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===Controversy===
===Controversy===
Boulder's efforts to contain urban growth have at times been controversial.{{Fact|date=October 2007}}
Boulder's efforts to contain urban growth have at times been controversial.{{Fact|date=October 2007}}
*Some argue that the city's greenbelt of open space has had the opposite effect on sprawl that was intended, pushing growth away from the city and thus spreading it out more, rather than containing it.
*Some{{specify}} argue that the city's greenbelt of open space has had the opposite effect on sprawl that was intended, pushing growth away from the city and thus spreading it out more, rather than containing it.
*The city's acquisition of open space has occasionally invoked [[eminent domain]], leading some property owners to argue that their [[property rights]] are being violated.
*The city's acquisition of open space has occasionally invoked [[eminent domain]], leading some{{specify}} property owners to argue that their [[property rights]] are being violated.
*Due to the limits on residential growth imposed by the Danish Plan, Boulder's jobs-housing ratio has become increasingly unbalanced as time goes by. As job growth continues but residential growth is limited more and more workers must commute into Boulder from miles away.
*Due to the limits on residential growth imposed by the Danish Plan, Boulder's jobs-housing ratio has become increasingly unbalanced as time goes by. As job growth continues but residential growth is limited more and more workers must commute into Boulder from miles away.
*Also due partially to the limits on residential growth, the cost of housing in Boulder is higher than in comparable communities, leading to a shortage of affordable housing.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}
*Also due partially to the limits on residential growth, the cost of housing in Boulder is higher than in comparable communities, leading to a shortage of affordable housing.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}

Revision as of 08:37, 14 April 2008

Boulder, Colorado
City
Location in Boulder County and the State of Colorado
Location in Boulder County and the State of Colorado
Country United States
State State of Colorado
CountyBoulder County Seat[1]
Settled1858 as Boulder City, N.T.
Incorporated1871-11-04[2]
Government
 • TypeHome Rule Municipality[1]
 • MayorShaun McGrath
Area
 • Total25.4 sq mi (65.7 km2)
 • Land24.4 sq mi (63.1 km2)
 • Water1.0 sq mi (2.6 km2)
Elevation
5,430 ft (1,655 m)
Population
 (2006)[3] 1
 • Total91,685 (city proper)
 • Density3,884.1/sq mi (1,499.9/km2)
Time zoneUTC-7 (MST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-6 (MDT)
ZIP codes[4]
80301-80310, 80314, 80321-80323, 80328, 80329
Area code(s)Both 303 and 720
FIPS code08-07850
GNIS feature ID0178680
HighwaysTemplate:Click-InlineTemplate:Click-InlineTemplate:Click-InlineTemplate:Click-InlineTemplate:Click-InlineTemplate:Click-Inline
WebsiteCity of Boulder
Eleventh most populous Colorado city

Boulder is a Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat and most populous city of Boulder County, Colorado, in the United States.Template:GR Boulder is the 11th most populous city in the state of Colorado. The United States Census Bureau estimates that in 2005 the population of the city of Boulder was 91,685,[5] the population of the Boulder Metropolitan Statistical Area was 280,440. Boulder is the home of the University of Colorado at Boulder, the largest university in Colorado and Naropa University, the only accredited Buddhist-inspired university in the United States. Boulder is situated 25 miles (40 km) northwest of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver at an elevation of 5,430 feet (1,655 m).

Demographics

As of the censusTemplate:GR of 2000, there are 94,673 people, 39,596 households, and 16,788 families residing in the city. The population density is 1,499.9/km² (3,884.1/sq mi), making Boulder's population density higher than Denver's and among the highest in the state; of Colorado's twenty-one largest cities, only Englewood and Northglenn (two close-in Denver suburbs) have greater population densities. There are 40,726 housing units at an average density of 1,670.8/sq mi (645.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city is 88.33% White, 1.22% Black or African American, 0.48% Native American, 4.02% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 3.50% from other races, and 2.40% from two or more races.20.24% of the population are Hispanic or Latino/Latina of any race.

There are 39,596 households out of which 20.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.3% are married couples living together, 6.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 57.6% are non-families. 33.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 6.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.20 and the average family size is 2.84.

Boulder's population is younger than the national average, largely due to the presence of university students. The median age is 29 years compared to the U.S. median of 35.1 years.[6] In Boulder, 14.8% of the residents are under the age of 18, 25.9% from 18 to 24, 33.0% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 7.8% are 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there are 106.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and older, there are 107.4 males.

The view from Fairview High School in south Boulder.

