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| type = Public
| type = Public
| owner-oper = [[Manchester Airports Group]]
| owner-oper = [[Manchester Airports Group]]
| city-served = [[Greater Manchester]]
| city-served = [[Greater Manchester]],[[Cheshire]], [[Derbyshire]]
| location = [[Manchester]], [[England]]
| location = [[Manchester]], [[England]]
| elevation-f = 257
| elevation-f = 257

Revision as of 17:48, 6 April 2008

For City Airport Manchester, UK, see City Airport Manchester.
For the United States airport, see Manchester-Boston Regional Airport.
Manchester Airport
File:Manchester Airport logo.gif
Summary
Airport typePublic
Owner/OperatorManchester Airports Group
ServesGreater Manchester,Cheshire, Derbyshire
LocationManchester, England
Elevation AMSL257 ft / 78 m
Coordinates53°21′14″N 002°16′30″W / 53.35389°N 2.27500°W / 53.35389; -2.27500
Websitemanchesterairport.co.uk
Map
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
05L/23R 3,048 10,000 Concrete/Grooved Asphalt
05R/23L 3,047 9,997 Concrete/Grooved Asphalt

Manchester Airport (IATA: MAN, ICAO: EGCC) is a major airport in Manchester, England. Opening to passenger traffic in June 1938, it was initially known as Ringway Airport. During World War II it officially became RAF Ringway, and from 1975 until 1986 the title Manchester International Airport was used. It is located on the boundary between Cheshire and Manchester in the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester, 10 miles (16 km) south-west from the city centre.

The airport is funded by many of the local councils in Greater Manchester. The names of these councils can be seen as you drive into the airport, on banners, hung from the lamp posts. The big councils include Stockport (Some of the airport comes under Stockport Councils covered area), Tameside, Manchester.

The airport has two parallel runways, three terminals and a railway station. It is owned by the Manchester Airports Group (MAG) which is controlled by the ten metropolitan borough councils of Greater Manchester and is the largest British-owned airport group.

Manchester Airport has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P712) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers and for flying instruction.

In 2007, Manchester Airport handled 22,112,625 passengers with 222,703 aircraft movements, making it the busiest airport in the United Kingdom in passenger numbers outside of london, fourth (after London Heathrow, London Gatwick and London Stansted) and third in terms of total aircraft movements (after London Heathrow and London Gatwick). [2]

History

See also: RAF Ringway

The origins of the airport can be dated back to 1934 when the location was selected as a new site to build an airfield,[3]. On 25 July 1934, Manchester City Council voted narrowly in favour of the Ringway site as the City's new airport. Construction started on 28 November 1935 and was complete by early summer 1938. The airport was opened and received its first scheduled flight, a KLM operated Douglas DC-2 from Amsterdam.[4] The airport at this time was called Ringway, named after the parish it lay within. Prewar, KLM was the only international operator out of Ringway and offered a request stop at Doncaster.

Construction of a Royal Air Force station commenced in 1939 on the NE edge of the airfield. RAF Ringway was used for both operational flying and training. The main user was No.1 Parachute Training School which trained over 60,000 paratroopers. A complex of hangars and assembly sheds on the NW side of the airfield was used by Fairey Aviation for the construction, modification and testing of over 4000 aircraft of several types. From spring 1939, Avro used the 1938-built main hangar for assembly and testing the prototype Avro Manchester, Avro Lancaster and Avro Lincoln bombers. Three southside hangars were erected in 1942/43 and used for the assembly of Avro York military transport aircraft. The advent of heavier aircraft types resulted in the all-grass landing area being badly damaged in wet weather during the winter of 1940/41. Two runways of 3000 ft length were therefore hastily and skimpily laid down between June and December 1941. The runways were designated 06/24 and 10/28 and the former was lengthened to 4200 ft by January 1943 to accommodate the four-engined aircraft now using RAF Ringway.

