Ancestral Puebloan dwellings

A map of ancestral Pueblo cultures

Hundreds of dwellings of Pueblo peoples, both ancestral and modern, are found widely across the American Southwest. With almost all constructed well before 1492 CE, these Puebloan towns and villages are located throughout the geography of the Southwest. Each of the different cultures associated with the dwellings, including the Mogollon, the Anasazi, and the Hohokam.

Many of these dwellings included various defensive positions, like the high steep mesas such as at the ancient Mesa Verde complex or the present-day Acoma "Sky City" Pueblo. Earlier than 900 CE progressing past the 13th century, the population complexes were major cultural centers for the Pueblo peoples. There were also settlements scattered throughout the region of varying sizes.

History

Previous to ancestral and modern Pueblo cultures. They included Paleo-Indian Llano or Clovis Culture. Until about CE 400–500, many cultural groups residing in the southwest practiced the Desert Culture of migratory hunter–gatherers. At that time, agriculture and sedentary life began to take hold, although the populations present are known to have relied on older economies in times of want. Cotton, beans, squash, and maize were cultivated, and the arts of basketry and textile weaving were developed.

Anthropologists and official documents often refer to earlier residents of the area as Pueblo cultures. For example, the National Park Service states, "The Late Puebloan cultures built the large, integrated villages found by the Spaniards when they began to move into the area." The people of some pueblos, such as Taos Pueblo, still inhabit centuries-old adobe pueblo buildings. Residents often maintain other homes outside the historic pueblos.

The Pueblo culture developed from 700–1100, characterized by its distinctive religious beliefs and practices and a large growth in population. The period from 1100–1300 CE is known as the Great Pueblo Period, and is marked by cooperation between the Pueblo peoples and the communal Great Kiva ritual.

In addition to contemporary pueblos, there are numerous ruins throughout the Southwest. Some are of relatively recent origin; others are of prehistoric origin such as the cliff dwellings and other habitations of the ancestral Pueblo peoples or Anasazi.

Cultures

A reconstructed pit house at Mesa Verde.

Ancestral cultures

Further information: Ancient Pueblo Peoples

The ancestral Pueblo peoples referred to include the Fremont, Hohokam, Mogollon, Patayan, and Sinagua.

The Anasazi society is one of the most complex to be found in Oasisamerica, and they are assumed to be the ancestors of the modern Pueblo people, including the Zuñi and Hopi. Their culture flourished in the region currently known as the Four Corners, between Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. The territory was covered by juniper forests which the ancient peoples learned to exploit for their own needs. The Hohokam occupied the desert-like lands of Arizona and Sonora. Their territory is bounded by two large rivers, the Colorado and Gila Rivers, that outline the heart of the Sonora Desert.

In contrast to their Anasazi neighbors to the north, the nomadic communities of the Hohokam culture are poorly understood. The principal settlements of the Hohokam culture were Snaketown, Casa Grande, Red Mountain, and Pueblo de los Muertos, all of which are to be found in modern-day Arizona. A slightly different branch of the Hohokam people is known as the Trincheras, named after their most well-known site in the Sonora Desert. The Hohokam lived in small communities of several hundred people.

The Mogollon was a cultural area of Mesoamerica that extended from the foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental, northward to Arizona and New Mexico in the southwestern United States. Some scholars prefer to distinguish between two broad cultural traditions in this area: the Mogollon itself and the Paquime culture that were derived from it. Either way, the peoples who inhabited the area in question adapted well to a landscape that was marked by the presence of pine forests and steep mountains and ravines.

Modern cultures

Main article: Pueblo people

Further information: Pueblo

There are 21 federally recognized pueblos in the United States today. Rio Grande pueblos are known as eastern Pueblos; Zuni, Hopi, and sometimes Acoma and Laguna are known as western Pueblos.