According to a 2006 estimate, the median household income in Boulder is $47,577, and the median family income is $89,184.[7] Males have a median income of $41,829 versus $32,100 for females. The per capita income for the city is $31,539. 17.4% of the population and 6.4% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 10.4% of those under the age of 18 and 6.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. The higher population poverty line is due to the large number of college students living in the area.

Boulder housing tends to be priced higher than surrounding areas. For the 2nd quarter of 2006, the median single family home in Boulder sold for $548,000 and the median attached dwelling (condo or town home) sold for $262,000.[1] According to that National Association of Realtors, during the same period the median value of single family homes nationwide was $227,500.[8]

Geography

Boulder's iconic rock formations, the Flatirons.

The City of Boulder is in Boulder Valley where the Rocky Mountains meet the Great Plains. Just west of the city are imposing slabs of sedimentary stone tilted up on the foothills, known as the Flatirons. The Flatirons are a widely recognized symbol of Boulder.

The primary water flow through the city is Boulder Creek. The creek was named well ahead of the city's founding, for all of the large granite boulders that have cascaded into the creek over the eons. It is from Boulder Creek that Boulder City and hence Boulder is believed to have taken its name. Boulder Creek has significant water flow, derived primarily from snow melt and minor springs west of the city. The creek is a tributary of the South Platte River.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 25.4 square miles (65.7 km²). 24.4 square miles (63.1 km²) of it is land and 1.0 square miles (2.6 km²) of it (3.94%) is water.

The 40th parallel (40 degrees north latitude) runs though Boulder and can be easily recognized as Baseline Road today.


History

In the early to mid 1800s, the nomadic Southern Arapaho Native American tribe frequently wintered at the base of the foothills in the Boulder area. Chief Niwot and his band called the site their home. Other nomadic tribes included the Utes, Cheyennes, Comanches, and Sioux.

The first recorded European settlers in the area were gold prospectors who arrived in 1858, when Boulder was part of the Nebraska Territory (The former boundary between Nebraska and Kansas territories is the present Baseline Road in Boulder). Boulder's first school house was built in 1860, followed by the creation of the Colorado Territory in 1861. In 1871 then 'Boulder City' was incorporated. In 1873 the railroad was extended to Boulder and, in 1890, the Boulder Railroad Depot was constructed to serve as a station for the Union Pacific Railroad. In 1876 Colorado was granted statehood, and in that same year the University of Colorado at Boulder opened.

Mining gold, silver, and coal continued to be a prominent part of the local economy until the mid 1900s. A coal miners strike lasted from 1910 to 1915, causing a military presence in nearby Louisville. Mining's relevance in the local economy declined in the 1940s, when the city began actively recruiting clean industry, such as the National Bureau of Standards, which today is the National Institute of Standards and Technology. (Home of the atomic clock.)

Streetcars operated in Boulder from the late 1800s through 1931. A lobbying group exists today to restore the streetcar to Boulder, albeit with a new route.

Boulder adopted an anti-saloon ordinance in 1907.[9] Statewide prohibition started in Colorado in 1916 and ended with the repeal of national prohibition in 1933.[2]

Boulder was the second city in the United States to implement the Hare (or Single Transferable Vote) method of voting in 1917. It was repealed in 1947.

On January 19, 1952, the Denver-Boulder Turnpike opened as a tollway between Boulder and the northern Denver suburb of Westminster. In 1967, the bonds for building the highway were paid off early, its tollway status was lifted, and it became part of U.S. Route 36. (Many still refer to the road as the Denver-Boulder Turnpike or simply Boulder Turnpike, however.) [3]

Further reading: City of Boulder History, Boulder History Museum Timeline

Politics and government

Politically, Boulder is more liberal than most of Colorado. Boulder County, which includes Boulder's more conservative suburbs, is 37% Democratic, 27% Republican, and 36% independent. [4] Although in Denver, Democratic views are prevalent in city politics, Boulder has the more widespread reputation as a pocket of liberal political views within its largely conservative state, garnering the oft-used nickname "The People's Republic of Boulder."

In 1974 the Boulder City Council passed Colorado's first ordinance prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation. Boulder voters, however, repealed the measure by referendum within a year. In 1975, Boulder County Clerk Clela Rorex was the second in the United States to ever grant same-sex marriage licenses, prior to state laws being passed to prevent such issuance. [5] In 1987, Boulder voters reversed their 1974 vote, and the city became the first in the United States to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation by a direct vote of the people. In 1996, Boulder became the first city in Colorado to enact a smoking ban that included bars.

