Air France Flight 447

Air France Flight 447

F-GZCP, the aircraft involved in the accident
Accident
Date	1 June 2009
Summary	Under investigation
Site	Near waypoint TASIL, Atlantic Ocean 3.5°N 30.5°W / 3.5; -30.5 (approximate)
Aircraft type	Airbus A330-203
Operator	Air France
Registration	F-GZCP
Flight origin	Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport
Destination	Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport
Passengers	216
Crew	12
Fatalities	228 (all)
Survivors	0

Air France Flight 447 was a scheduled airline flight from Rio de Janeiro to Paris that crashed into the Atlantic Ocean on 1 June 2009, killing all 216 passengers and 12 crewmen. Investigators have not yet determined a cause of the accident, but preliminary investigation found that the crash may have involved an icing-over of its air-speed sensors – called pitot tubes – during the flight, which would have led to inaccurate airspeed data, although this claim has been contested.

The airliner, an Air France Airbus A330-203, registered as "F-GZCP", took off on 31 May 2009 at 19:03 local time (22:03 UTC). The last contact from the crew was a routine message to Brazilian air traffic controllers at 01:33 UTC, as the aircraft approached the edge of Brazilian radar coverage over the Atlantic Ocean, en route to Senegalese airspace off the coast of West Africa. Forty minutes later, a four-minute-long series of automatic radio messages was received from the plane, stating numerous problems and warnings. The airliner was believed to have been lost shortly after it sent the automated messages.

On 6 June 2009, a search and rescue operation recovered two bodies and some aircraft debris floating in the ocean about 680 mi (1,090 km) northeast of the Fernando de Noronha Islands off the northeastern coast of Brazil. The debris included a briefcase containing an airline ticket, later confirmed to have been issued for the flight. On 27 June the search for bodies and debris was called off. The bodies of 51 people were recovered from the surface of the ocean.

The investigation into this accident has been severely hampered by the lack of any eyewitness reports and radar tracks, as well as the airplane's black boxes, which have not been recovered from the ocean floor. The search for the black boxes was called off on 20 August, but the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (BEA) later announced that it would resume the search later in 2009. The search continued through May 2010, and on 6 May it was reported that the location of the black boxes had been pinpointed to within a three to five square kilometer area. The French Navy spokesperson Hugues du Plessis d'Argentre described the task of finding the devices as "trying to find a shoe box in an area the size of Paris, at a depth of 3,000 meters (9,800 feet) and in a terrain as rugged as the Alps," cautioning that there is no guarantee the data recorders would be recovered. On 3 April 2011, the BEA announced that it had located and would recover large pieces of the wreckage. It was also announced that corpses had been seen in the wreckage.

The accident was the deadliest in the history of Air France. Paul-Louis Arslanian, the head of the BEA, described it as the worst accident in French aviation history. This was the deadliest commercial airliner accident to occur since the crash of American Airlines Flight 587 near New York City in 2001. This was the only fatal accident with an Airbus A330 airliner while in passenger service until the Afriqiyah Airways Flight 771 crashed in Tripoli, Libya, in May 2010.

Aircraft

The accident aircraft was an Airbus A330-203, with manufacturer serial number 660, registered as "F-GZCP". This airliner first flew on 25 February 2005. The aircraft was powered by two General Electric CF6-80E1 engines with a maximum thrust of 72,000 lb giving it a cruise speed range of Mach 0.82 – 0.86 (871 – 913 km/h, 470 − 493 KTAS, 540 – 566 mph), at 35,000 ft (10.7 km altitude) and a range of 12,500 km (6750 NM). The aircraft underwent a major overhaul on 16 April 2009, and at the time of the accident had accumulated 18,870 flying hours. On 17 August 2006, the A330 was involved in a ground collision with Airbus A321-211 F-GTAM, at Charles de Gaulle Airport, Paris. F-GTAM was substantially damaged while F-GZCP suffered only minor damage. The plane made 24 flights from Paris, to and from 13 different destinations worldwide, between 5 May and 31 May 2009.

Disappearance

Template:Air France Flight 447/flight path The aircraft departed from Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport on 31 May 2009 at 19:03 local time (22:03 UTC), with a scheduled arrival at Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport approximately 11 hours later.