Hopi Tribe of Arizona Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo, New Mexico Pueblo of Acoma, New Mexico Pueblo of Cochiti, New Mexico Pueblo of Jemez, New Mexico Pueblo of Isleta, New Mexico Pueblo of Laguna, New Mexico

Pueblo of Nambe, New Mexico Pueblo of Picuris, New Mexico Pueblo of Pojoaque, New Mexico Pueblo of San Felipe, New Mexico Pueblo of San Ildefonso, New Mexico Pueblo of Sandia, New Mexico Pueblo of Santa Ana, New Mexico

Pueblo of Santa Clara, New Mexico Pueblo of Santo Domingo, New Mexico Pueblo of Taos, New Mexico Pueblo of Tesuque, New Mexico Pueblo of Zia, New Mexico Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo of Texas Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico

The Eight Northern Pueblos are a collection of culturally and geographically related pueblos in New Mexico. They are the Taos, Picuris, Santa Clara, San Juan, San Ildefonso, Nambé, Pojoaque, and Tesuque.

Geography

Dwellings of the Pueblo peoples in New Mexico's Salinas Basin.

The dwellings of the Pueblo peoples are located throughout the American Southwest and north central Mexico. The American states of New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona all have evidence of Pueblo peoples' dwellings; the Mexican state of Chihuahua does, too.

Pre-Columbian towns and villages in the Southwest were located in defensive positions, including high steep mesas such as Acoma.

Claiming descendency from Moqui people (called Anasazi by the Navajo), the Hopi people refer to their homelands as Dinétah. Dinétah is loosely comprised of northwestern New Mexico, southwestern Colorado, southeastern Utah, and northeastern Arizona.

Architecture

A pueblito in San Juan County, New Mexico.

The ancestral Puebloan people built a unique architecture with planned community spaces. The ancient population centers such as Chaco Canyon, Mesa Verde, and Bandelier for which the Ancestral Puebloans are renowned, consisted of apartment-like complexes and structures made from stone, adobe mud, and other local material, or were carved into the sides of canyon walls. Each were influenced by themselves and design details from other cultures as far away as modern-day Mexico. In their day, these ancient towns and cities were usually multi-storied and multi-purposed buildings surrounding open plazas and viewsheds and were occupied by hundreds to thousands of Ancestral Puebloan People. These population complexes hosted cultural and civic events and infrastructure that supported a vast outlying region hundreds of miles away linked by transportation roadways.

Among ancestral Pueblo peoples, housing, defensive, and storage complexes were built in shallow caves and under rock overhangs along canyon walls. The structures contained within these alcoves were mostly blocks of hard sandstone, held together and plastered with adobe mortar. Specific constructions had many similarities, but were generally unique in form due to the individual topography of different alcoves along the canyon walls. Kivas, towers, and pit-houses were common features throughout these dwellings. In some instances, the space constrictions of the alcoves where cliff dwellings were built necessitated far denser concentration of populations.

Decorative motifs for these sandstone/mortar constructions, both cliff dwellings and otherwise, included T-shaped windows and doors.

Construction characteristics

A cliff dwelling at Bandelier National Monument.

Most notable Pueblo structures were made of adobe and built like an apartment complex. Generally speaking, Pueblo buildings feature a box base, smaller box on top, and an even smaller one on top of that, with the tallest reaching four and five stories. There were floors for storage and defense, living and religious ceremonies. Generally, there were no doors the bottom floor until recent times. This limited access to the buildings so movable ladders were key elements. One ladder would take inhabitants to the patio, or second floor, and another led through an opening through a roof and onto the first floor. Other ladders led to higher floors. At night, ladders would be taken inside for protection so no outsider could come in without permission. The ladders were also key to defense.

All Pueblo buildings are made from the natural resources of the nearby desert. Adobe, the building-block, is made by mixing clay, sand, water and organic materials such as sticks, straw, and dung. These are mixed into blocks and left to dry. A hole was dug where the new building was constructed and supporting poles are planted firmly in the ground to make a frame. When the blocks of adobe were dry and hard, they were laid around the building and bounded by wet clay. At active pueblos, every year a new coat of adobe mixture/clay is added to the wall to keep them firm.

Architectural elements

A stone tower at Canyon of the Ancients National Monument in Colorado.

The key technology of the Pueblo peoples was their irrigation techniques. These were used throughout their dwellings, and often determined the siting of communities. Distinctive elements of Puebloan architecture included the kiva and the false kiva, which were used for religious ceremonies, and the sipapu, which is a small hole or indentation in the floor of kivas. Moki steps and ladders were used to access dwellings. The souterrain, an underground room found occasionally.