Coexisting with the liberal tendencies of the population at large are the less numerous but politically active conservative and libertarian residents. Bob Greenlee, a Republican, was briefly the mayor of Boulder and ran against Mark Udall in 1998 for Colorado's 2nd congressional district. The Promise Keepers, an evangelical organization for men, was conceived of in Boulder in 1990 by then-coach of the University of Colorado football team Bill McCartney. The organization has since relocated to Denver.[6]

Culture

Outdoor sports

Hiking trails and rock climbing in Boulder are very popular at Chautauqua park.

Boulder is surrounded by more than 31,000 acres (125 km²) of recreational open space and nature preserves. There are ample opportunities for hiking, biking and rock climbing. Many of the trails start at the edge of the city, while others are a short drive away. The trails vary in difficulty: some are quite easy while there are some that are technically challenging. A trail map is available online or from a variety of local retailers. The City of Boulder Open Space website is a great resource for information about outdoor activities and volunteer opportunities.

World-class rock climbing is found in nearby Eldorado Canyon, near the small unincorporated community of Eldorado Springs, six miles south of Boulder. Eldorado Canyon is a wonder of natural beauty, but it is most famous for its hundreds of world-renowned rock climbing routes. There are also high quality climbing routes available in the city open space, including climbing routes of varying difficulty on the Flatirons themselves. Boulder Canyon, directly west of downtown Boulder, also has many good routes. All three of these areas are affected by seasonal closures for wildlife. [7] [8], [9]

Music

Boulder is home to a variety of music, from classical to jazz to pop, and from informal street performances to concert music performed in historic Macky Auditorium.

Founded in 1958, the Boulder Philharmonic Orchestra is a critically acclaimed professional orchestra that offers dynamic programming under the leadership of its Music Director Michael Butterman. [10]. In addition, every year during the second week of January, Boulder is the host city of Colorado MahlerFest, an annual celebration honoring Austrian composer Gustav Mahler, on the University of Colorado at Boulder campus. Each summer features the acclaimed Colorado Music Festival, a six-week classical music festival with professional musicians from around the world, at the historic Chautauqua Auditorium at the base of the Flatirons.

The Boulder Theater is located in downtown Boulder, just off the Pearl Street Mall. Many world-class national and international musicians have played here.

Nick Forster of the bluegrass group Hot Rize tapes the environmental and musical radio program Etown Sunday evenings at the Boulder Theater.

On Thursday nights from June through mid-August, street musicians perform on the Pearl Street Mall just south of the Courthouse. Bands on the Bricks, as the event is called, features a different band each week, with styles ranging from zydeco to oldies, and bluegrass to funk. Buskers are frequently in downtown Boulder especially on warm days and weekends.

Singer-songwriter Wendy Woo grew up in Boulder. [11] [12] Jello Biafra of the Dead Kennedys is originally from Boulder, as are The String Cheese Incident, Leftover Salmon, Big Head Todd and the Monsters, Rose Hill Drive and The Samples. Jazz musician Chris Wood of Blue Note Records' Medeski, Martin and Wood grew up in Boulder. Al Jourgensen and Paul Barker of the industrial rock group Ministry went to school in Boulder.

The following venues near Boulder host live music:

  • GetBoulder with film, music, etc. from Boulder Magazine
  • Fox Theater - (303) 443-3399 - 1135 13th St, Boulder, CO
  • Albums on the Hill
  • Laughing Goat
  • A Mellow Mood
  • Mountain Sun and Southern Sun
  • Nissi's - 95th & Arapahoe, Lafayette, CO
  • RedFish Brewhouse
  • Rock 'N Soul Cafe

Boulder in fiction

1619 Pine Street was used for the external shots of Mindy's house on the TV show Mork & Mindy.

Boulder was a setting for Stephen King's book The Stand (1978). Boulder is the gathering point for the survivors of the superflu under their leader, Mother Abagail. King lived in Boulder for a little less than a year, beginning in the fall of 1974.[13] He wrote The Shining (1977) during this period, after visiting the Stanley Hotel in Estes Park (the inspiration for the fictional Overlook Hotel). Stephen White has written a series of mystery books using Boulder as the primary backdrop, featuring lead character Alan Gregory. Marianne Wesson, an author and professor at the University of Colorado School of Law, has also set several of her mystery novels in Boulder.

