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The '''British Rail Class 313''' is a dual-voltage [[electric multiple unit]] (EMU) train built by [[British Rail Engineering Limited]]'s [[Holgate Road carriage works]] between February 1976 and April 1977. They were the first production units that were derived from [[British Rail]]'s [[British Rail Classes 445 and 446|1971 prototype suburban EMU design]] which, as the BREL 1972 family, eventually encompassed 755 vehicles over five production classes (313, [[British Rail Class 314|314]], [[British Rail Class 315|315]], [[British Rail Class 507|507]] and [[British Rail Class 508|508]]). They were the first [[List of British Rail electric multiple unit classes#Second generation|second-generation]] EMUs to be constructed for [[British Rail]] and the first British Rail units with both a [[pantograph (transport)|pantograph]] for {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[overhead line]]s and [[contact shoe]] equipment for {{750 V DC|conductor=y}} supply.<ref name="hs89">{{cite book |last1=Haresnape |first1=Brian |last2=Swain |first2=Alec |title=10: Third Rail DC Electric Multiple-Units |series=British Rail Fleet Survey |year=1989 |pages=82–84 |publisher=Ian Allan Publishing |location=Shepperton |isbn=0-7110-1760-3 }}</ref> They were, additionally, the first units in Britain to employ multi-function automatic [[Tightlock coupling|Tightlock couplers]], which include electrical and pneumatic connections allowing the coupling and uncoupling of units to be performed unassisted by the driver whilst in the cab.
The '''British Rail Class 313''' is a dual-voltage [[electric multiple unit]] (EMU) train built by [[British Rail Engineering Limited]]'s [[Holgate Road carriage works]] between February 1976 and April 1977. They were the first production units that were derived from [[British Rail]]'s [[British Rail Classes 445 and 446|1971 prototype suburban EMU design]] which, as the BREL 1972 family, eventually encompassed 755 vehicles over five production classes (313, [[British Rail Class 314|314]], [[British Rail Class 315|315]], [[British Rail Class 507|507]] and [[British Rail Class 508|508]]). They were the first [[List of British Rail electric multiple unit classes#Second generation|second-generation]] EMUs to be constructed for [[British Rail]] and the first British Rail units with both a [[pantograph (transport)|pantograph]] for {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[overhead line]]s and [[contact shoe]] equipment for {{750 V DC|conductor=y}} supply.<ref name="hs89">{{cite book |last1=Haresnape |first1=Brian |last2=Swain |first2=Alec |title=10: Third Rail DC Electric Multiple-Units |series=British Rail Fleet Survey |year=1989 |pages=82–84 |publisher=Ian Allan Publishing |location=Shepperton |isbn=0-7110-1760-3 }}</ref> They were, additionally, the first units in Britain to employ multi-function automatic [[Tightlock coupling|Tightlock couplers]], which include electrical and pneumatic connections allowing the coupling and uncoupling of units to be performed unassisted by the driver whilst in the cab.


The Class 313 units are the oldest EMUs currently operating on the National Rail network, having entered service in 1976.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Southern '313s' are network's veterans |magazine=[[Rail (magazine)|Rail]] |issue=949 |date=26 January 2022 |page=30}}</ref> However, the even older [[London Underground 1972 Stock|1972 Stock]] and [[London Underground 1973 Stock|1973 Stock]] are still in service on [[London Underground]].
The Class 313 units were the oldest EMUs operating on the National Rail network before being discontinued in May 2023, having entered service in 1976.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Southern '313s' are network's veterans |magazine=[[Rail (magazine)|Rail]] |issue=949 |date=26 January 2022 |page=30}}</ref> However, the even older [[London Underground 1972 Stock|1972 Stock]] and [[London Underground 1973 Stock|1973 Stock]] are still in service on [[London Underground]].