After the war the airport grew massively and by 1958 the airport was handling 500,000 passengers annually. During the 1950s a range of developments took place, including another runway extension and the introduction of 24-hour operations. Terminal 1 was the airport's first terminal and opened in 1962; Manchester was then the only airport in Europe to have aircraft piers. In 1972 the airport was renamed "Manchester International Airport" and was designated an "international gateway" in the 1980s. In 1981 the main runway was extended to its current length of 10,000 ft to attract long-haul flights from worldwide destinations. In 1988 the airport celebrated its Golden Jubilee and by this time was handling 9.5 million passengers annually. Due to increasing passenger numbers a second terminal was soon needed. In 1993, Terminal 2 and the airport railway station opened, connecting the airport to the national rail network. In 1997 planning approval was granted for the building of Manchester's second runway and construction started the same year. It opened in 2001 at a cost of £172 million and was the first full-length commercial runway to open in Britain for over 20 years. Manchester is the only UK airport, other than Heathrow, to have two commercial runways in operation. Another milestone was achieved in 2004, when the airport reached 20 million passengers a year. Also that year, the new £60 million integrated public transport interchange was opened (called "The Station"), bringing bus, coach and rail passengers under one roof. Manchester Airport plans to accept Airbus A380 aircraft in the next few years, as part of the larger expansion at the airport.[5]

On 7 June 2007, at 00:00 UTC (01:00 BST), Manchester Airport's runway assignments were changed in relation to the magnetic compass bearings. The previous headings for the runways were 056° and 236° with assignments 06L/24R and 06R/24L respectively. The new headings for the runways are 054° and 234° with new assignments of 05L/23R and 05R/23L respectively. The signs located on taxiways and entrances to the runway were changed on the evening of the 6th June, 2007.[6] The runway designators changed at the same time.

Passenger numbers

Number of Passengers [7] Number of Movements [8] Freight
(tonnes) [7]
1997 15,948,454 147,405 94,318
1998 17,351,162 162,906 100,099
1999 17,577,765 169,941 107,803
2000 18,568,709 178,468 116,602
2001 19,307,011 182,097 106,406
2002 18,809,185 177,545 113,279
2003 19,699,256 191,518 122,639
2004 21,249,841 208,493 149,181
2005 22,402,856 217,987 147,484
2006 22,422,855 229,729 148,957
2007 22,112,625 222,703 206,503
Source: UK Civil Aviation Authority [1]

Manchester is the fourth busiest airport in the UK and the biggest outside of London, in terms of annual passenger throughput.

In 2006 Manchester Airport was the world's 22nd busiest airport in terms of international passengers, down from 17th position in 2005. [9]

The airport's latest long range plan, published in July 2006, forecasts that passenger numbers will increase to approximately 38 million passengers annually by 2015. This would require an average annual growth rate from 2007 to 2015 of 7.1%. Further growth is postulated to 50 million by 2030. The airport authorities are examining measures to cope with this predicted increase. In 2007 22,112,625 passengers used Manchester Airport, a reduction of 1.5% compared with 2006. There were 222,703 air transport movements during the year, the third highest in the UK. [10]

Security

Manchester Airport is policed by the Greater Manchester Police. Several security related incidents have occurred at the airport in recent years. In particular:

  • In 2002, a security firm successfully smuggled fake explosives, detonators and genuine firearms onto a flight.[11]
  • In 2004, the BBC's Whistleblower program revealed a series of security failures at the airport, including faulty metal detectors and a lack of regular random baggage checks.[12]
  • In 2005, after spotted acting suspiciously, police used a taser to shoot a man on the apron, after he appeared to resist arrest.[13]
  • On 6 June 2006, Aabid Hussain Khan, 21, of West Yorkshire and a 16 year old boy were arrested at the airport and later charged under Section 57 of the Terrorism Act, for conspiracy to murder and conspiracy to cause public nuisance by using poisons or explosives.[14]

Terminals and destinations

Terminal 1 Skylink walkway

Manchester Airport has three interconnected terminals, allowing passengers to move between all the terminals without going outside. Terminals 1 and 3 are located in the same building, but due to the current refurbishment of Terminal 1, the indoor pedestrian route to Terminal 3 will close. An alternate route will be signposted taking passengers through a temporary covered walkway to Terminal 3 until a more permanent structure is built. Terminals 1 and 2 are linked by the skylink walkway, with travelators to aid passengers with the long walk. The skylink also connects the terminals to the airport railway station and the Radisson SAS Hotel.

