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{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Bihari language of India and Nepal}}
{{Short description|Bihari language of India and Nepal}}
{{infobox language
{{infobox language
| name = Bajjika
| name = Bajjika
| altname = Western Maithili
| altname = बज्जिका
| nativename =
| nativename =
| region = [[Bihar]] of [[India]] and [[Terai]] ([[Madhesh Province]]) of [[Nepal]]
| region = [[Bihar]] of [[India]] and [[Terai]] ([[Madhesh Province]]) of [[Nepal]]
Line 14: Line 13:
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
| fam5 = [[Bihari languages|Bihari]]
| fam5 = [[Bihari languages|Bihari]]
| fam6 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| script = [[Kaithi]], [[Devanagari]]
| script =
| nation =
| nation =
| iso3 = vjk
| iso3 = vjk
| isoexception = dialect
| isoexception = dialect
| linglist = mai-baj
| linglist =
| glotto = west2380
| glotto =
| glottoname = Western Maithili
| glottoname =
| image = Bajjika.svg
| imagecaption = The word "Bajjika" written in Devanagari script
| imagescale =
}}
}}


'''Bajjika''' is a variety of Maithili spoken in Western parts of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] in India and Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Jared |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQA2DwAAQBAJ&dq=bajjika&pg=PA431 |title=Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics |last2=Joseph |first2=Brian |last3=Fritz |first3=Matthias |date=2017-09-25 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-026128-8 |language=en}}</ref> It is also called '''Pachhimaha Maithili'''.
'''Bajjika''' is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language variety spoken in parts of Bihar, India and Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Jared |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQA2DwAAQBAJ&dq=bajjika&pg=PA431 |title=Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics |last2=Joseph |first2=Brian |last3=Fritz |first3=Matthias |date=2017-09-25 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-026128-8 |language=en}}</ref> It is closely related to [[Maithili language|Maithili]] (of which it is often considered a dialect). According to linguist Pandit Rahul Sankrityayan, Bajjika and Maithili are two different dialect.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=va8fAQAAIAAJ&dq=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE |title=Kalpanā |date=1972 |publisher=Bhāgīratha Śarmā |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Śarmā |first=Śrīnivāsa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=W-UNAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE&dq=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ov2=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiIwaPpmtX_AhX2zqACHbBXDL0Q6AF6BAgDEAM |title=Samakālīna ālocanā ke pratimāna |date=1974 |publisher=Maṇimaya Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref>


== Territory and speakers ==
== Territory and speakers ==
Bajjika is spoken in the north-western part of Bihar, in a region popularly known as '''Paschim Mithila'''. In Mithila, it is mainly spoken in the [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]], [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]], [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]], [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]], [[Sheohar district|Sheohar]] and some part of [[Saran district|Saran]](Sonpur). It is also spoken in a part of the [[Darbhanga district]] adjoining [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]] and [[Muzaffarpur district|Samastipur]] districts.{{sfn|Abhishek Kashyap|2014|p=1}} A 2013 estimate based on 2001 census data suggests that at the time there were 2 million Bajjika speakers in Bihar (including around 11.46 illiterate adults).{{sfn|Abhishek Kashyap|2014|pp=1-2}}
Bajjika is spoken in the north-western part of Bihar, in a region popularly known as Bajjikanchal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pradhuman |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=399UDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT506&dq=bajjika&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ov2=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyq6ed1NT_AhW1R2wGHVWLDlY4ChDoAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=bajjika&f=false |title=Bihar General Knowledge Digest: Bestseller Book by Pradhuman Singh: Bihar General Knowledge Digest |date=2021-01-19 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5266-769-7 |language=en}}</ref> In Bihar, it is mainly spoken in the [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]], [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]], [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]], [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]], [[Sheohar district|Sheohar]] districts. It is also spoken in a part of the [[Darbhanga district]] adjoining [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]] and [[Muzaffarpur district|Samastipur]] districts.{{sfn|Abhishek Kashyap|2014|p=1}} A 2013 estimate based on 2001 census data suggests that at the time there were 20 million Bajjika speakers in Bihar (including around 11.46 illiterate adults).{{sfn|Abhishek Kashyap|2014|pp=1-2}}


Bajjika is also spoken by a major population in [[Nepal]], where it has 793,418 speakers according to the country's 2011 census who made up 2.99% of the total population at the time.<ref>[https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/census/documents/Nepal/Nepal-Census-2011-Vol1.pdf National Population and Housing Census 2011 (National Report)]</ref>
Bajjika is also spoken by a major population in [[Nepal]], where it has 237,947 speakers according to the country's 2001 census.{{sfn|Abhishek Kashyap|2014|p=2}}