The last verbal contact with the aircraft was at 01:33 UTC, when it was near waypoint INTOL (1°21′39″S 32°49′53″W), located 565 km (351 mi) off Natal, on Brazil's north-eastern coast. The crew reported that they expected to use airway UN873 and enter Senegalese-controlled airspace at waypoint TASIL (4°0′18″N 29°59′24″W) within 50 minutes, and that the aircraft was flying normally at flight level 350 (a nominal altitude of 35,000 ft (11,000 m)) and at a speed of 467 knots (865 km/h; 537 mph). The aircraft left Brazil Atlantic radar surveillance at 01:48 UTC.

Automated messages

An Air France spokesperson stated on 3 June that “the aircraft sent a series of electronic messages over a three-minute period, which represented about a minute of information. Exactly what that data means hasn't been sorted out, yet.” An aviation safety expert explained a few days later that “complete failure would require 100% failure of the electrical system,” which “did not happen early in the flight, because the system was uplinking data to the maintenance facility, indicating there was some electricity on the airplane.”

The messages, sent from an onboard maintenance system, Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS), were made public on 4 June 2009. These transcripts indicate that between 02:10 UTC and 02:14 UTC, 5 failure reports (FLR) and 19 warnings (WRN) were transmitted. The messages resulted from equipment failure data, captured by a built-in system for testing and reporting, and cockpit warnings also posted to ACARS. The failures and warnings in the 5 minutes of transmission concerned navigation, auto-flight, flight controls and cabin air-conditioning (codes beginning with 34, 22, 27 and 21, respectively).

Among the ACARS transmissions in the first minute is one message that indicates a fault in the pitot-static system (code 34111506). Sources close to the investigation confirmed that “the first automated system-failure message in a string of radio alerts from the incident aircraft explicitly indicated that the airspeed sensors were faulty”. The twelve warning messages with the same time code indicate that the autopilot and auto-thrust system had disengaged, that the TCAS was in fault mode, and flight mode went from 'normal law' to 'alternate law'. The 02:10 transmission contained a set of coordinates which indicated that the aircraft was at 2°59′N 30°35′W.

The remainder of the messages occurred from 02:11 UTC to 02:14 UTC, containing a fault message for an Air Data Inertial Reference Unit (ADIRU) and the Integrated Standby Instrument System (ISIS). At 02:12 UTC, a warning message NAV ADR DISAGREE indicated that there was a disagreement between the independent air data systems (more precisely: that after one of the three independent systems had been diagnosed as faulty and excluded from consideration, the two remaining systems disagreed). At 02:13 UTC, a fault message for the flight management guidance and envelope computer was sent. One of the two final messages transmitted at 02:14 UTC was a warning referring to the air data reference system, the other ADVISORY (Code 213100206) was a "cabin vertical speed warning", indicating that the plane was descending at a high rate.

Weather conditions

A meteorological analysis of the area surrounding the flight path showed a mesoscale convective system extending to an altitude of around 50,000 feet (15 km; 9.5 mi) above the Atlantic Ocean before Flight 447 disappeared. From satellite images taken near the time of the incident, it appears that the aircraft encountered a thunderstorm, likely containing significant turbulence.

Detailed analysis of the weather conditions for the flight shows it is possible that the aircraft's final 12 minutes could have been spent "flying through significant turbulence and thunderstorm activity for about 75 mi (121 km)", and may have been subjected to rime icing, and possibly clear ice or graupel. Satellite imagery loops from the CIMSS clarify that the flight was coping with a series of storms, not just one.

Commercial air transport crews routinely encounter this type of storm in this area. Generally, when storms of this type are encountered at night, pilots use onboard radar to navigate around them.

In this instance, shortly after the last verbal contact was made with Air Traffic Control about 350 mi (560 km) north-east of Natal (station identifier SBNT), the aircraft likely traversed an area of intense deep convection which had formed within a broad band of thunderstorms along the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Turbulence in the vicinity of these rapidly developing storms may have contributed to the accident. According to news sources, 12 other flights shared more or less the same route that Flight 447 was using at the time of the accident.

Search and recovery

Search effort

Colonel Jorge Amaral, deputy head of the Aeronautical Communications Center of the Brazilian Air Force, discussing the search for the aircraft.

On 1 June at 02:20 UTC, Brazilian air traffic controllers contacted air traffic control in Dakar after noticing that the plane had not made the required radio call signaling its crossing into Senegalese airspace. The Brazilian Air Force then began a search and rescue operation from the Brazilian archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, and at 19:00 UTC on 1 June, Spain sent a CASA 235 maritime patrol plane in search and rescue operations near Cape Verde. French reconnaissance planes were also dispatched, including one Breguet Atlantic from Dakar, and the French requested satellite equipment from the United States to help find the plane. Brazilian Air Force spokesperson Colonel Henry Munhoz told Brazilian TV that radar on Cape Verde failed to pick up the aircraft over the Atlantic Ocean.