The airport provides regular direct flights to many destinations worldwide by 85 airlines. Major North American carriers at Manchester include American Airlines, Continental Airlines, Delta Air Lines and US Airways from the United States, and Air Canada [seasonal], Air Transat and Zoom Airlines from Canada. UK operators serving the USA market are bmi, British Airways and Virgin Atlantic. Airlines serving the Asian market include Air Blue, Emirates, Etihad Airways, Libyan Airlines, Pakistan International Airlines, Qatar Airways, Saudi Arabian Airlines, Singapore Airlines and Syrian Arab Airlines. Manchester is an international hub for bmi which offers several destinations from Terminal 3. Charter airlines First Choice Airways, Thomas Cook Airlines and Thomsonfly use Manchester as their primary operational base. The airport also serves as a secondary hub for bmibaby, British Airways, Flybe, Jet2.com, Monarch Airlines, Pakistan International Airlines, Virgin Atlantic and XL Airways. Several other British airlines have a strong presence.

Manchester Airport offers flights to 226 destinations[15] across the globe, which is more than any other UK airport, with more direct routes than even Heathrow and Gatwick. Heathrow offers 180 destinations; all scheduled, whilst Gatwick has about 200 (although the two London airports handle considerably more flights and passengers than Manchester).[16] Many of Manchester's overseas routes are served by charter flights to holiday destinations, some being seasonal. The proportion of scheduled passengers from Manchester has climbed from just 40% in the early 1990s to reach 63% during 2007.

Manchester also offers more destinations than some of the biggest airports in the US, including New York, Chicago and Dallas, although it is still slightly behind the three biggest `hubs' in the global aviation network - Atlanta, Frankfurt and Amsterdam - which each offer more than 250 destinations.[16] However, Manchester serves more foreign destinations than Atlanta and Frankfurt (but not Amsterdam), although being much smaller in terms of total passengers handled.[16]

Terminal 1

Terminal 1 handles international traffic and is served by many scheduled airlines and charter operators. It is also the base for Jet2.com, Monarch Airlines and Thomas Cook Airlines. The terminal has 24 stands, 18 of which have airbridges. Opened in 1962 with an annual capacity of 2.5 million passengers[17], the terminal has undergone many extensions and renovations since opening. Terminal 1's current capacity is around 11 million passengers a year.[18]

In 2007 a £35 million redevelopment program commenced for Terminal 1, with a new departure level security area due to open on 26 April 2008, and new arrivals hall facilities open by mid-June 2008. The departure lounge will be significantly expanded with a greater choice of shops and restaurants, and together with executive lounge enhancements, Terminal 1's entire redevelopment is scheduled to be completed by spring 2009.

Terminal 2

Terminal 2

Terminal 2 is mostly used by long haul and charter airlines. It opened in 1993 and is the airport's other major international terminal, handling many scheduled European and Intercontinental flights. Some European scheduled airlines such as Air France, Air Malta and KLM operate flights from the terminal. Charter airlines First Choice Airways, Thomsonfly and XL Airways use the terminal as a base, whilst Pakistan International Airlines and Virgin Atlantic also have a strong presence.

Terminal 2 has 15 gates, of which 14 have airbridges. The design of the terminal allows it to be readily capable of extensive expansion; planning permission already exists for a major extension providing additional gates, together with the construction of a satellite pier. Terminal 2's current capacity is around 8 million passengers a year and will be extended to ultimately handle 25 million passengers a year.[20] In 2007 an £11 million project commenced to redevelop Terminal 2 by improving security and enhancing retail and catering services. The new security control area is scheduled for opening on 4 July 2008, with the first phase of the retail and catering improvements scheduled to be complete mid-September 2008.

Terminal 3

Terminal 3, for a short period known as "Terminal 1 - British Airways" and "Terminal 1a", was opened by Diana, Princess of Wales in May 1989. British Airways were the primary user of the terminal, but they have since scaled down operations from Manchester Airport with the sale of their BA Connect service to Flybe and the ending of their franchise agreement with GB Airways. Today Flybe is the major operator at Terminal 3, flying to over 20 destinations, both domestic and international. Carriers operating from the terminal include American Airlines, bmi, bmibaby and other domestic carriers such as Air Southwest and Eastern Airways.