Many pueblos feature T-shaped doors in adobe walls. Usually one meter wide, they are wider on top and narrower below. Theory states that the door shape is associated to the prehistoric kachinas. The Great house-style pueblos were constructed on a box system. Builders used molds to pour compacted mud without organic material. The exterior was stuccoed with sand, lime and oyster dust shells, then it was painted blue, green, or pink. Made without foundations, the walls were built from slots that were 25 centimeters deep. Furnaces and ventilation were used to control interior temperature. Doors were used for ventilation and smoke outflow. The doors were proportional to the size of the room. Stairs, ramps, and ladders were built to allow access to the buildings.

There are a number of consistent features surrounding the dwellings. They include water retention structures like the Mesa Verde Reservoirs, and stone towers. Oval shaped fields, such as those found at Snaketown, have been identified as ballcourts. Each were about 60 meters long, 33 meters apart, and 2.5 meters high. In 2009 it was suggested that the shape of an oval bowl with curved sides and the uneven embankments on the long sides are unsuited for any kind of ball game; On the other hand, they correspond with dance floors of the Papagos, used for their Vikita ceremonies until at least the 1930s.

Types of dwellings

Frances Canyon Pueblito is a multi-roomed structure situated at the edge of a cliff in northwestern New Mexico.

In addition to the movable structures used by other Native Americans across North and South America, the Pueblo peoples created distinctive structures for living, worshiping, defense, storage, and daily life.

• Pueblo - Referring to both a certain style of Puebloan architecture and groups of people themselves, "pueblo" is used to describe multistory, apartment-like buildings made of adobe. In this article they are called "great houses".

• Great houses - Generally built on flat plains throughout the Southwest, the great house-style Pueblo dwelling sat independent of cliffs.

• Pit houses - Most of the populations of the Southwest lived in pit houses, carefully dug rectangular or circular depressions in the earth with branch and mud adobe walls supported by log sized corner posts.

• Cliff dwellings - Constructed in the sides of the mesas and mountains of the Southwest, cliff dwellings comprised a large number of the defensive structures of the Pueblo people.

• Pueblitos - The Navajo pueblitos usually stone structures consisting of from one to six rooms thought to date to the end of the 17th century. As multi-storied towers, fort-like enclosures, and cliff dwellings, several pueblitos are included on the List of Registered Historic Places in New Mexico.

Lists of dwellings

Arizona

Pueblo	Pueblo peoples	Nearest town (modern name)	Location	Type	Description	Photo
Mesa Grande	Hohokam	Mesa		Grand house	Ruins.
Casa Malpaís		Springerville			Ruins. A National Historic Landmark.
White House		Navajo land			Ruins located in Canyon de Chelly National Monument.
Sliding House		Navajo land			Ruins located in Canyon de Chelly National Monument.
Antelope House		Canyon de Chelly			Ruins located in Canyon de Chelly National Monument.
Sierra Ancha	Salado			Ruins.
Devil's Chasm	Salado				Ruins. Located in the Sierra Ancha Wilderness.
Canyon Creek Ruins	Salado				Ruins. Located in the Sierra Ancha Wilderness.
Pueblo Canyon Ruins	Salado				Ruins. Located in the Sierra Ancha Wilderness.
Cold Springs Ruins	Salado				Ruins. Located in the Sierra Ancha Wilderness.
Cooper Forks Canyon Ruins	Salado				Ruins. Located in the Sierra Ancha Wilderness.
Tonto	Salado	Roosevelt			Ruins. The pueblo sits in the Tonto National Monument Archeological District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, both of which are a National Monument.
Walnut Canyon	Sinagua	Flagstaff			Ruins. A National Monument.
Agate House		Holbrook			Ruins. Located in the Petrified Forest National Park.
Snaketown		near Phoenix			Ruins. Located in the Hohokam Pima National Monument, it is listed as a National Historic Landmark and is on the National Register of Historic Places.
Kinishba	Mogollon	Whiteriver		Cliff dwelling	Ruins. A National Historic Landmark.
Pueblo Grande		Phoenix			Ruins. A National Historic Landmark.
Tuzigoot	Sinagua	Clarkdale			Ruins. A National Monument.
Awatovi		Navajo County			Ruins.
Box Canyon Ruins		Flagstaff			Ruins located in the Wupatki National Monument.
Wukoki	Sinagua	Flagstaff			Ruins located in the Wupatki National Monument.
Lomaki	Sinagua	Flagstaff			Ruins located in the Wupatki National Monument.
Citadel	Sinagua	Flagstaff			Ruins located in the Wupatki National Monument.
Nalakihu	Sinagua	Flagstaff			Ruins located in the Wupatki National Monument.
Tusayan					Ruins located in the Grand Canyon.
Old Oraibi	Hopi	Oraibi		Great house	Active with ruins on-site. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places and declared a National Historic Landmark.
Homolovi	Hisat'sinom	Winslow			Ruins located at Homolovi State Park.
Elden	Sinagua	Flagstaff			Ruins.
Honanki		Sedona			Ruins.
Montezuma Castle	Sinagua				Ruins. A National Monument.
Palatki	Sinagua	Sedona			Ruins located on the Palatki Heritage Site.
Casa Grande	Hohokam	Coolidge			Ruins.
Chichilticalli					Ruins. Chichilticalli is in southern Arizona in the Sulfur Springs Valley, within the bend of the Dos Cabeza and Chiricahua Mountains.
Kinnazinde					Ruins.

