao 2011, pp. 41–42
- ^ a b Mayers, William Frederick (1902). Treaties Between the Empire of China and Foreign Powers (4th ed.). Shanghai: North-China Herald. pp. 156–157.
- ^ a b c Chan, Ming K. (2003). "Different Roads to Home: The Retrocession of Hong Kong and Macau to Chinese Sovereignty". Journal of Contemporary China 12 (36): 497–499.
- ^ Cohen, Jerome Alan; Chiu, Hungdah (2017) [1974]. People's China and International Law: A Documentary Study. Vol. 1. Princeton University Press. p. 374. ISBN 978-0-691-61869-2.
- ^ Chan, Ming K.; Chan, Shiu-hing Lo (2006). The A to Z of the Hong Kong SAR and the Macao SAR. Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. pp. 283–284. ISBN 978-0-8108-7633-0.
- ^ Cardinal 2009, p. 228
- ^ Fei 1996, p. 25
- ^ a b c Gomes, Luís Gonzaga (1995). "Summary of the History of Macao". No. 23 (2nd series). Cultural Institute of Macao.
- ^ Fei 1996, p. 36
- ^ Cardinal, Paulo (2007). "Macau: The Internationalization of an Historical Autonomy". In Practising Self-Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 385. ISBN 978-1-107-01858-7.
- ^ Alberts, Tara (2016). "Colonial Conflicts: Factional Disputes in Two Portuguese Settlements in Asia". In Cultures of Conflict Resolution in Early Modern Europe. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781472411556.
- ^ Hao 2011, p. 33
- ^ Hao 2011, pp. 35–36
- ^ Cardinal 2009, p. 226
- ^ "Igreja e Seminário de S. José".
- ^ Xianbing, Liu (2002). Vestígios do Século: Cronologia da Educação de Macau no Século XX (in Portuguese). pp. 27–34.
- ^ Cronologia da História de Macau. p. 154.
Bibliography
- Cardinal, Paulo (2009). "The Judicial Guarantees of Fundamental Rights in the Macau Legal System". In One Country, Two Systems, Three Legal Orders - Perspectives of Evolution: Essays on Macau's Autonomy After the Resumption of Sovereignty by China. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-68572-2.
- Fei, Chengkang (1996). Macao 400 Years. Translated by Wang Yintong and Sarah K. Schneewind. Shanghai: Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences.
- Halis, Denis de Castro (2015). "'Post-Colonial' Legal Interpretation in Macau, China: Between European and Chinese Influences". In East Asia's Renewed Respect for the Rule of Law in the 21st Century. Leiden: Brill Nijhoff. ISBN 978-90-04-27420-4.
- Hao, Zhidong (2011). Macao History and Society. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-988-8028-54-2.
- Mendes, Carmen Amado (2013). Portugal, China and the Macau Negotiations, 1986–1999. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-988-8139-00-2.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Gunn, Geoffrey C. (1996). Encountering Macau, A Portuguese City-State on the Periphery of China, 1557–1999. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-8970-4.
- Official website of the Portuguese Government of Macau (web archive) (in Portuguese) (1999)
- Portuguese Macau
- History of Macau
- China–Portugal relations
- Concessions in China
- Former colonies in Asia
- Former countries of the Cold War
- Former Portuguese colonies
- Portuguese colonisation in Asia
- 16th century in Macau
- 17th century in Macau
- 18th century in Macau
- 19th century in Macau
- 20th century in Macau
- 1557 establishments in Asia
- 1557 establishments in China
- 16th-century establishments in Macau
- 1557 establishments in the Portuguese Empire
- 1999 disestablishments in Asia
- 1999 disestablishments in China
- 1999 disestablishments in Macau
- 1999 disestablishments in the Portuguese Empire
- States and territories established in 1557
- States and territories disestablished in 1999