==Background==
==Background==

Revision as of 20:11, 18 May 2023

British Rail Class 313
Southern Class 313 at Brighton
Interior of a Southern refurbished Class 313/2 unit
In service1976–present
ManufacturerBritish Rail Engineering Limited
Built atHolgate Road Works, York
Family nameBREL 1972
Replaced
Constructed1976–1977
Refurbished
  • 1997–2001 (Silverlink)
  • 1999–2003 (WAGN)
  • 2010–2011 (Southern)
Scrapped2019, 2023
Number built64[1]
Number in service11
Number scrapped47
Successor
Formation
  • 3 cars per unit:
  • DMSO-PTSO-BDMSO
Diagram
  • DMSO vehicles: EA204
  • TSO vehicles: EH210
  • BDMSO vehicles: EI201
Capacity
  • As built: 232 seats
  • Great Northern: 231 seats
  • Overground: 202 seats
  • Silverlink: 228 seats
  • Southern: 194 seats
OwnersBeacon Rail[3]
Operators
DepotsLovers Walk (Brighton)
Lines served
Specifications
Car body constructionSteel underframe with aluminium body and roof [note 1]
Car length
  • DM vehs.: 19.800 m (64 ft 11.5 in)
  • Trailers: 19.920 m (65 ft 4.3 in)
Width2.820 m (9 ft 3.0 in)
Height3.582 m (11 ft 9.0 in)
Floor height1.146 m (3 ft 9.1 in)
DoorsDouble-leaf pocket sliding, each 1.288 m (4 ft 2.7 in) wide (2 per side per car)
Wheel diameter840 mm (33 in) new[5]
WheelbaseOver bogie centres:
14.170 m (46 ft 5.9 in)
Maximum speed75 mph (120 km/h)
Weight
  • DMSO vehs.: 35.87 t (35.30 LT; 39.54 ST)
  • PTSO vehs.: 31.28 t (30.79 LT; 34.48 ST)
  • BDMSO vehs.: 37.55 t (36.96 LT; 41.39 ST)
  • Total: 104.70 t (103.05 LT; 115.41 ST)[5]
Traction motors8 × GEC G310AZ
(82 kW (110 hp) each, 4 per motor car)
Power output656 kW (880 hp)
Tractive effort90.7 kN (20,400 lbf) starting[5]
Acceleration0.79 m/s2 (2.6 ft/s2)[6]
Deceleration0.92 m/s2 (3.0 ft/s2)[6]
Electric system(s)
Current collector(s)
UIC classificationBo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′
BogiesBREL BX1
Minimum turning radius70.4 m (231 ft 0 in)
Braking system(s)Electro-pneumatic (disc) and rheostatic
('Westcode' three-step)[8]
Safety system(s)
Coupling systemTightlock
Multiple workingWithin class
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Notes/references
Specifications as at August 1982[4] except where otherwise noted.

The British Rail Class 313 is a dual-voltage electric multiple unit (EMU) train built by British Rail Engineering Limited's Holgate Road carriage works between February 1976 and April 1977. They were the first production units that were derived from British Rail's 1971 prototype suburban EMU design which, as the BREL 1972 family, eventually encompassed 755 vehicles over five production classes (313, 314, 315, 507 and 508). They were the first second-generation EMUs to be constructed for British Rail and the first British Rail units with both a pantograph for 25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead lines and contact shoe equipment for 750 V DC third rail supply.[9] They were, additionally, the first units in Britain to employ multi-function automatic Tightlock couplers, which include electrical and pneumatic connections allowing the coupling and uncoupling of units to be performed unassisted by the driver whilst in the cab.

The Class 313 units were the oldest EMUs operating on the National Rail network before being discontinued in May 2023, having entered service in 1976.[10] However, the even older 1972 Stock and 1973 Stock are still in service on London Underground.

Background

Two new fleets were ordered as part of the electrification, authorised in 1971, of suburban services on British Rail's Great Northern route between London King's Cross and Royston, via Welwyn Garden City on the East Coast Main Line and via Hertford North on the Hertford Loop Line.[11] For outer-suburban services – those making limited stops over the length of the route – a fleet of 49 Class 312 units were procured as derivatives of the proven Class 310 design.[12] The Class 313 fleet was correspondingly ordered for the inner-suburban services – those making frequent stops between London and Welwyn or Hertford.[6]

An integral component of the electrification programme was BR's acquisition from London Underground of the Northern City Line, which had been built at a size sufficient for mainline trains and which provided the most direct route between Finsbury Park, on the existing Great Northern route, and Moorgate in the City of London.[13][14] Following completion of the electrification to Welwyn and Hertford, the London terminal for all inner-suburban services would switch from King's Cross to Moorgate, reducing the number of train movements at the former station enough to permit the remodelling and subsequent electrification of the complicated approach tracks.[15] The Northern City Line tunnels, however, were still not large enough to be fitted with the same 25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead line electrification system used for the rest of programme, and were instead configured to use the 750 V DC third rail system standard on BR's Southern Region.[13][16] This in turn required that a new design of EMU be developed for the Class 313 order, as none capable of running on both systems existed at the time.[17]