In March 2008, easyJet commenced services from Terminal 3 and over the next few years they plan to base more aircraft at Manchester for route expansion. Terminal 3 is due for expansion between 2008 and 2010, in an aim to provide extra stand capacity and a more spacious and logical check-in area. Security improvements are due to be completed by spring 2009, with project completion set for winter 2009/10. [citation needed]

World Freight Terminal

Antonov An-225 at Manchester Airport in 2006

During 2006, 150,300 tonnes of cargo and mail were handled at Manchester, a small increase of 0.4% over the previous year (per CAA annual statistics table 2.2). The growth in cargo has now resumed and October 2007 saw another new record set at Manchester, with 16,326 tonnes being handled in the month. The twelve-month total to end October 2007 of 164,300 tonnes was 9.8% ahead of the previous year. In February 2008, the 12 month rolling total for cargo volume was 166,500 tonnes. This is a 10.3% increase on the previous 12 months. This increase comes despite a slowdown in the UK market, which has seen little cargo growth over the past year. This increase is partly thanks to the 5 new freighter services which started flying to Manchester throughout last year. 3 Sout-East Asia based airlines, FedEx Express from North America, MNG Airlines from Turkey and Aeroflot-Cargo from Russia. The latter was the inaugural direct cargo flight between the Russia and the United Kingdom. By 2015 the total figure for cargo handled is expected to be around 250,000 tonnes per year. Manchester's two biggest cargo markets are the Far East and North America. The Far East is predominantly a source of import cargo for the airport and North America is a key destination for exports. The main cargo destination from Manchester is Hong Kong, with Cathay Pacific making a total of 12 freighter round trips every week. On average each day the airport handles about 6 Boeing 747 freighter flights.

Cargo airlines that serve Manchester are:

Ground transport

TransPennine Express Class 185 arriving at Manchester Airport Railway Station

The airport is approximately a 20 minute drive from Manchester City Centre and is reached by the M56 motorway, with a dedicated spur road from the motorway at junction 5. The M56 is the main route used by traffic to reach the airport. There are also minor local roads serving the airport from the north (Wythenshawe) and the east (Heald Green). The M56/A538 road junction serves the World Freight Terminal, to the west of the airport. The A538 runs east-west serving the local towns of Altrincham and Wilmslow.

Taxi ranks are situated by arrivals at all three terminals. Passengers driving to the airport can use the drop-off areas outside the terminal buildings, but when picking up passengers the airport requires that you park in the short stay car parks provided for a fee. Long stay car parks are situated both on and off site.

Manchester Airport railway station, forming part of The Station, is located between Terminals 1 and 2. It is linked to the terminals using a Skylink moving walkway. Trains are operated either by Northern Rail or TransPennine Express and connect the airport to Manchester Piccadilly Station and other railway stations mainly throughout northern England. Construction is now underway on building a third platform at the airport railway station, due to an increase in passenger numbers using the facility. The £15 million project will meet the extra future demand for rail services to and from the airport and is expected to be completed by December 2008.

The Station also incorporates a bus station (see GMPTE map) with buses to many locations within Greater Manchester as well as the 24 hour bus Skyline[21] to the City Centre at least every 30 minutes. National Express coaches link to places further afield.

There are also plans in place to build a Metrolink light rail extension to the airport from Manchester Piccadilly.

Future Airport Expansion

Template:Future airport ex

As part of the Government's The Future of Air Transport white paper, Manchester Airport published its master plan on its future expansion up until 2030. Demolition of older buildings, such as old storage depots, to the east of Terminal 3 has already begun. This is to make way for a new apron and taxiway towards runway 23R/05L, and a likely eastwards extension of Terminal 3, which is planned to provide an extra fifteen covered stands.

Passenger flow on Terminal 1's gating piers is due to be realigned, with plans to redesign the piers such that departures and arrivals do not contraflow on the same level, allowing for larger seating areas at the gates and a dedicated lounge and gating area for future Airbus A380 flights. Terminal 2 is due to receive a major extension, to encompass current remote stands to the west. Up to an extra eight covered stands will be made available by this. An airside link for transferring passengers between Terminals 1 & 2 is now at the planning stage, in an effort to boost Manchester's chances of becoming a major hub airport. There is uncertainity as to whether this link should provide extra stands for the two terminals, or merely exist as a transfer corridor. All existing terminals are undergoing a retail and airport security refurbishment programme, with Terminals 1 and 3 due to complete by Spring 2009, and Terminal 2 by Autumn 2009. The security control areas are undergoing vast upgrades, new X-ray machines and passenger authenticity control systems will ensure a higher and faster passenger throughput, whilst improving the already elevated levels of security at the airport. The new security control areas are due to be complete and in use by late April 2008 in Terminal 1 and early July 2008 in Terminal 2.