The sitcom Mork & Mindy (1978–1982) was set in Boulder, with 1619 Pine St. serving as the exterior shot of Mindy's home. The New York Deli, a real restaurant operating on the Pearl Street Mall until its closure in 1999, was also featured prominently in the show. The creators of the animated show South Park (Trey Parker & Matt Stone) attended the University of Colorado at Boulder, which makes occasional appearances in South Park.

Some houses and the National Center for Atmospheric Research building overlooking the town were used in the filming of Woody Allen's Sleeper. The building of the First Christian Church of Boulder [14] appeared in the exterior shot of the wedding scene in About Schmidt (2002), starring Jack Nicholson, although the interior shots were filmed elsewhere. The famous Pearl Street Mall was one location for the filming of the movie Catch and Release, starring Jennifer Garner. Houses around Boulder, as well as storefronts on "The Hill" (University Hill) were filmed for the movie.

Boulder particiapated in the Chatauqua movement in the 1920's. In 1968, Boulder became a hippie mecca with the popular culture moving from Berkeley CA to Boulder (and back). Numerous 60's music personalities have lived in or near Boulder. Celestial Seasonings Tea was founded and created in Boulder. Boulder continues to be the home of innovative food companies. The TV series "Mork and Mindy" was set in Boulder. The made-for-TV movie "Perfect Murder, Perfect Town: JonBenét and the City of Boulder", based on the book of the same title, was released in 2000. It dramatized the investigation into the murder of JonBenét Ramsey. It was filmed on location in Boulder.

Traditions

Colorado Chautauqua

The Colorado Chautauqua has presented programs every summer since 1898 including lectures, music, cinema, adult education classes, and nondenominational sermons. Its grounds, including the historic Chautauqua Auditorium, are located about one mile southwest of downtown Boulder, just south of the intersection of Ninth Street and Baseline Road. In recent years the Colorado Chautauqua has become a year-round operation.

Bolder Boulder

Boulder has hosted a 10 km road run, the “Bolder Boulder,” on Memorial Day, every year since 1979. The race involves up to 50,000 runners, joggers, walkers, and wheelchair racers, making it one of the largest road races in the world. It has the largest non-marathon prize purse in road racing [media guide (PDF)]. The race culminates at the University of Colorado's Folsom Field with a Memorial Day Tribute, “one of the largest Memorial Day gatherings in the United States” [15]. Organizers have dedicated three starting waves to current and former members of the U.S. armed forces.

4/20 at CU

Each year on April 20th thousands of students gather on Farrand Field to celebrate the counter-culture day of reverence in a display of open marijuana smoking. Police presence has typically been held to a minimum and the event as a whole tends to be relatively well tolerated by the university. However, police and university officials have photographed participants before, at one point offering a $50 reward for identifying people photographed smoking on Farrand Field. 2007's celebration hosted such events as a trampoline and slip-and-slide.

The University's response to the 2005 demonstration was to run the sprinklers, installed underneath Farrand Field, for most of the day. This led to some students being confronted/restrained by the Police, mostly for stomping in or breaking the sprinklers. However, most students chose to simply watch from the other side of the fence-line that closes off the field from the rest of campus.

Boulder Kinetics

Every year to mark the beginning of Spring, local radio station KBCO and more recently Budweiser beer both sponsor Kinetics, a race from the banks of Boulder Reservoir and back by human-powered vehicles timed on speed and judged for style. The idea for a kinetic sculpture race was imported from Ferndale, California.

The first race in Boulder was held on May 3, 1980. Since then, Kinetics has grown in size and creativity with about 20,000 spectators and dozens of teams.[16]. Since KBCO was joined by co-sponsor Budweiser, many great nationally known live bands have played at Kinetics, making it somewhat of an outdoor music festival on the beach of the Reservoir. People come early equipped with blankets, coolers and lawn chairs. It has become a local tradition signaling the beginning of summer.

KBCO has decided to suspend Kinetics for 2008, citing decreasing attendance and increasing costs for the last several years. [17]At this point the future of Boulder's Kinetics is uncertain. Many have suggested returning Kinetics to its original form: no mass promotion budgets, no high cost bands - let bands play who want to support the history and heart of Kinetic sculpture racing (who knows? maybe even some big names would show up.) - return to a skeleton budget for safety, and focus on the creativity behind the sculptures, and on having fun.

North Boulder Park Nordic skiing track

When it snows in Boulder, a club of Nordic skiiers from Boulder create a track in North Boulder Park, located about a mile from downtown, and right next to the Boulder Community Hospital. Many residents of Boulder go to ski in this track. The track remained for an astonishing month and a half during the snowstorms of 2006–2007.