Given this requirement, the opportunity was taken to further develop the Class 445 and 446 prototypes that had been produced by British Rail Engineering Limited in 1971, and which were considered by BR to be "the basis of all [its] future suburban stock".[18][19] As these prototypes had been configured for use only on third-rail electrification, a new intermediate trailer carrying a pantograph and AC to DC transformer was built and inserted into the two-car Class 446 prototype, which was then tested on AC-electrified track for six months in 1975.[18] This three-car arrangement, with driving-motor vehicles 'sandwiching' the trailer carrying the AC collection equipment, was subsequently adopted as the basic layout for the Class 313 design.

Description

Given that the need to use the Northern City Line tunnels, Class 313 units are built to a slightly smaller loading gauge than conventional trains. They are of standard length and width, but the roof is lower, most noticeable due to the lack of a "well" for the Stone Faiveley AMBR pantograph on the centre coach. They have to comply with regulations for underground trains, such as having doors at each end of the train for evacuation onto the tracks, and when on 750 V DC supply the traction supply for each motor coach is separate, whereas on conventional 750 V DC trains each coach in a unit is linked by a 750 V bus line. Due to this, each motor coach has shoe gear on both bogies, whereas normally it would only be on the leading bogie. They are fitted with trip-cocks that are struck by a raised train-stop arm at red signals and will apply the brakes if the train passes one.

The first Class 313 unit, 313001, in the late 1980s at Watford Junction in Network SouthEast livery

The units were originally numbered 313001–313064. Each unit is formed of two outer driving motors and an intermediate trailer with a pantograph. This is a reversal of the practice started in the 1960s, where the motors and pantograph were on an intermediate vehicle, with the outer vehicles being driving trailers. Part of the reason was to simplify the equipment to allow dual-voltage operation, and to keep down weight by spreading the heavy transformer and motors between vehicles. The intermediate trailer carries the pantograph and a transformer and rectifier, which on 25 kV AC provides 750 V DC to the motor coaches, each of which has four 110 horsepower (82 kW) GEC G310AZ direct current traction motors, two per bogie. On 750 V DC each motor coach draws its supply directly through its shoe gear. The traction motors are driven by a camshaft-controlled resistance system with series and parallel motor groupings and weak field steps.[20] Originally the heating in the motor coaches was provided by passing air over the hot traction and braking resistors in addition to conventional heaters, but this feature is no longer in use and the pneumatic dampers have been disabled. Great Northern and Southern retrofitted their units with cab air conditioning.

313s have rheostatic braking (which was disabled on London Overground) in addition to conventional three-step air-operated disc braking. During braking if wheelslide is detected by the Wheel slide protection (WSP), rheostatic braking is disabled and disc-braking only is used. Great Northern units had sanding equipment. Unlike some other DMU/EMU classes, additional brake force is not available when the emergency brake application is initiated and is the equivalent force of a step 3/full service application. WSP is still active when making an emergency application.

In addition to the primary suspension of rubber chevron spring and oil dampers, secondary suspension is provided by two air bellows per bogie - flow into each bellows is controlled independently by a levelling valve and arm assembly that allows the suspension to inflate/deflate when the weight of the coach is increased or decreased by passenger loading. The air suspension is linked to the braking system via a Variable Load Valve (VLV), which increases air brake pressure when the coach is more heavily loaded to compensate for the additional weight.

All units have standard class seating only.[21]

As built, the sliding doors were opened by the passengers. Once the driver had stopped the train and the guard had activated the master door release, a passenger could move the door handle gently sideways which operated a switch controlling the individual door opening circuit. Many people did not wait for the guard's release and gave the handle a much harder tug, which could force the door open even if the train had not stopped. Concerns over passenger safety rapidly led to removal of the handles, after which the guard had sole control of the doors.[22] Passenger-operated push-buttons were provided as replacements for the removed handles from March 1977 onwards.[9]