Terminal 3 acquired an extra security control area in November 2007. This was, initially, dedicated to passengers travelling within the UK, the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and Republic of Ireland. In January 2008, the usage was extended to all Terminal 3 passengers, with the exception of those destined for Frankfurt, Paris Charles de Gaulle and Brussels. A full length parallel taxiway may also be added to the second runway and more crossing points added across the first runway to improve ground movements of aircraft. The master plan also states that there will be dedicated facilities for low-cost carriers, this is likely to be catered for in the extended Terminal 3. In the process of refurbishing Terminal 1, it is possible that a new control tower is constructed, though currently, a relocation has occurred into a co-ordinated Airport Control Centre and this set-up seems to be aiding the running of the airport. The old control tower, above Terminal 1, is likely to become an executive lounge or a style bar-restaurant. The current fire station on the north of the airfield is becoming outdated and expensive to maintain and is also in the way of future apron and taxiway developments, so it is also stated that this may be demolished and a new facility built close to the original fire station site. A third runway and a Terminal 4 or satellite terminal may also be in the offing for the airport, however, any such expansion would be subject to major public inquiry, and neither is currently accounted for in the airport's plans to 2015.

Criticism

Between 1997 and 1999 three protest camps were set up to oppose the building of the second runway, the felling of nearby trees on land owned by the National Trust in Styal, Cheshire and air transportation in general. Three different camps were set up Flywood, Arthur's Wood[22] and Cedar's Wood. Swampy, a well known activist, was among many protesters.[23]

Manchester Airport's second runway was built on around 100 acres (0.4 km2) of greenbelt land. Four Grade II listed buildings were taken down piece by piece and were re-constructed nearby, and over £20m was spent on environmental restoration and protection. Nonetheless, there is criticism that existing natural habitats were destroyed.[citation needed]

The SW end of the new runway is closer to the town of Knutsford and to the village of Mobberley. There has been an increase in noise experienced by local residents from the aircraft being lower and closer.[citation needed]

In 2007 Manchester Airport wanted to build on further green belt land in Styal in order to increase its car parking. However, Macclesfield Borough Council refused to give them planning permission to do so and expressed annoyance at the Airport for not investing enough in public transport.[24] (Currently the town of Knutsford and village of Mobberley, directly under the flight path of planes, have no direct transport links to the airport.)

Incidents and accidents

  • On 14 March 1957, British European Airways Flight "Bealine 411" operated by Vickers Viscount 701 G-ALWE inbound from Amsterdam crashed into houses in Shadow Moss Road Woodhouse Park on final approach to Runway 24 at Manchester Airport due to a flap failure caused by fatigue of a wing bolt. All 20 occupants on board died and two on the ground.
  • 1985 – British Airtours Flight 28M - an engine failed on the runway, the fire spreading into the cabin, resulting in 55 fatalities aboard the Boeing 737-236 Advanced G-BGJL. The uncontained engine failure was later traced to an incorrectly repaired combustor causing the turbine disc to shatter and puncture the wing fuel tanks.[2]
  • 16 July 2003 – Excel Airways Boeing 737-800 (G-XLAG) with 190 passengers and seven crew took off from Manchester Airport while vehicles were working near the end of the runway. Despite the crew being told the runway was operating at reduced length, they took off from a runway intersection with reduced length using a reduced thrust setting calculated for the assumed normal runway length. The aircraft lifted off over the vehicles, missing them by 56 ft (17 m), according to the UK Air Accidents Investigation Branch report. Six safety recommendations were made.[25]
  • On March 1, 2005, after a PIA Boeing 777-200ER landed at Manchester Airport, fire was seen around the left main landing gear. The crew and passengers were evacuated and fire put under control. There were minor injuries to some passengers and the aircraft suffered minor damage.[26]

Public attractions

Concorde on display at the Aviation Viewing Park

Manchester Airport has created several public viewing areas since the airport opened to the public in 1938. The 1960/70s pier-top facilities have been closed because of security concerns. In 1992, an official "Aviation Viewing Park" (AVP) was created just off the A538 road on the south-eastern side of the airfield, which was relocated to the western side of the airfield in 1997 to allow consturction of the second runway. The Aviation Viewing Park provides the best viewing facilities for aircraft spotting at any major UK airport. Visitors can view aircraft taking off and landing from both runways, as well as aircraft taxiing to and from the runways. The popular attraction now draws around 250,000 visitors a year and is one of the North-West of England's top 10 attractions.