Later on 1 June, officials with Air France and the French government had already presumed that the plane had been lost with no survivors. An Air France spokesperson told L'Express that there was "no hope for survivors," and French President Nicolas Sarkozy told relatives of the passengers that there was only a minimal chance that anyone survived.

Also late on 1 June, the deputy chief of the Brazilian Aeronautical Communications Center, Jorge Amaral, confirmed that 30 minutes after the Air France Airbus had transmitted the automatic report, a commercial pilot had reported the sighting of "orange dots" in the middle of the Atlantic, which could indicate the glow of wreckage on fire. This sighting was reported by a TAM Airlines crew flying from Europe to Brazil, at approximately 1300 km (700 miles) from Fernando de Noronha. Another similar sighting of "something flashing brightly over the ocean then taking a descending vertical trajectory" was reported by the Spanish pilot of Air Comet Flight 974 flying from Lima to Madrid. The Brazilian newspaper O Globo reported that wreckage debris was discovered off the Senegalese coast, but that its origin was still uncertain. EarthTimes and news.com.au reported that the crew of the French freighter Douce France spotted debris floating on the ocean in the area earlier indicated by the TAM crew.

On 2 June at 15:20 (UTC), the Brazilian Air Force, using an Embraer R-99A fitted with Erieye radar, found wreckage and signs of oil, possibly jet fuel, strewn along a 5 km (3 mi) band 650 km (400 mi) north-east of Fernando de Noronha Island, near the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago. Spotted wreckage included a plane seat, an orange buoy, a barrel, "white pieces and electrical conductors". Later that day, after meeting with relatives of the Brazilians on the aircraft, Brazilian Defence Minister Nelson Jobim announced that the Air Force believed the wreckage was from Flight 447. Brazilian vice-president José Alencar (acting as president since Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was out of the country) declared three days of official mourning.

Also on 2 June, two French Navy vessels, Foudre and Ventôse, were en route to the suspected crash site. Other ships sent to the site included the French research vessel Pourquoi Pas?, equipped with two mini-submarines able to descend to 6,000 m (20,000 ft), since the area of the Atlantic in which the plane went down may be as deep as 4,700 m (15,400 ft). A United States Navy Lockheed Martin P-3 Orion anti-submarine warfare and maritime patrol aircraft was deployed in the search.

On 3 June, the first Brazilian Navy ship, the patrol boat Grajaú, reached the area in which the first debris was spotted. The Brazilian Navy sent a total of five ships to the debris site; the frigate Constituição and the corvette Caboclo were scheduled to reach the area on 4 June, the frigate Bosísio on 6 June and the replenishment oiler Almirante Gastão Motta on 7 June.

On 5 June, French defence minister Hervé Morin announced that the nuclear submarine Émeraude was being sent to the area, to assist in the search for the missing flight recorders or "black-boxes" which might be located at great depth. The submarine would use its sonar to listen for the ultrasonic signal emitted by the black boxes' "pingers". On 10 June, the Émeraude reached the crash zone of Air France Flight 447 with plans to troll 13 sq mi (34 km²) a day, listening for the pingers. The Émeraude was to work with the mini-sub Nautile, which can descend to the ocean floor. The French submarines would be aided by two U.S. underwater audio devices, capable of picking up signals at a depth of 20,000 ft (6,100 m).

Colour bathymetry relief map of the part of Atlantic Ocean into which Air France Flight 447 crashed. Image shows two different data sets with different resolution.

Search results

On 4 June, the Brazilian Air Force claimed they had recovered the first debris from the Air France crash site, 340 miles (550 km) northeast of the Fernando de Noronha archipelago, but on 5 June, around 13:00 UTC, Brazilian officials announced that they had not yet recovered anything from Flight 447, as the oil slick and debris field found on 2 June could not have come from the plane. Ramon Borges Cardoso, director of the Air Space Control Department, said that the fuel slicks were not caused by aviation fuel but were believed to have been from a passing ship. Even so, a Brazilian Air Force official maintained that some of the material that had been spotted (but not picked up) was in fact from Flight 447. Poor visibility had prevented search teams from re-locating the material.