Modifications led to renumbering and reclassification. All units originally had shoebeams on the inner bogie of each motor coach, which was sufficient for third-rail duties between Drayton Park and Moorgate. Some units became surplus, and in 1987 four were transferred to the Colchester – Clacton/Walton route, which has no DC sections; they had the shoegear removed, and were renumbered from 313061–313064 to 313096–313099.[9] Following an accident involving one unit at Walton-on-the-Naze in August 1987, they were replaced by Class 310 units in 1988. Units 313001–313016 had shoegear fitted to the outer bogies in addition, and were transferred to the Euston – Watford DC route where there are long gaps in the third rail. They were renumbered into a new 313/1 subclass, leaving the unmodified units in subclass 313/0.[9]

Following the privatisation of British Rail, ownership of the Class 313 fleet passed to leasing company Eversholt Rail Group. In June 2012 Eversholt sold twenty units (313121 and the nineteen 313/2 units) to newly formed lessor Beacon Rail.[23]

Operations

Current

Nineteen 313s that were displaced by Class 378 Capitalstars on London Overground have been transferred to Southern, replacing the newer Class 377/3 Electrostars on East and West Coastway services from Brighton. They primarily operate local services from Brighton to Hove, West Worthing, Portsmouth Harbour, Lewes and Seaford. In addition, they work the Littlehampton to Bognor Regis and Portsmouth & Southsea services.

These units were repainted at Wolverton Works and renumbered from 313/1 into a new 313/2 subclass. The full refurbishment began in June 2010 at Wabtec Doncaster and included new flooring and carpet, new seating, improved space for cycles and passengers in wheelchairs, and the fitting of a Passenger Information System.[24] Additional modifications were carried out at Stewarts Lane TMD including the installation of cab air-conditioning, sanding equipment, a 750 V busline, shore supply sockets and the removal of overhead line equipment.[citation needed]

The 313s commenced operations with Southern on 23 May 2010, providing a two-trains-per-hour service between Brighton and Seaford, and some trains between Brighton and Lewes, Hove, West Worthing and Littlehampton.[24] From 13 December 2010, their operation expanded to stopping services from Brighton to Portsmouth Harbour and the Littlehampton to Bognor Regis shuttle.

The decision to use 313s on the Coastway lines has been controversial, as they are much older than the 377s and have fewer on-board passenger facilities.[25] The rail union RMT criticised the move and many publications, including the BBC, have questioned the introduction of 35-year-old trains in place of much newer units.[26] These trains are deployed on services that operate predominantly over short distances, such as Brighton to Hove and Brighton to Seaford, and some longer (but stopping) services that provide predominantly local links that run alongside 377s on faster services.

The introduction of 313s on the Coastway routes facilitated the delivery of additional capacity on high-demand suburban routes in South London, where 10-car trains services are to be introduced combined with platform lengthening.

In December 2017, it was announced that unit 313201—originally 313001, the first and oldest Class 313 unit—had been repainted into British Rail's Rail Blue livery, as originally used on the units (though, to meet modern accessibility requirements, the passenger doors were painted entirely grey rather than blue and grey as original). The repaint was part of the C6 overhaul, which included works on the doors, air system and interior, which includes new, modern LED lighting, and for bodywork repairs. The Director of Engineering for Beacon Rail, which owns the Class 313s, has said, "We wanted to celebrate the heritage of this special train, so the re-livery made perfect sense."[27]

In March 2023, it was announced that it was planned for the Southern Class 313 to be withdrawn at the May 2023 timetable change.[28]

A farewell tour was held for the Southern Class 313 units on 29 April 2023.[29]

Former

Silverlink/London Overground

Silverlink Class 313 at Kilburn High Road
Interior of a London Overground Class 313/1 unit. Additional standing room was created by changing from 5-abreast to 4-abreast seating.

Silverlink inherited 23 units from British Rail. These were mainly operated under the Silverlink Metro brand on the North London, West London, and Watford DC lines, although they were also regularly used on the St Albans Abbey – Watford Junction branch line between 1988 and the end of the Silverlink franchise in 2007.

In 2007 they were used on services transferred to London Overground, which replaced Silverlink Metro. London Overground branding was added, and some seats were removed to provide additional standing room. They were replaced by Class 378 trains, with longitudinal seating to improve standing room.