University of Colorado Events

The Colorado Shakespeare Festival is a summer festival of Shakespeare held at the outdoor Mary Rippon Theater on the University of Colorado campus.

The Conference on World Affairs is an annual one-week conference featuring dozens of discussion panels on a variety of contemporary issues. Roger Ebert attends the conference every year and conducts his "Cinema Interruptus" lecture, spending many hours over a number of days closely analyzing one film. It was at the conference in 1996 that Ebert created the Boulder Pledge not to purchase anything offered through email spam. [18]

Considered one of the top comprehensive university museums of natural history in the U.S., the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History, located on the University's Boulder campus, contains over four million biology, anthropology, and geology/paleontology research specimens. The Museum also sponsors lectures, classes, tours, and workshops for all ages and interests. Exhibits include fossils, animals of Colorado and the Rocky Mountain region, and ancient Southwestern cultures.

  • Hiking Club

The Hiking Club at the University of Colorado at Boulder is the longest-running student organization on campus, organizes member-run trips throughout Colorado and the Rocky Mountain Region for university students and affiliates.

Happy Thursday Cruiser Ride

Every Thursday, a group of cruiser bike riders meet to ride their cycles on various streets, alleys and bike paths in an outpouring of creativity and love for bicycles, shouting "Happy Thursday!" to onlookers. Many dress up in costume for the occasion, and some also decorate and accessorize their cycles for the event. The number of participants varies greatly from week to week, peaking in the summer months of well over 500 riders; only a small group of 'Cold Weather Cruisers' ride during the colder months. [19] [20]

Schools, University

Public schools

The Boulder Valley School District (BVSD) administers the public school system in Boulder, and also in the neighboring cities and towns of Lafayette, Louisville, and Nederland. The two largest high schools (grades 9–12) in Boulder are Boulder High School and Fairview High School, both part of BVSD. The District also operates the smaller New Vista High School in the building formerly occupied by Base Line Middle School.

Boulder Valley administers several middle schools (grades 6–8) in Boulder, including Southern Hills Middle School. BVSD elementary schools (grades K–5) in Boulder include University Hill Elementary School and a number of others.

A small portion of Boulder's Gunbarrel subdivision (north of Lookout Road) is served by the St. Vrain Valley School District (SVVSD). These students attend Niwot High School and Niwot Elementary School in the nearby community of Niwot. Middle school students take a longer commute to Sunset Middle School in Longmont. SVVSD also has charter schools available to Boulder residents living in the district.

Charter schools

Charter schools (receiving public funding but under private management) within the city of Boulder include Boulder Preparatory High School (9–12), Summit Middle School (6–8), Horizons Alternative School (K–8), and Justice High School (9–12). The last is unusual in that it is operated in rented space in the Boulder County Justice Center, which also houses courtrooms, the sheriff's office, and the coroner's office.

Private schools

A variety of private high schools, middle schools and elementary schools operate in and near Boulder. Well known private schools in the Boulder area are Bixby School (K–5), September School [21] (9-12), Jarrow Montessori School (K-6, the oldest Montessori school in Colorado), Bridge School (6–12), and Shining Mountain Waldorf School (K–12) in Boulder, Alexander Dawson School (K–12) in Lafayette, and Rocky Mountain School for the Gifted and Creative (K–8) in Gunbarrel.

Colleges, universities, science institutes

  • University of Colorado at Boulder, public university which contributes roughly 46,000 residents (30,000 undergraduate students, 6,000 graduate students and 10,000 staff/faculty) to the population.
Looking down on the University of Colorado campus

Private schools

Science institutes

Economy and industry

Major employers in and near Boulder include: [22] [23]

Transportation

Boulder has an extensive bus system operated by RTD, the Regional Transportation District. Local routes run throughout the city. Routes such as the HOP, SKIP, BOUND, JUMP and DASH run on a frequent basis, with departures as frequent as every ten minutes during peak hours, Monday-Friday. Other routes, such as the 201, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208 and 209 serve the rest of the city, with departures every 15 to 30 minutes. Regional routes, traveling to nearby cities such as Longmont, Broomfield, and Denver, as well as Denver International Airport, are also available. Route, schedule and fare information is available on the Regional Transportation District's website at http://www.rtd-denver.com/, or by calling their Telephone Information Center at 303-299-6000.