On 6 June, five days after Flight 447 disappeared, it was reported that the Brazilian Air Force had located "bodies and debris" from the missing aircraft, after they had been spotted by a special search radar-equipped aircraft near the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago. The bodies and objects were reportedly found at 08:14 Brasilia time (11:14 UTC), and experts on human remains were sent to investigate. Brazilian Air Force Colonel Jorge Amaral stated that "We confirm the recovery from the water of debris and bodies from the Air France plane. Air France boarding passes for Flight 447 were also found. We can't give more information without confirming what we have." Two male bodies were later found along with a seat, a nylon backpack containing a computer and vaccination card and a leather briefcase containing a boarding pass for the Air France flight.

Authorities also corrected the misunderstanding about earlier debris findings: except for the wooden pallet, the debris did come from Flight 447, but rescue aircraft and ships had made the search for possible survivors and bodies a priority, delaying the verification of the origins of the other recovered debris.

The Airbus' vertical stabilizer recovered

On 8 June search crews found and eventually recovered the Airbus' vertical stabilizer.

By 17 June 2009 a total of 50 bodies had been recovered in two distinct groups more than 50 miles (80 km) apart. Of the 50, 49 of these had been transported to shore, first by the frigates Constituição and Bosísio to the islands of Fernando de Noronha and thereafter by plane to Recife for identification. Another body was recovered on 16 June 2009. On 17 June 2009 it was also reported that more than 400 pieces of debris from the plane had been recovered. As of 23 June 2009 officials had identified 11 of the 50 bodies recovered from the crash site off the coast of Brazil, by using dental records and fingerprints. Of those identified ten were Brazilian, although no names had been released. On 25 June, Le Figaro reported that the bodies of the pilot, Marc Dubois, and a flight attendant had been retrieved and identified. On 26 June the Brazilian Military announced it had ended the search for bodies and debris, having recovered 51 bodies with the help of French vessels and French, Spanish and US aircraft.

Following the end of the search for bodies, the search for the flight data recorder and the cockpit voice recorder, the "black boxes", continued with the French nuclear submarine and with two French-contracted ships (towing the US Navy listening devices) trawling a search area with a radius of 80 kilometres (50 mi). By mid July, recovery of the black boxes had still not been announced. French search teams denied an earlier report that a "very weak" signal had been picked up from the black box locator beacon. The finite beacon battery life meant that, as the time since the crash elapsed, the likelihood of location diminished. In late July, the search for the black boxes entered its second phase, with a French research vessel resuming the search using a towed sonar array. In July 2009, Airbus announced that they would fund an extended search for the aircraft's black boxes. This announcement came amidst their official backing to determine the root cause of the accident. The second phase of the search ended on 20 August without finding wreckage within a 75 km radius of the last position, as reported at 02:10.

On 6 May 2010, the French Minister of Defense reported that the cockpit voice recorders had been localized to a zone 5 km by 5 km, following analysis of the data recorded by the French submarine during the initial search conducted in mid-2009. On 12 May 2010, it was reported that the search following 6 May report of the possible location of the voice recorders had not led to any findings and that the search had resumed in a different area from the one identified by the French submarine. The third phase of the search ended on 24 May 2010 without any success though the French Bureau d'Enquetes et d'Analyses (BEA) says that the search 'nearly' covered the whole area drawn up by investigators.

In November 2010, French officials announced that a fourth search would start in February 2011, using the most sophisticated technology currently available.

2011 search

On 3 April 2011, during Phase 4 of the search and recovery operation, it was announced that a team led by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution had discovered significantly large portions of debris believed to be that of flight AF447. Further debris and bodies, still trapped in the partly intact remains of the aircraft's fuselage, were located in water depths of between 3,800 and 4,000 meters (2,070 to 2,190 fathoms). The debris was found to be lying in a relatively flat and silty area of the ocean floor (as opposed to the extremely mountainous topography that was originally believed to be AF447's final resting place). Other items found were engines, wing parts and the landing gear. The discovery raised hopes that the CVR and FDR (the "black boxes") might yet be recovered.