The final day of scheduled 313 operation on the North and West London Lines was 19 February 2010, although units remained in use as ad-hoc substitutes for unavailable 378/0s. By August 2010 only 313121 and 313123 were still in service with London Overground, as the 378/2 Capitalstars were by then in use on the Watford DC Line. They last ran for London Overground on 13 September 2010.[citation needed]

First Capital Connect Class 313 at Enfield Chase. 313s often operated in pairs on Hertford Loop services.
Refreshed interior of a First Capital Connect unit

West Anglia Great Northern inherited 41 units operating inner suburban services out of Moorgate and London King's Cross, to Welwyn Garden City, Hertford North, Stevenage, and Letchworth Garden City. From 1 April 2006 the Great Northern (GN) franchise merged with Thameslink to form the Thameslink Great Northern franchise, which was won by FirstGroup and became known as First Capital Connect. Three[30] Class 313/1 units were transferred to First Capital Connect from London Overground in September 2010 to augment the Class 313/0 fleet. They were repainted into FCC livery and lightly refreshed internally but retained their original low-backed seating. Despite receiving modifications that made them mechanically identical to the 313/0s, they were not renumbered. The units were then transferred to Great Northern on 14 September 2014 when the Thameslink and Great Northern franchise was merged into the Thameslink, Southern and Great Northern franchise.

Although the majority of the route is 25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead line equipment, the Northern City Line route between Moorgate and Drayton Park is 750 V DC third rail, formerly part of the London Underground's Northern line, and although built to full loading gauge there is insufficient clearance to add catenary.

Trains bound for Moorgate approach Drayton Park on a falling gradient, drawing power via the pantograph. After coming to a stand at the platform the driver opens the vacuum circuit breaker, lowers the pantograph and changes over to DC. Whilst at Drayton Park, the starting signal for the platform is held at danger until the pantograph is lowered. Unusually for dual voltage trains, on this stock and its replacement, the Class 717, a shunt resistor is permanently connected to the pantograph. The detection of the small current drawn holds the signal at danger while the pantograph remains in contact with the overhead wire. This current is very audible as it manifests itself as a distinct buzzing noise as an arc is struck and subsequently extinguished as the pantograph lowers. This prevents the driver from powering into the tunnel with the pantograph raised which would cause damage to the train as the pantograph ran off the end of the overhead line and struck the tunnel portal. On journeys from Moorgate traction power is maintained into Drayton Park for the rising gradient. Once the train is at a stand the driver selects AC traction and raises the pantograph. There is no system forcing the driver to change traction supplies beyond the customary 'PANS UP' sign at the end of the platform. If the driver forgets to change to AC no damage will occur to the train or any infrastructure; there will simply be a loss of power as the train runs out of third rail.

Great Northern 313s were electrically limited to 30 mph (48 km/h) in DC mode, the maximum line speed on the Northern City Line.[31][note 3]

313134 was named "City of London" at Moorgate on 9 December 2010 by Michael Bear, the Lord Mayor of London.[32]

The final Class 313 service on Great Northern was the 23:33 Hertford North to Moorgate on 30 September 2019.[33] A final railtour, operating from London King's Cross to Royston (via Welwyn Garden City) and back (via Hertford North and Moorgate) was held on 23 October 2019 with units 313134 and 313064; the DMSO vehicle of 313064 was repainted in Network SouthEast livery.

Departmental use

Network Rail's ERTMS test train in the sidings at Willesden TMD

Network Rail leased Beacon Rail-owned unit 313121 as a test vehicle for the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) installation on the Hertford Loop.[34][35]

The unit was repainted into Network Rail's yellow house colours and internally refurbished at Alstom's Wembley Intercity Depot, to include a new driving desk, technician's workstation, kitchen and toilet facilities, and the necessary ERTMS equipment.[36] The work was completed in June 2013 and the unit was tested for the first time on Friday 5 July 2013 between Wembley and Bletchley. It commenced testing on the Hertford Loop later that month.[37] Following conclusion of the Hertford Loop works, it was placed in store at Eastleigh Works in May 2018.[38] It will be returned to service when ERTMS is ready for testing on the Great Western Main Line.[39]

Replacement

The Great Northern fleet has been replaced by new six-carriage Class 717s.[40][41][42][43] The transition commenced on 25 March 2019, with the first two 717s entering service.[44]

The first of the Great Northern fleet withdrawn was 313026 in February 2019.[45] It was the first dispatched for scrapping in April 2019.[46][47] All 44 of the Great Northern 313s have since been withdrawn and scrapped.[48]