Chihuahua

Pueblo	Pueblo peoples	Nearest town (modern name)	Location	Type	Description	Photo
Bocoyna	Tarahumare	Bocoyna			Ruins.
Cuarenta Casas		Vallecito			Ruins. Located at Cuarenta Casas.
Cueva del Puente		Vallecito			Ruins. Located at Cuarenta Casas.
Cueva de la Serpiente		Vallecito			Ruins. Located at Cuarenta Casas.
Nido del Aguila		Vallecito			Ruins. Located at Cuarenta Casas.
Cueva Grande		Vallecito			Ruins. Located at Cuarenta Casas.
La Ranchería		Madera			Ruins. Located at Cuarenta Casas.
Cueva del Puente		Madera			Ruins. Located at Cuarenta Casas.
Cueva de Las Ventanas		Vallecito			Ruins. Located at Cuarenta Casas.
Cueva de la Momia		Ciudad Madera			Ruins.
Cueva de la Olla		Nuevo Casas Grandes			Ruins.
Cueva de la Ranchería		Ciudad Madera			Ruins.
Paquimé		Janos			Ruins. Located at Casas Grande, this is a World Heritage site.
House of the Ovens		Janos			Ruins located at Casas Grande that is part of a World Heritage site. A single-story room and four kivas. It forms part of a larger complex consisting of nine rooms and two small plazas.
House of the Serpent		Janos			Ruins located at Casas Grande that is part of a World Heritage site. Originally consisted of 26 rooms and three plazas.
House of the Macaws		Janos			Ruins located at Casas Grande that is part of a World Heritage site. This site is so named because 122 birds were buried beneath its floors.
House of the Wells		Janos			Ruins located at Casas Grande that is part of a World Heritage site. The large storage cistern in one of its plazas that was fed from the common network.
Cuarenta Casas		Vallecito			Ruins.
Complejo Huapoca		Cuarenta Casas			Ruins.
Cueva de la Olla		Cuarenta Casas			Ruins.
Cueva Grande		Cuarenta Casas			Ruins.
Cueva de las Jarillas		Cuarenta Casas			Ruins.
Huápoca		Ciudad Madera			Ruins.