Beginning in 2014, commuter rail will travel between Longmont, Boulder and Denver, with stops in major communities along the way. This commuter rail line is funded by FasTracks, a transit improvement plan funded by a 0.4% increase in the sales tax throughout the Denver metro area. Other corridors included in the plan include light rail and commuter rail to Denver International Airport, Golden, Thornton, Lakewood, and Aurora. RTD, the developer of FasTracks, and the City of Boulder are planning a transit-oriented development near the intersection of Pearl and 33rd Streets to accommodate a Boulder Fastracks station. The development may feature the relocated Boulder Railroad Depot, which may be returned to a transit-related use.

Boulder also has an extensive network of bicycle and pedestrian pathways. In addition, over one hundred miles of hiking trails exist in the mountains west of Boulder

Growth management

Government preservation of open space around Boulder began with the Congress of the United States approving the allocation of 1,800 acres (7.3 km²) of mountain backdrop/watershed extending from South Boulder Creek to Sunshine Canyon in 1899.

Since then, Boulder has adopted a policy of controlled urban expansion. In 1959, city voters approved the "Blue Line" city-charter amendment which restricted city water service to altitudes below 5750 feet, in an effort to protect the mountain backdrop from development. In 1967, city voters approved a dedicated sales tax for the acquisition of open space in an effort to contain urban sprawl. In 1970, Boulder created a "comprehensive plan" that would dictate future zoning, transportation, and urban-planning decisions. Hoping to preserve residents' views of the mountains, in 1972, the city enacted an ordinance limiting the height of newly constructed buildings. A Historic-Preservation Code was passed in 1974, and a residential-growth management ordinance (the Danish Plan) in 1976. [28] [29]

Controversy

Boulder's efforts to contain urban growth have at times been controversial.[citation needed]

  • Some[specify] argue that the city's greenbelt of open space has had the opposite effect on sprawl that was intended, pushing growth away from the city and thus spreading it out more, rather than containing it.
  • The city's acquisition of open space has occasionally invoked eminent domain, leading some[specify] property owners to argue that their property rights are being violated.
  • Due to the limits on residential growth imposed by the Danish Plan, Boulder's jobs-housing ratio has become increasingly unbalanced as time goes by. As job growth continues but residential growth is limited more and more workers must commute into Boulder from miles away.
  • Also due partially to the limits on residential growth, the cost of housing in Boulder is higher than in comparable communities, leading to a shortage of affordable housing.[citation needed]

Wildlife protection

Prairie Dogs enjoy special protection in Boulder.

The City of Boulder has created an Urban Wildlife Management Plan which sets policies for managing and protecting urban wildlife.[30] Also, the city's parks department has a Conservation Team which monitors parks (including wetlands, lakes, etc) to protect ecosystems.[31] From time to time, parks and hiking trails are closed to conserve or restore ecosystems.[32]

Traditionally, Boulder has avoided the use of chemical pesticides for controlling the insect population. However, with the threat of West Nile Virus, the city began an integrative plan to control the mosquito population in 2003 that includes chemical pesticides. Residents can opt-out of the program by contacting the city and asking that their areas not be sprayed.[33]

Under Boulder law, extermination of prairie dogs requires a permit. [34]

Also in 2005, the city experimented with using goats for weed control in environmentally sensitive areas. Goats naturally consume diffuse knapweed and Canada thistle, and although the program was not as effective as it was hoped, goats will still be considered in the future weed control projects.[35]

Media

Boulder's main daily newspaper as of 2006, the Daily Camera, was started in 1880 as the Boulder Camera and became a daily newspaper the following year. Colorado Daily was started in 1892 as a university newspaper for CU-Boulder. Following many heated controversies over Colorado Daily's political coverage, it severed its ties to the university in 1971. Newspaper conglomerate Scripps acquired the Colorado Daily in 2005 after its acquisition of the Camera in 1997, leaving the Boulder Weekly as the only locally owned newspaper in Boulder.

Non-profit radio station KGNU was founded in 1975 and commercial music station KBCO in 1977. KVCU, better known as Radio 1190, is another non-profit radio station run with the help of university-student volunteers.

Boulder is part of the Denver market for television stations, and it also receives many radio stations based in Denver or Ft. Collins.

Paladin Press book/video publishers and Soldier of Fortune magazine both have their headquarters in Boulder.[36][37] Paladin Press was founded in September 1970 by Peder Lund and Robert K. Brown. In 1974, Lund bought out Brown's share of the press, and Brown moved on to found Soldier of Fortune magazine the following year.[38]

Instituted in 1978, Boulder Magazine is a full-color, seasonal magazine that covers local events, outdoor activities and Boulder culture.