The debris field was described as "quite compact", measuring some 200 metres (660 ft) by 600 metres (2,000 ft) and located a short distance to the north of where the previously recovered pieces of wreckage had been found. This suggests that the aircraft hit the water largely intact. The French Ecology and Transportation Minister Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet stated the bodies and wreckage would be brought to the surface and taken to France for examination and identification. It was, however, not yet possible to quantify how many bodies had been discovered. Most of the bodies were reported to be in a skeletal condition with numerous fractures and severe injuries caused by the crash. The French government has chartered three vessels – the René Descartes, Ile de Bréhat and an American vessel – which are normally used by telecommunications companies for deep-ocean cable-laying, to carry out the task of retrieving the debris and bodies.

Investigation

East-west cross-section of Atlantic Ocean portion in which Air France Flight 447 was thought to have crashed, showing depth of the sea floor. The vertical scale is exaggerated by a factor of 100 relative to the horizontal.

Investigators have not yet determined a cause of the accident, but preliminary investigation found that the crash could have been caused by erroneous airspeed indications, if the pitot tubes had iced over during the flight.

The French government has opened two investigations:

• A criminal investigation for manslaughter was begun (this is standard procedure for any accident involving a loss of life and implies no presumption of foul play), which since 5 June 2009 is under the supervision of Investigating Magistrate Sylvie Zimmerman from the Paris Tribunal de Grande Instance. The judge gave the investigation to the Gendarmerie nationale, which operates it through its aerial transportation division (Gendarmerie des transports aériens or GTA) and its forensic research institute (the "Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale", FR).
• In June 2009, the DGSE (the external French intelligence agency) uncovered the names of two registered passengers on board corresponded to the names of two individuals thought to be linked to Islamic terrorist groups.
• A technical investigation, the goal of which is to enhance the safety of future flights. As the aircraft was of French registration and crashed over international waters, this is the responsibility of the French government, under the ICAO convention. The Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (BEA) is in charge of the investigation. The BEA released a press release on 5 June, that stated: 

A large quantity of more or less accurate information and attempts at explanations concerning the accident are currently being circulated. The BEA reminds those concerned that in such circumstances, it is advisable to avoid all hasty interpretations and speculation on the basis of partial or non-validated information.

At this stage of the investigation, the only established facts are:

• the presence near the airplane’s planned route over the Atlantic of significant convective cells typical of the equatorial regions;
• based on the analysis of the automatic messages broadcast by the plane, there are inconsistencies between the various speeds measured.

— BEA

The main task currently occupying the investigators is recovering parts of the aircraft, primarily the flight recorders. BEA chief Paul-Louis Arslanian said that he is not optimistic about finding them since they may be under as much as 3,000 m (9,800 ft) of water and the terrain under this portion of the ocean is very rugged. Investigators are hoping to find the aircraft's lower aft section, since that is where the recorders are located. Although France has never recovered a flight recorder from similar depths, there is precedent for such an operation: in 1988, an independent contractor was able to recover the cockpit voice recorder of South African Airways Flight 295 from a depth of 4,900 m (16,100 ft) in a search area of between 80 and 250 square nautical miles (270 and 860 km²). The Air France flight recorders have water-activated acoustic underwater locator beacons or "pingers", which should have remained active for at least 30 days, giving searchers that much time to locate the origin of the signals.

On 2 July 2009, the BEA released an intermediate report, which described all known facts, and a summary of the visual examination of the rudder and the other parts of the aircraft that had been recovered at that time. According to the BEA, this examination showed that:

• the airliner was likely to have struck the surface of the sea in a normal flight attitude, with a high rate of descent;
• There were no signs of any fires or explosions.
• The airliner did not break up in flight. The report also stresses that the BEA had not had access to the post-mortem reports at the time of its writing. Some of these might have suggested otherwise.

On 13 December 2009, the BEA announced that a search for the recorders for three months more would be conducted using "robot submarines" beginning in February 2010.

The BEA announced that they expected the search to resume in mid-March, depending on weather. The third phase of the search was planned to take four weeks. Air France, Airbus, the United States Navy, and the National Transportation Safety Board will aid in the search. The new search plan covers an area of 770 square miles (2,000 km²) and will utilize four sonar devices and two underwater robots. Oceanographers from France, Russia, Britain, and the United States each separately analysed the search area, to select a smaller area for closer survey.

The search continued in the beginning of April 2010 and was planned to last for 30 days.

The French newspaper Le Figaro suggested that the plane was heading back to Brazil when it crashed in the Atlantic Ocean.

On 31 March 2011 a new dive expedition, planned to last for four months, was started with the help of ROVs from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. On 3 April 2011, the BEA announced the discovery of debris of the plane and the remains of bodies. The crash site is in a deep abyssal plain slightly past the last known position.