On display is G-BOAC, a retired British Airways Concorde, once the flagship of the airline's seven-strong Concorde fleet, with access to its interior being by prior booking. The last airliner to be built in the UK, BAE Systems Avro RJX G-IRJX is also on view. The forward fuselage of Monarch Airlines Douglas DC-10 G-DMCA is on display, which can be boarded by prior arrangement only. One of only two preserved Hawker Siddeley Trident 3B aircraft in the world, G-AWZK in full BEA livery, is open every weekend from April to October and is accessible ticket from the ticket office opposite the aviation shop.

Good views of the runways can be obtained from the AVP, especially between 12:00 and 15:00 when runway 23R/05L is used for both landings and departures, this being closest to the viewing area itself. The park also features a cafe, and an aviation shop selling related items such as airband scanners, aircraft models books and stationery, and Concorde merchandise.

Level 13 of the short-stay car park at Terminal 1 features another viewing location, popular with spotters for the last 32 years. As part of a recent refurbishment, the café and aviation shop which were once part of the viewing area have now been closed, with the aviation shop moving to the Terminal 1 arrivals area. Whilst the car park is no longer an official viewing area, signage within the airport still refers to it as a spectator's terrace, and the airport still tolerates spotting at this location.

See also

Bibliography

  • First and Foremost. Scholefield, R.A. Manchester Airport Authority, 1978.
  • Manchester Airport. Scholefield, R.A. Sutton Publishing, Stroud, 1998. ISBN 0-7509-1954-X.

References

  1. ^ "UK Aeronautical Information Service". AIS. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
  2. ^ CAA 2007 Annual Airport Statistics
  3. ^ "History of Manchester Airport UK". The Airport Guides. 2005. Retrieved 2007-11-03.
  4. ^ Kidd, Alan (2006). Manchester - A History. Carnegie Publishing. p. 199. ISBN 1-85936-128-5.
  5. ^ "MA Appoints New Airfield General Manager". Manchester Airport. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
  6. ^ "Runway Designation". Retrieved 2007-11-04.
  7. ^ a b Number of Passengers including both domestic and international.
  8. ^ Number of Movements represents total air transport takeoffs and landings during that year.
  9. ^ "International Passenger Traffic". Airports Council International. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
  10. ^ CAA 2007 Annual Airport Statisits
  11. ^ "Test exposes airport security lapse". BBC. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
  12. ^ "BBC finds airport security lapses". BBC. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
  13. ^ "Man detained after airport alert". Retrieved 2007-11-04.
  14. ^ "Airport arrest man in court on terror charges". The Guardian (Newspaper). Retrieved 2007-11-04.
  15. ^ "bmibaby announce more developments at Manchester Airport". Manchester Airport. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
  16. ^ a b c "Manchester Airport offering more flights". Airport News. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
  17. ^ Manchester Airport Strategy Documents - Master Plan to 2030
  18. ^ Manchester Airport Strategy Documents - Master Plan to 2030
  19. ^ See the appropriate section on the Vancouver Airport page
  20. ^ Manchester Airport Strategy Documents - Master Plan to 2030
  21. ^ "Service 43" (PDF). GMPTE. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
  22. ^ "Save Arthurs wood Press statements". Retrieved 2006-12-31.
  23. ^ "War in the Woods: A History of Runway 2". BBC. Retrieved 2007-04-24.
  24. ^ "Victory for green belt campaigners as airport's plan for Styal is rejected". Wilmslow Express. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
  25. ^ "Report No: 3/2006. Report on the serious incident to Boeing 737-86N, G-XLAG, at Manchester Airport on 16 July 2003". UK AAIB. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
  26. ^ "The UK Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) report on 777 AP-BGL incident" (PDF). AAIB.


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