Colorado

Pueblo	Pueblo peoples	Nearest town (modern name)	Location	Type	Description	Photo
Kuaua	Tiwa			Great House	Ruins located at the Coronado State Monument and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Chimney Rock				Great house	Ruins comprising one of the farthest north reaches of the Chaco Canyon community. Construction of the great house as well as villages on nearby ridges was planned to highlight and anticipate major solar and lunar events, including equinoxes, solstices and so-called lunar standstills.
Escalante		Dolores		Great house	Ruins. Located at the Anasazi Heritage Center.
Dominguez		Dolores		Great house	Ruins. Located at the Anasazi Heritage Center.
Sand Canyon		Dolores			Ruins located at the Canyons of the Ancients National Monument. Contains at least 420 rooms, 90 kivas, and 14 towers.
Lowry					Ruins. Located at the Canyons of the Ancients National Monument.
Yucca House	Anasazi	Towaoc			Ruins. A National Monument.
Manitou	Fake	Colorado Springs			These are not authentic ruins. They are a tourist attraction.
Fire Temple	Anasazi	Mesa Verde			Ruins located in Mesa Verde National Park.
Mug House	Anasazi	Mesa Verde			Ruins located in Mesa Verde National Park. With 94 rooms on four levels, this pueblo includes a large kiva, with simple vertical walls and masonry pilasters.
Mesa Verde Reservoirs	Anasazi	Mesa Verde			Ruins located in Mesa Verde National Park. A Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.
Balcony House	Anasazi	Mesa Verde		Great house	Ruins located in Mesa Verde National Park. This photo is of a T-shaped doorway at Balcony House.
Long House	Anasazi	Mesa Verde		Cliff dwellings	Ruins located in Mesa Verde National Park.
Cliff Palace	Anasazi	Mesa Verde			Ruins located in Mesa Verde National Park.
Spruce Tree House	Anasazi	Mesa Verde			Ruins.
Square Tower House	Anasazi	Mesa Verde			Ruins located in Mesa Verde National Park. The tallest structure in Mesa Verde.
Oak Tree House	Anasazi	Mesa Verde			Ruins located in Mesa Verde National Park.
Woods Canyon				Great house	Ruins consisting of as many as 200 rooms, 50 kivas, and 16 towers, and possibly a plaza.
Castle Rock				Great house	Ruins in southwestern Colorado. Includes the remains of at least 16 kivas, 40 surface rooms, nine possible towers, and a D-shaped enclosure.
Yellow Jacket				Great house	Ruins in southwestern Colorado. Covering 100 acres, the pueblo contains at least 195 kivas (including a probable great kiva), 19 towers, a possible Chaco-era great house, and as many as 1,200 surface rooms.
Albert Porter				Great house	Ruins in southwestern Colorado.
Sand Canyon		Mesa Verde		Cliff dwelling	Ruins in southwestern Colorado. With an at least 420 rooms, 90 kivas, and 14 towers, as well as an enclosed plaza, a D-shaped bi-wall building, and a great kiva, the site is one of the largest and most archaeologically significant in the central Mesa Verde region.
Shields				Ruins in southwestern Colorado.
Goodman Point					Ruins located in the farthest east part of the Hovenweep National Monument.

Nevada

Pueblo	Pueblo peoples	Nearest town (modern name)	Location	Type	Description	Photo
Pueblo Grande de Nevada	Virgin Anasazi	Overton		Great house	Ruins. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