The Southern Class 313 fleet is expected to be withdrawn at the May 2023 timetable change,[49] though three units were to be sent for scrap by the end of January 2023.[50] This was delayed until 10 March 2023, when units 313202, 313214, and 313217 were dispatched for scrap at Eastleigh Works.[51]

The Railway Heritage Designation Advisory Board had originally designated unit 313201 for potential preservation after retirement, on the grounds that it was the first Class 313 unit built, and by extension the first production PEP-derived unit. However, in early 2023, the board decided instead to designate Network Rail's unit 313121, as unlike 313201 it retains its original seating and dual-voltage running equipment.[52]

Accidents and incidents

  • On 15 October 1986, unit 313012 ran into the rear of a London Underground empty stock train at Kensal Green due to excessive speed after passing a signal at caution. Twenty-five people were injured.[53]
  • On 12 August 1987, unit 313063 overran the buffer stop at Walton-on-the-Naze and demolished the station building due to a brake fault on the train. Thirteen people were injured.[54]
  • On 22 October 2020, unit 313212 was derailed at Bognor Regis due to a signalling error.[55]
  • On 19 November 2020, unit 313220 was involved in a fire at West Worthing station.[56]
  • On 10 March 2021, unit 313203 was involved in a fire at East Worthing station.[57]

Fleet details

Class Operator Qty. Year built Cars per unit Unit numbers
313/0 Scrapped 41 1976–1977 3 313018, 313024–313033, 313035–313064
313/1 3 313122–313123, 313134
Network Rail 1 313121
313/2 Southern 10 313201, 313204–313205, 313207, 313210, 313212–313213, 313216, 313219–313220[58]
Stored 6 313203, 313206, 313208–313209, 313211, 313215[58]
Scrapped 3 313202, 313214, 313217[51]

Vehicle numbering

Individual vehicles are numbered in the ranges as follows:[21]

DMSO PTSO BDMSO
62529–62592 71213–71276 62593–62656

Notes

  1. ^ Diagram EA204 0B additionally describes a variant of the DMSO car with a steel body, instead of aluminium.[4]
  2. ^ Removed on Southern units.[7]
  3. ^ Bull & Cronin 1978a gives the restriction as being 50 km/h (31 mph).[6]