Boulder was one of the few cities in the U.S. to have a sustained underground (pirate) FM radio station. Called KBFR (Boulder Free Radio) it operated at 95.3FM and streamed live on the internet at www.kbfr.org. It was operated from April of 2000 to Jan of 2005 when its founders, under pressure from the FCC, took it off the air. At its peak it had over 50 DJ's and was listened to regularly by a significant percentage of the Boulder population and had an international following via the Internet.

View of Boulder from Bear Peak, the second highest point in the Boulder Mountain Parks. University of Colorado at the far left.
  • #1 in "The Smartest Cities In America" - Forbes, February, 2008
  • #1 in "20 Dream Towns" - Outside Magazine, August, 2006
  • #3 in Top 10 Brainiest Small Cities - Bizjournals.com, June, 2006
  • #1 Best of the Best - Men's Journal, April 2006
  • #1 Place You Dream of Living - Backpacker Magazine, February, 2006
  • Best Place in the Country for Singles (Denver-Boulder) - Forbes: 2006, 2004, 2003
  • #1 Best Place to Live Successful Meetings: 2005
  • The West’s Best City - Sunset Magazine: 2005
  • #1 Best Places to Live - Men’s Journal Magazine: 2005, 2003
  • #1 Top 20 Boom Towns - Business 2.0: 2004
  • Colorado’s Best Workplaces for Commuters - United States EPA: 2004
  • The Best Small Cities - Men’s Journal: 2004
  • Best Place to Move (Boulder-Longmont) - Worldwide ERC and Primacy Relocation: 2004
  • Best Places to Retire - Money Magazine: 2002
  • #4 Best Places for Businesses and Career Advancement - Forbes: 2000
  • #1 Best Places to Retire - Modern Maturity: 2000
  • America’s Best Places to Live and Work - USA Today: 1999
  • Best Cities in America for Starting and Growing a Business - Inc. Magazine: 1999
  • Best Transportation - Sunset Magazine: 1999
  • Small City Runner Up: Best Places to Live 2000 - Money Magazine: 1999
  • Top 10 Cities for Teens - Seventeen Magazine, 1999

People

Notable births in Boulder include: Scott Carpenter (Project Mercury astronaut), Arleigh Burke (United States Navy Admiral, Chief of Naval Operations), Kristin Davis (Sex and the City actress), Tony Boselli (five-time Pro Bowl offensive tackle), and Dead Kennedys frontman Jello Biafra.

Chief Niwot or Left Hand, a tribal leader of the Arapaho, lived at the site of Boulder. He and many of his people died in the Sand Creek Massacre.

Experimental filmmaker Stan Brakhage (d. 2003) lived near Boulder from the mid-1960s until 2002, and taught several film courses at CU-Boulder. Allen Ginsberg (d.1997) and Anne Waldman helped to found the Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics at Naropa University in Boulder.

George Gamow, theoretical physicist and cosmologist, discoverer of quantum tunnelling, worked at the University of Colorado at Boulder from 1956 until his death in 1968. and was buried in Green Mountain Cemetery. The tallest building on the main campus of the University is named the Gamow Tower in his honor. In 1956, he was awarded the Kalinga Prize by UNESCO for his work in popularizing science with his Mr. Tompkins... series of books (1939–1967), One Two Three ... Infinity, and other works.

Notable Boulder residents include Albert Bartlett, emeritus professor of physics and frequent lecturer on the dangers of compound growth, and also one of the principal backers of the Blue Line [39] in the late 1950s. Boulder is also home to Paul Danish, author of the Danish Plan [40] of residential growth control and editor and publisher of the former weekly Boulder County newspaper Town and Country Review. Jon Krakauer, bestselling author, known for his Mount Everest exposé Into Thin Air, lives in Boulder.

Nobel prize winners and University professors Eric Cornell, and Thomas Cech live in Boulder. John L. Hall, Nobel prize winner, NIST senior fellow and Lecturer at the University of Colorado lives in Boulder. University professor Michael Tracey lives in Boulder.

Jazz musician Chris Wood of Blue Note Records' Medeski, Martin and Wood grew up in Boulder. Musician Stuart Davis, originally from Minnesota, lives in Boulder. Otis Taylor is a Boulder blues musician who plays electric banjo, a Grammy award winner.

Actress Jessica Biel from the TV show 7th Heaven was raised in Boulder. Actress Sheryl Lee who is best known for playing the role of Laura Palmer in David Lynch's Twin Peaks was born in Boulder and began acting with a role in a Fairview High School play. Actresses Sheree J. Wilson and Joan Van Ark grew up in Boulder.