== Relationship to Maithili ==
== Relationship to Maithili ==

Bajjika has been classified as a dialect of [[Maithili language|Maithili]].<ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mai/17 Ethnologue]</ref><ref name="dsal">{{cite web |title=LSI Vol-5 part-2 |publisher=dsal |page=106 |url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-2&pages=466#page/121/mode/1up}}</ref><ref name="dsal1">{{cite web |title=LSI Vol-5 part-2 |publisher=dsal |page=14 |url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-2&pages=466#page/28/mode/1up |quote="Western Maithili" }}</ref> Whether Bajjika is classified as a dialect of Maithili depends on whether 'Maithili' is understood as the term for the specific standard Maithili dialect spoken in northern Bihar, or as the name for the whole language as the group of all related dialects together. When the proponents of the Maithili language in Bihar demanded use of Maithili-[[medium of instruction|medium]] primary education in the early 20th century, the [[Angika]] and Bajjika-speaking people did not support them, and instead favoured [[Hindi]]-medium education.{{sfn|Mithilesh Kumar Jha|2017|p=163}} The discussions around Bajjika's status as a [[minority language]] emerged in the 1950s.{{sfn|Abhishek Kashyap|2014|p=1}} In the 1960s and the 1970s, when the Maithili speakers demanded a separate [[Mithila, India|Mithila]] state, the Angika and Bajjika speakers made counter-demands for recognition of their languages.{{sfn|Kathleen Kuiper|2010|p=57}}
Bajjika has been classified as a dialect of [[Maithili language|Maithili]].<ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mai/17 Ethnologue]</ref><ref name="dsal">{{cite web |title=LSI Vol-5 part-2 |publisher=dsal |page=106 |url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-2&pages=466#page/121/mode/1up}}</ref><ref name="dsal1">{{cite web |title=LSI Vol-5 part-2 |publisher=dsal |page=14 |url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-2&pages=466#page/28/mode/1up |quote="Western Maithili" }}</ref> Whether Bajjika is classified as a dialect of Maithili depends on whether 'Maithili' is understood as the term for the specific standard Maithili dialect spoken in northern Bihar, or as the name for the whole language as the group of all related dialects together. When the proponents of the Maithili language in Bihar demanded use of Maithili-[[medium of instruction|medium]] primary education in the early 20th century, the [[Angika]] and Bajjika-speaking people did not support them, and instead favoured [[Hindi]]-medium education.{{sfn|Mithilesh Kumar Jha|2017|p=163}} The discussions around Bajjika's status as a [[minority language]] emerged in the 1950s.{{sfn|Abhishek Kashyap|2014|p=1}} In the 1960s and the 1970s, when the Maithili speakers demanded a separate [[Mithila, India|Mithila]] state, the Angika and Bajjika speakers made counter-demands for recognition of their languages.{{sfn|Kathleen Kuiper|2010|p=57}}


Maithili proponents believe that the [[Government of Bihar]] and the pro-Hindi Bihar Rashtrabhasha Parishad promoted Angika and Bajjika as distinct languages to weaken the Maithili language movement. {{sfn|Mithilesh Kumar Jha|2017|p=163}} People from mainly [[Maithil Brahmin]]s and [[Karan Kayastha]]s castes supported the Maithili movement in the days when it was to be subsumed as a dialect of Hindi / Bengali, hence anti-Maithili factions branded the Maithili Language as a Brahminical language while inciting various other castes in the Mithila region to project Angika and Bajjika as their mother tongues, attempting to break away from the Maithili-based regional identity.{{sfn|Manish Kumar Thakur|2002|p=208}}
Maithili proponents believe that the [[Government of Bihar]] and the pro-Hindi Bihar Rashtrabhasha Parishad promoted Angika and Bajjika as distinct languages to weaken the Maithili language movement. {{sfn|Mithilesh Kumar Jha|2017|p=163}} People from mainly [[Maithil Brahmin]]s and [[Karan Kayastha]]s castes supported the Maithili movement in the days when it was to be subsumed as a dialect of Hindi / Bengali, hence anti-Maithili factions branded the Maithili Language as a Brahminical language while inciting various other castes in the Mithila region to project Angika and Bajjika as their mother tongues, attempting to break away from the Maithili-based regional identity.{{sfn|Manish Kumar Thakur|2002|p=208}}

==Academy==
In a move aimed at protecting indigenous language and culture, the Bihar government has decided to set up two new academies to promote local dialects; Surjapuri and Bajjika, spoken in politically influential Seemanchal and Bajjikanchal regions of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.google.com/s/www.outlookindia.com/national/bihar-to-get-two-new-academies-to-promote-surjapuri-bajjika-dialects-news-225746/amp |website=Outlook}}</ref>