References

Citations

  1. ^ "PEP-talk: the BR second generation EMU". Rail Express. No. 317. October 2022. pp. 54–55.
  2. ^ Griffiths, Elliot (9 March 2023). "Class 313 put out to pasture". Rail Technology Magazine. Manchester: Cognitive Publishing.
  3. ^ "Units: Class 313". Rail Express. No. 319. December 2022. p. 27.
  4. ^ a b Vehicle Diagram Book No. 210 for Electric Multiple Units (including A.P.T.) (PDF). Derby: Mechanical & Electrical Engineering Department, British Railways Board. August 1982. EA204, EH210, EI201 (in work pp. 12–13, 278–279, 386–387). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2023 – via Barrowmore MRG.
  5. ^ a b c Bull & Cronin 1978a, p. 77, Appendix D.
  6. ^ a b c d Bull & Cronin 1978a, p. 71, Class 313 EMU: Performance Characteristics.
  7. ^ "Southern '313s' is the end now in sight?". Rail Magazine. No. 977. Peterborough: Bauer Consumer Media. 22 February 2023. pp. 38–43.
  8. ^ Bull & Cronin 1978a, p. 72, Class 313 EMU: Brake System.
  9. ^ a b c d Haresnape, Brian; Swain, Alec (1989). 10: Third Rail DC Electric Multiple-Units. British Rail Fleet Survey. Shepperton: Ian Allan Publishing. pp. 82–84. ISBN 0-7110-1760-3.
  10. ^ "Southern '313s' are network's veterans". Rail. No. 949. 26 January 2022. p. 30.
  11. ^ BR(E) 1974, p. 3.
  12. ^ Bull & Cronin 1978a, p. 71, Class 312 EMU.
  13. ^ a b Bull & Cronin 1978a, p. 69, Electrification Plan.
  14. ^ BR(E) 1974, pp. 4, 10.
  15. ^ BR(E) 1974, pp. 4, 9.
  16. ^ BR(E) 1974, p. 14.
  17. ^ BR(E) 1974, p. 6.
  18. ^ a b Bull & Cronin 1978a, p. 71, Class 313 EMU: General and Prototype Vehicles.
  19. ^ Bull & Cronin 1978b, p. S27, Re: Electric Multiple Unit Stock (General and Prototype Vehicles).
  20. ^ Bull & Cronin 1978a, p. 73, Class 313 EMU: Traction and Control Equipment.
  21. ^ a b Pritchard, R. N.; Fox, P.; Hall, P. (2009). British Railways Locomotives & Coaching Stock 2009. Sheffield: Platform 5 Publishing. pp. 262–263. ISBN 978-1-902336-70-1. OCLC 664330886.
  22. ^ Bull & Cronin 1978a, p. 75, Service Experience: Class 313 EMU.
  23. ^ "New passenger ROSCO enters market!". railwayeye.blogspot.co.uk. June 2012. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  24. ^ a b "Different trains coming soon : Southern". Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
  25. ^ Turner, Lynda (25 February 2010). "Rail group slams Southern's old trains for new proposals". Hastings and St. Leonards Observer. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
  26. ^ "Southern Railway to axe toilets from new train fleet - BBC News". 20 September 2010. Archived from the original on 20 September 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  27. ^ "BR blue repaint for pioneer Class 313". 20 December 2017. Archived from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  28. ^ "GTR '313s' to be withdrawn in May". Modern Railways. No. 895. April 2023. p. 11.
  29. ^ Clinnick, Richard (June 2023). "Farewell charity tours for veteran EMUs". Rail Express. No. 256. p. 10.
  30. ^ "Class 313s / Partially refreshed". Modern Railways. February 2010.
  31. ^ "General Information". Class 313 Conversion Training Guide. First Capital Connect. 2009. p. 9.
  32. ^ "Over 6,500 more seats added to London commuter routes". Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
  33. ^ "Class 313 Scrapping log". Archived from the original on 13 June 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  34. ^ "Railway Industry Association: Update #52 page 6" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
  35. ^ "Network Rail prepares for the future at Wembley with 1970s built Electric Multiple Unit. - Rail.co.uk". www.rail.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  36. ^ "Class 313 'laboratory train' nears completion". Rail Express. Archived from the original on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  37. ^ "Network Rail's newest train takes to the rails". Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  38. ^ "Job Done". Rail Express. No. 266. July 2018. p. 91.
  39. ^ "313 stored ahead of GWML duty". Rail Magazine. No. 860. 29 August 2018. p. 29.
  40. ^ Clinnick, Richard (22 December 2015). "Siemens favoured for new GN trains". Rail. Peterborough. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  41. ^ "Govia chosen for new Thameslink contract". Railnews. 23 May 2014. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  42. ^ "Govia wins TSGN franchise, beating FirstGroup". Rail Technology Magazine. Cognitive Publishing. 23 May 2014. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  43. ^ Clinnick, Richard (22 December 2015). "Siemens favoured for new GN trains". Rail. Bauer Media. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  44. ^ "New Trains for Moorgate services". Great Northern. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  45. ^ "Class 313". Rail Express (April 2019): 99.
  46. ^ "First Great Northern Class 313s for Scrap". Rail Record. 7 April 2019. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  47. ^ "First Class 313 is sent for scrap as 717 use increases". The Railway Magazine. No. 1418. May 2019. p. 105.
  48. ^ "1,514 brand new vehicles as GTR completes £2 billion fleet cascade". www.railmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  49. ^ "First Southern Class 313 stopped". Railways Illustrated. No. 238. Horncastle: Mortons Media Group. December 2022. p. 20.
  50. ^ "Class 313s for scrap". Railways Illustrated. No. 241. Horncastle: Mortons Media Group. March 2023. p. 18.
  51. ^ a b "Southern Class 313s for Scrap". Rail Record. 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  52. ^ David, Russell (April 2023). "RHDAB amends Class 313 designation". Rail Express. No. 323. Horncastle: Mortons Media Group. p. 18. ISSN 1362-234X.
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  55. ^ "Rail Accident Investigation BranchSafety digest 08/2020: Bognor RegisPassenger train derailment at Bognor Regis station, West Sussex, 22 October 2020" (PDF). Rail Accident Investigation Branch. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
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Sources

Further reading

Media related to British Rail Class 313 at Wikimedia Commons

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