Boulder was also the home of JonBenét Ramsey when she was murdered, late on December 25 or early on December 26, in 1996. The body of the six-year-old was found on December 26 in the basement of her home on 15th Street. So far, the case remains unsolved.

The professional wrestler Big Van Vader (Leon White) was born in Boulder, was an offensive lineman for the Colorado Buffaloes football team in the 1970s, [41] and sometimes wore a CU T-shirt when he came to the ring in street clothes.

Screenwriter and filmmaker John August (Go, Charlie's Angels) is also originally from Boulder, and often talks of it fondly on his blog.

Erin Viner (nee Luckow), Anchor / Correspondent for the IBA News English Television News from Israel, was raised in Boulder, and the Female President at Boulder High School. Erin delivered the keynote speech at the 2007 Boulder High Commencement Address (her 30th graduation anniversary), whereupon she delivered scathing commentary regarding the current controversy over the Bill O'Reilly / Dan Caplis condemnation of the World Conference of World Affairs.

Climate

Boulder lies in a wide basin beneath Flagstaff Mountain just a few miles east of the continental divide and about 30 miles west of Denver. The large Arapahoe glacier provides water for a number of mountain streams that pass through Boulder, including Boulder Creek, which flows through the center of the city. The climate in Boulder is typically mild with dry, moderate summers and relatively comfortable winters. The city boasts more than 300 sunny days each year. Nearby mountains shield Boulder from the most severe winter storms. Most precipitation occurs during the winter and spring months, with snowfall averaging 83.1 inches. Boulder's winters are quite mild, and although large amounts of snow can fall, the effects of orographic lift usually dry out the air passing over the Front Range, shadowing the city from precipitation for much of the season. The coldest temperatures usually occur overnight due to Boulder's "High-Desert" climate. Additionally, warm chinook winds occur as air passing over the mountains heats as it descends, in addition to the sunshine, quickly melting snow accumulations and making Boulder's winters very mild.

Average Temperatures: January, High 46.8°F; July, High 83.2°F; annual average, 59.8°F

Shopping

One of the most popular sections of Boulder that is home to numerous shops and restaurants is the famous Pearl Street Mall. This four-block pedestrian mall is a social hotspot in Boulder, with dozens of restaurants of all kinds and specialty stores that include artisan shops and unique gadget shops. In the summer and on weekends, many street shows and acts can be found throughout the mall, along with street vendors and henna tattoo artists.

Boulder's traditional Downtown area, including the Pearl Street Mall, is in the western part of present-day Boulder. During the 1950s and 1960s, the city grew to the east, while the west side was (and is) bounded by the mountain front. Downtown is host to a variety of restaurants, bars, and boutique stores. However, it has few grocery, hardware, or department stores and is therefore more of a "shopping destination" than a neighborhood with stores supporting the local population.

The Twenty Ninth Street retail district opened in October 2006, located in central Boulder on the site of the former Crossroads Mall, east of Downtown.

Near the Pearl Street Mall the Farmers' Market opens every Saturday morning and Wednesday evening, April through October on 13th Street next to Central Park. The market was started in 1986 by regional farmers.[42]

Sister cities

Boulder has six official sister cities:

Dushanbe presented its distinctive Dushanbe Tea House as a gift to Boulder in 1987. It was completed in Tajikistan in 1990, then shipped to Boulder where it was reassembled and opened to the public in 1998 [43]. More information about Boulder's sister city relationships can be found at Boulder's official website.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Active Colorado Municipalities" (HTML). State of Colorado, Department of Local Affairs. Retrieved 2007-09-01.
  2. ^ "Colorado Municipal Incorporations" (HTML). State of Colorado, Department of Personnel & Administration, Colorado State Archives. 2004-12-01. Retrieved 2007-09-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Population for All Incorporated Places in Colorado" (CSV). 2005 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. June 21 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  4. ^ "ZIP Code Lookup" (JavaScript/HTML). United States Postal Service. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2005 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2005" (CSV). 2005 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. June 20 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  6. ^ "Fact Sheet - Boulder, Colorado (General Characteristics)". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
  7. ^ "Fact Sheet - Boulder, Colorado (Social Characteristics)". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
  8. ^ "Metro home prices flat". www.CNNMoney.com. 2006-08-21. Retrieved 2008-04-14. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ "A Boulder Timeline". Boulder History Museum. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
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