On 12 April 2011 it was announced that the tail section of the plane had been found. Since the aircraft's black boxes usually are located at the rear part of the plane, this raised hopes that the flight data recorder and the cockpit voice recorder might be recovered. BEA officials said that the black boxes possibly are still attached to that part of the plane. The French transport ministry stated that a submarine will go to the site on 21 April to retrieve the found wreckage.

Airspeed inconsistency

Prior to the disappearance of the aircraft, the automatic reporting system, ACARS, sent messages indicating disagreement in the indicated air speed (IAS) readings. A spokesperson for Airbus claimed that "the air speed of the aircraft was unclear" to the pilots. Paul-Louis Arslanian, of France's air accident investigation agency, confirmed that F-GZCP previously had problems calculating its speed as did other A330 aircraft stating "We have seen a certain number of these types of faults on the A330 ... There is a programme of replacement, of improvement". The problems primarily occurred on the Airbus A320, but, awaiting a recommendation from Airbus, Air France delayed installing new pitots on A330/A340, yet increased inspection frequencies.

There have been several cases where inaccurate airspeed information led to flight incidents on the A330 and A340. Two of those incidents involved pitot probes. In the first incident, an Air France A340-300 (F-GLZL), en route from Tokyo, Japan, to Paris, France, experienced an event at 31,000 feet (9,400 m) in which the airspeed was incorrectly reported and the autopilot automatically disengaged. Bad weather together with obstructed drainage holes in all three pitot probes were subsequently found to be the cause. In the second incident, an Air France A340-300 (F-GLZN) en route from Paris to New York encountered turbulence followed by the autoflight systems going offline, warnings over the accuracy of the reported airspeed and two minutes of stall alerts. Another incident on TAM Flight 8091 from Miami to Rio de Janeiro on 21 May 2009, involving an A330-200, showed a sudden drop of outside air temperature, then loss of air data, the ADIRS, autopilot and autothrust. The aircraft fell 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) before being manually recovered using backup instruments. The NTSB is also examining a similar 23 June 2009 incident on a Northwest Airlines flight from Hong Kong to Tokyo.

On 6 June 2009, Arslanian said that Air France had not replaced pitot probes as Airbus recommended on F-GZCP, saying that "it does not mean that without replacing the probes that the A330 was dangerous." Air France issued a further clarification of the situation:

"Malfunctions in the pitot probes on the A320 led the manufacturer to issue a recommendation in September 2007 to change the probes. This recommendation also applies to long-haul aircraft using the same probes and on which a very few incidents of a similar nature had occurred.

Since it was not an airworthiness directive (AD), the guidelines allow the operator to apply the recommendations at its discretion. Air France implemented the change on its A320 fleet where the incidents of water ingress were observed.

"Starting in May 2008 Air France experienced incidents involving a loss of airspeed data in flight (...) in cruise phase on A340s and A330s. These incidents were analysed with Airbus as resulting from pitot probe icing for a few minutes, after which the phenomenon disappeared."

After discussing these issues with the manufacturer, Air France sought a means of reducing these incidents, and Airbus indicated that the new pitot probe designed for the A320 was not designed to prevent cruise level ice-over. In 2009, tests suggested that the new probe could improve its reliability, prompting Air France to initiate and accelerate the replacement program, but not before F-GZCP underwent its major overhaul on 16 April.

On 4 June, Airbus issued an Accident Information Telex to operators of all Airbus models reminding pilots of the recommended Abnormal and Emergency Procedures to be taken in the case of unreliable airspeed indication. By 17 June 2009, Air France had replaced all pitot probes on its A330 type aircraft.

French Transport Minister Dominique Bussreau said "Obviously the pilots [of Flight 447] did not have the right [the correct] speed showing, which can lead to two bad consequences for the life of the aircraft: under-speed, which can lead to a stall, and over-speed, which can lead to the aircraft breaking up because it is approaching the speed of sound and the structure of the plane is not made for resisting such speeds". On 11 June 2009, a spokesman from the BEA reminded that there was no conclusive evidence at the moment linking pitot probe malfunction to the AF447 crash, and this was reiterated on 17 June 2009 by the BEA chief, Paul-Louis Arslanian.