New Mexico

Pueblo	Pueblo peoples	Nearest town (modern name)	Location	Type	Description	Photo
Cempoala	Tiwa			Great house	Ruins. One the 12 pueblos of Tiwa Indians along both sides of the Rio Grande, north and south of present-day Bernalillo, New Mexico
Nompe	Tiwa	Bernalillo		Great house	Ruins. One the 12 pueblos of Tiwa Indians along both sides of the Rio Grande, north and south of present-day Bernalillo
Malpais	Tiwa	Bernalillo		Great house	Ruins. One the 12 pueblos of Tiwa Indians along both sides of the Rio Grande, north and south of present-day Bernalillo
Caceres	Tiwa	Bernalillo		Great house	Ruins. One the 12 pueblos of Tiwa Indians along both sides of the Rio Grande, north and south of present-day Bernalillo
Campos	Tiwa	Bernalillo		Great house	Ruins. One the 12 pueblos of Tiwa Indians along both sides of the Rio Grande, north and south of present-day Bernalillo
Maigua	Tiwa	Bernalillo		Great house	Ruins. One the 12 pueblos of Tiwa Indians along both sides of the Rio Grande, north and south of present-day Bernalillo
Puaray	Tiwa	Bernalillo		Great house	Ruins. The Chamuscado and Rodriguez Expedition left people here in 1582. One the 12 pueblos of Tiwa Indians along both sides of the Rio Grande, north and south of present-day Bernalillo
Sandia	Tiwa	Bernalillo		Great house	Ruins. One the 12 pueblos of Tiwa Indians along both sides of the Rio Grande, north and south of present-day Bernalillo
Wachte	Tiwa	Bernalillo		Great house	Ruins. One the 12 pueblos of Tiwa Indians along both sides of the Rio Grande, north and south of present-day Bernalillo
Alameda	Tiwa	Bernalillo		Great house	Ruins. Located on the present-day site of Alameda Elementary School. One the 12 pueblos of Tiwa Indians along both sides of the Rio Grande, north and south of present-day Bernalillo
Chamisal	Tiwa	Bernalillo		Great house	Ruins. One the 12 pueblos of Tiwa Indians along both sides of the Rio Grande, north and south of present-day Bernalillo
Tiguex	Tiwa	Bernalillo		Great house	Ruins. One the 12 pueblos of Tiwa Indians along both sides of the Rio Grande, north and south of present-day Bernalillo; see Tiguex War.
Teypana	Tiwa	Socorro		Great house	Ruins. Once the home of the Piro Pueblo.
Pilabó	Tiwa	Socorro		Great house	Ruins. Once the home of the Piro Pueblo, located at the site of the present town of the city of Socorro.
Senecú	Tiwa	San Pasqual			Ruins. Once the home of the Piro Pueblo, the exact location of this pueblo has been lost.
Starkweather	Mogollon	Reserve		Great house	Ruins.
Pardo	Tiwa	Mountair			Ruins.
Tarque	Tiwa	Mountair			Ruins.
Quarai	Tiwa	Manzano			Ruins located in the Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument.
Gran Quivira	Tiwa	Mountainair			Ruins located in the Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument.
Abó	Tiwa	Mountainair			Ruins located in the Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument.
Hawikuh	Zuni	Zuni			Ruins located on the Zuni Indian Reservation in the Zuni-Cibola Complex and that is listed as a National Historic Landmark.
Kyaki:ma	Zuni	Zuni			Ruins located on the Zuni Indian Reservation in the Zuni-Cibola Complex and that is listed as a National Historic Landmark.
Hawikuh	Zuni	Zuni			Ruins located on the Zuni Indian Reservation in the Zuni-Cibola Complex and that is listed as a National Historic Landmark.
Yellow House	Zuni	Zuni			Ruins located on the Zuni Indian Reservation in the Zuni-Cibola Complex and that is listed as a National Historic Landmark.
Kechipbowa	Zuni	Zuni			Ruins located on the Zuni Indian Reservation in the Zuni-Cibola Complex and that is listed as a National Historic Landmark.
Great Kivas	Zuni	Zuni			Ruins located on the Zuni Indian Reservation in the Zuni-Cibola Complex and that is listed as a National Historic Landmark.
Mats'a:kya	Zuni	Zuni			Ruins located on the Zuni Indian Reservation in the Zuni-Cibola Complex and that is listed as a National Historic Landmark.
Embree	Mogollon	Las Cruces			Ruins.
Robledo Mountain	Mogollon	Las Cruces			Ruins.
de los Muertos	Hohokam	Cibola County			Ruins.
del Alto	Piros	Belen			Ruins lie on the east side of the Rio Grande.
Blanco	Piros	34° 30'			Ruins on the west rim of the Médano, east of the Rio Grande.
Caja del Rio		Cochiti			Ruins.
de la Parida	Piro				Ruins located on the west run of the Médano east of the Rio Grande.
del Encierro	Keresan	Cochiti			Ruins located near the Cochiti Pueblo.