== Films in Bajjika ==
== Films in Bajjika ==
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[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Languages of Madhesh Province]]
[[Category:Languages of Madhesh Province]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]

Revision as of 08:49, 25 August 2023

Bajjika
बज्जिका
RegionBihar of India and Terai (Madhesh Province) of Nepal
Native speakers
c. 20 million (2013 estimate)
Kaithi, Devanagari
Language codes
ISO 639-3vjk

Bajjika is an Indo-Aryan language variety spoken in parts of Bihar, India and Nepal.[1] It is closely related to Maithili (of which it is often considered a dialect). According to linguist Pandit Rahul Sankrityayan, Bajjika and Maithili are two different dialect.[2][3]

Territory and speakers

Bajjika is spoken in the north-western part of Bihar, in a region popularly known as Bajjikanchal.[4] In Bihar, it is mainly spoken in the Samastipur, Sitamarhi, Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, Sheohar districts. It is also spoken in a part of the Darbhanga district adjoining Muzaffarpur and Samastipur districts.[5] A 2013 estimate based on 2001 census data suggests that at the time there were 20 million Bajjika speakers in Bihar (including around 11.46 illiterate adults).[6]

Bajjika is also spoken by a major population in Nepal, where it has 237,947 speakers according to the country's 2001 census.[7]

Relationship to Maithili

Bajjika has been classified as a dialect of Maithili.[8][9][10] Whether Bajjika is classified as a dialect of Maithili depends on whether 'Maithili' is understood as the term for the specific standard Maithili dialect spoken in northern Bihar, or as the name for the whole language as the group of all related dialects together. When the proponents of the Maithili language in Bihar demanded use of Maithili-medium primary education in the early 20th century, the Angika and Bajjika-speaking people did not support them, and instead favoured Hindi-medium education.[11] The discussions around Bajjika's status as a minority language emerged in the 1950s.[5] In the 1960s and the 1970s, when the Maithili speakers demanded a separate Mithila state, the Angika and Bajjika speakers made counter-demands for recognition of their languages.[12]

Maithili proponents believe that the Government of Bihar and the pro-Hindi Bihar Rashtrabhasha Parishad promoted Angika and Bajjika as distinct languages to weaken the Maithili language movement. [11] People from mainly Maithil Brahmins and Karan Kayasthas castes supported the Maithili movement in the days when it was to be subsumed as a dialect of Hindi / Bengali, hence anti-Maithili factions branded the Maithili Language as a Brahminical language while inciting various other castes in the Mithila region to project Angika and Bajjika as their mother tongues, attempting to break away from the Maithili-based regional identity.[13]

Academy

In a move aimed at protecting indigenous language and culture, the Bihar government has decided to set up two new academies to promote local dialects; Surjapuri and Bajjika, spoken in politically influential Seemanchal and Bajjikanchal regions of the state.[14]

Films in Bajjika

Lakshmi Elthin Hammar Angna (2009) was the first formal feature film in Bajjika. Sajan Aiha Doli le ke came after that.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (2017-09-25). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-026128-8.
  2. ^ Kalpanā (in Hindi). Bhāgīratha Śarmā. 1972.
  3. ^ Śarmā, Śrīnivāsa (1974). Samakālīna ālocanā ke pratimāna (in Hindi). Maṇimaya Prakāśana.
  4. ^ Singh, Pradhuman (2021-01-19). Bihar General Knowledge Digest: Bestseller Book by Pradhuman Singh: Bihar General Knowledge Digest. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-5266-769-7.
  5. ^ a b Abhishek Kashyap 2014, p. 1.
  6. ^ Abhishek Kashyap 2014, pp. 1–2.
  7. ^ Abhishek Kashyap 2014, p. 2.
  8. ^ Ethnologue
  9. ^ "LSI Vol-5 part-2". dsal. p. 106.
  10. ^ "LSI Vol-5 part-2". dsal. p. 14. Western Maithili
  11. ^ a b Mithilesh Kumar Jha 2017, p. 163.
  12. ^ Kathleen Kuiper 2010, p. 57.
  13. ^ Manish Kumar Thakur 2002, p. 208.
  14. ^ Outlook https://www.google.com/s/www.outlookindia.com/national/bihar-to-get-two-new-academies-to-promote-surjapuri-bajjika-dialects-news-225746/amp. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. ^ "Bhojpuri artist to make first Bajjika film". The Times of India. 17 August 2009. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013.

Bibliography

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bajjika&oldid=1172152787"