The Flight 447 accident may have some relevant similarities to other A330 incidents with other carriers. Three similar reports are on file at the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB), with two incidents relating to Airbus A330s with flight computer problems, plus one which involved a Boeing 777. In the October 2008 accident, this fault caused injuries to passengers and damage to the aircraft on Qantas Flight 72, en route from Singapore to Perth, Western Australia, which was forced into a dive by a malfunctioning ADIRU. These incidents often started with the automatic pilot's disengaging and sending out ADIRU failure messages. Incorrect speed indications were also observed. The airframe and ADIRU involved in the Qantas Flight 72 accident were also previously involved in another incident on Qantas Flight 68, 2006. The Qantas aircraft were equipped with ADIRUs manufactured by Northrop Grumman, while Flight 447 was equipped with an ADIRU manufactured by Honeywell. A memo leaked from Airbus suggests that there was no evidence that the Flight 447 ADIRU malfunction was similar to the failure in the Qantas incidents.

Example of a heated pitot probe

In July 2009, Airbus once again advised A330 and A340 operators to exchange the old Thales company pitot tubes for newer Goodrich ones. A directive from the European Aviation Safety Agency is expected to require the replacement and would require Air France to replace at least two of the recently installed Thales pitot probes on its A330 and A340 aircraft.

On 3 September 2009, the American FAA issued a final Airworthiness Directive, which requires the pitot probes manufactured by Thales Avionics, which were installed on the A330 and A340 aircraft, to be replaced with probes manufactured by Goodrich. According to the FAA, in its Federal Register publication, use of the Thales model has resulted in "reports of airspeed indication discrepancies while flying at high altitudes in inclement weather conditions", that "could result in reduced control of the airplane." The FAA further stated that the Thales model probe "has not yet demonstrated the same level of robustness to withstand high-altitude ice crystals as Goodrich pitot probes P/N 0851HL," which is the required replacement probe, ordered by the Airworthiness Directive. An article in The Economist magazine notes airspeed indication discrepancies and resulting reduced control could result in the aircraft flying in the "coffin corner" where the chance of loss of control and breakup of the aircraft is increased.

On 21 December 2010, Airbus issued a warning to roughly 100 operators of A330, A340-200 and A340-300 aircraft, regarding pitot tubes, advising pilots not to re-engage the autopilot following failure of the airspeed indicators.

In March 2011, a French judge filed preliminary manslaughter charges against Air France and Airbus over the crash.

Passengers and crew

Nationality	Passengers	Crew	Total
ARG	1	0	1
AUT	1	0	1
BEL	1	0	1
BRA	58	1	59
CAN	1	0	1
HRV	1	0	1
DEN	1	0	1
EST	1	0	1
FRA	61	11	72
GAB	1	0	1
GER	26	0	26
HUN	4	0	4
ISL	1	0	1
IRL	3	0	3
ITA	9	0	9
LIB	3	0	3
MAR	3	0	3
NLD	1	0	1
NOR	3	0	3
PRC	9	0	9
PHL	1	0	1
POL	2	0	2
ROU	1	0	1
RUS	1	0	1
SVK	3	0	3
ZAF	1	0	1
KOR	1	0	1
ESP	2	0	2
SWE	3	0	3
CHE	6	0	6
TUR	1	0	1
GBR	5	0	5
USA	2	0	2
Total (33 nationalities)	216	12	228

The aircraft was carrying 216 passengers and 12 aircrew in two cabins of service. Among the 216 passengers were one infant, seven children, 82 women, and 126 men. There were three pilots: 58-year-old flight captain Marc Dubois had joined Air France in 1988 and had approximately 11,000 flight hours, including 1,700 hours on the Airbus A330; the two first officers, 37-year-old David Robert and 32-year-old Pierre-Cedric Bonin, had over 9,000 flight hours between them. Of the 12 crew members, 11 were French and one Brazilian.

According to an official list released by Air France on 1 June 2009: the majority of passengers were French, Brazilian, or German citizens. Attributing nationality was complicated by the holding of multiple citizenship by several passengers. The nationalities as released by Air France are shown in the table to the right.

Air France gathered around 60-70 relatives and friends arriving to pick up passengers at Charles de Gaulle Airport. Many of the passengers on Flight 447 were connecting to other destinations worldwide, so many parties anticipating the arrival of passengers were at other airports.

On 20 June, Air France announced that each victim's family would be paid roughly €17,500 in initial compensation. Wrongful death lawsuits maintaining that design and manufacturing defects stranded pilots with incorrect information, rendering them incapable of maintaining altitude and air speed, have been filed in U.S. Court.

Notable passengers

• Prince Pedro Luís of Orléans-Bragança, third in succession to the now extinguished throne of Brazil. He had dual Brazilian-Belgian citizenship. He was returning home to Luxembourg from a visit to his relatives in Rio de Janeiro.
• Silvio Barbato, composer and former conductor of the symphony orchestras of the Brasilia National Theatre and the Rio de Janeiro Municipal Theatre; he was en route to Kiev for engagements there.
• Fatma Ceren Necipoğlu, Turkish classical harpist and academic of Anadolu University in Eskişehir; she was returning home via Paris after performing at the fourth Rio Harp Festival.
• Pablo Dreyfus from Argentina, a campaigner for controlling illegal arms and the illegal drugs trade.
• Simon Flett from Dublin, a major promoter and activist for the Lisbon Tready. Perished while promoting the Lisbon Treaty oversees.

Flight number

Shortly after the crash, Air France changed the number of the regular Rio de Janeiro-Paris flight from AF447 to AF445.

On 30 November 2009, Air France Flight 445 (F-GZCK) made a mayday call due to severe turbulence around the same area and time flight 447 crashed. Because the pilots could not obtain immediate permission from air traffic controllers to descend to a less turbulent altitude, the mayday was to alert other aircraft in the vicinity that the flight had deviated from its normal flight level. This is standard contingency procedure when changing altitude without direct authorization. After 30 minutes of moderate to severe turbulence the flight continued normally. The plane landed safely in Paris six hours, 40 minutes, after the mayday call.

Media

• On 30 May 2010, BBC Two in the United Kingdom broadcast the documentary "Lost: The Mystery of Flight 447", a one hour documentary detailing an independent investigation into the crash employing the skills of an expert pilot, an expert accident investigator, an aviation meteorologist and an aircraft structural engineer. Using the available evidence and information, without the black boxes, a critical chain of events was postulated:
  • flying into an immense thunderstorm which had been hidden on the aircraft weather radar by a smaller nearer storm.
  • reducing aircraft speed to anticipate impending turbulence.
  • configuring the aircraft to avoid a stall by trimming aircraft pitch with the elevators, but not noticing that the autothrust system reduced aircraft speed (without corresponding thrust lever movement).
  • simultaneous failure of all three pitot tubes due to supercooled water very rapidly forming ice.
  • aircrew being unable to interpret a large number of flight deck failure alerts caused by the loss of air data.
  • suffering a catastrophic loss of altitude due to a stall.
  • falling uncontrollably to the sea and breaking up on impact.

• On 1 June 2010, exactly one year after the crash of Air France Flight 447, it was announced that, in the United States, there would be a Nova TV series science/documentary episode about the accident. The documentary was broadcast on 16 February 2011.

See also

• List of unrecovered flight recorders
• Aeroperú Flight 603, a flight that crashed after a failure in its basic flight instruments
• Birgenair Flight 301, a flight that suffered from a malfunction in its airspeed indicators and crashed in 1996
• Pan Am Flight 7, a flight that disappeared and crashed in 1957
• South African Airways Flight 295, the crashed flight from which its flight data recorder was recovered from the ocean from the greatest depth

• Austral Flight 2553, another flight that suffered from a malfunction in its airspeed indicators and crashed (from Spanish Wikipedia).

External links

External image
Photos of F-GZCP at Airliners.net

Press releases

• From the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile
• From the Brazilian Air Force
• From Air France

Other

• English Version of BEA report 2 July 2009 ( First interim report )
• English Version of BEA report 17 December 2009 ( Second interim report )
• Accident / Serious Incident Report for Air France Flight 447 on SKYbrary categorised under Weather / Airworthiness / Loss of Control
• Air France Flight 447 - Air France
• Information on the investigation – Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile
• Informações sobre o voo AF 447 – Brazilian Air Force Template:Pt icon / Template:En icon
• Manuel Garcia Jr, CounterPunch, 1 July 2009, Clouds, Computers and Composites: The New Crisis in Aviation
• A330 slide show for pilots
• "Air France Crash Stories." Sky News
• Flight AF 447 - Analysis of Air France’s crisis communications
• BBC's Timeline of Flight 447
• The Difference Engine: Wild blue coffin corner A clear description of the "coffin corner", where a small change in air speed causes either stalling or breaking up of the aircraft.
• Aviation safety network accident description