de los Jumanos	Jumano			Great house	The definite location of the pueblo is not known, although it is supposed to have been situated near the base of the elevation called Mesa de los Jumanes. According to Escalante the pueblo was destroyed by the Apache.
Galisteo	Tano	Galisteo		Great house	Ruins located on the Galisteo Basin with 47 rooms that were inhabited up into the 1700s. The inhabitants of both sites moved to Santa Domingo Pueblo.
La Cienega	Tano	Galisteo		Great house	Ruins located on the Galisteo Basin with 140 rooms, also known as Tzi-gu-ma or Pueblo La Mesita.
Paa-ko	Tano	Galisteo		Great house	Ruins located on the Galisteo Basin.
Burnt Corn	Tano	Galisteo		Great house	Ruins located on the Galisteo Basin also known as Burned Corn Pueblo, or Burnt Corn Ruin. As many as 20 great houses surrounded a central plaza with an unknown number of kivas.
Chamisa Locita	Tano	Galisteo		Great house	Ruins located on the Galisteo Basin featuring a 300-room great house.
Las Madres	Tano	Galisteo			Ruins located on the Galisteo Basin.
San Cristobal	Tano	Galisteo		Great house	Ruins located on the Galisteo Basin, this pueblo is also known as Yam-p-ham-ba. Stone and adobe were used to build rectangular roomblocks and kivas. At one time, San Cristobal was one of the largest pueblos in the Southwest, four or five stories high and containing as many as 600 ground-floor rooms.
San Lazaro	Tano	Santa Fe		Great house	Ruins located on the Galisteo Basin, this pueblo is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark. A 450-room pueblo that included a kiva, a plaza, an irrigation reservoir, two roomblocks, and a sweat lodge.
Largo	Tano	Galisteo		Great house	Ruins located on the Galisteo Basin. There were eight rectangular great houses of stone and adobe with four regular kivas, five plazas, and a shrine. The pueblo was estimated to have contained more than 480 rooms, and although erosion has affected some of the rooms, many walls are still intact.
San Marcos	Tano	Galisteo		Great house	Ruins located on the Galisteo Basin. A major trade center for the region, there were great houses with more than a hundred rooms are located around a central plaza with numerous kivas. San Marcos became an important paraje, or campsite, on one of the main routes of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. After the Pueblo Revolt in 1680 the people of San Marcos joined the Navajo and Apache in refugee communities in Potrero Viejo. The Keresan inhabitants fled to Acoma pueblo, and others to Hopi.
Arroyo Hondo	Tano	Galisteo		Great house	Ruins located on the Galisteo Basin also known as Kua-Kay. 24 great houses with about 1200 rooms total, each about three stories high, surrounded eight plazas, and had at least eight kivas. The inhabitants also constructed an acequia system (irrigation ditch) from a permanent spring below the pueblo to their fields.
Upper Arroyo Hondo	Tano	Galisteo		Great house	Ruins. This neighbor to larger Arroyo Hondo pueblo contained about 50 rooms and one kiva on the Galisteo Basin.
Salmon Ruins		Bloomfield		Great house	Ruins. Listed on the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties and the National Register of Historic Places.
Tsankawi		White Rock			Ruins. Located in the Bandelier National Monument.
Tsin Kletzin	Anasazi	Crownpoint		Great house	Ruins located in Chaco Culture National Historical Park.
Casa Rinconada	Anasazi	Crownpoint		Great house	Ruins located in Chaco Culture National Historical Park.
Tsirege		White Rock		Great house	Ruins. Located on property owned by the Los Alamos National Laboratory, it is regarded as ancestral by the San Ildefonso Pueblo.
San Pasqual	Piro	Socorro			Ruins located on the San Pasqual Pueblo.
Ohkay Owingeh	Tewa			Great house	An active pueblo with ruins on-site. Once called the "San Juan Pueblo"; re-acknowledged tribal name in 2005. Home of one of the 21 federally recognized Pueblos.
Acoma	Keres			Great house	Also called "Sky City", Acoma is an active pueblo with ruins on-site. A National Historic Landmark and a National Trust Historic Site. Home of one of the 21 federally recognized Pueblos.
Cochiti	Keres	Cochiti		Great house; cliff dwellings	Active with ruins on-site. Home of one of the 21 federally recognized Pueblos.
Jemez	Jemez			Great house	An active pueblo that is home of one of the 21 federally recognized Pueblos, known as the Walatowa.
Isleta	Tiwa			Great house	Active pueblo with ruins on-site. Home of one of the 21 federally recognized Pueblos.
Laguna	Keres			Great house	An active pueblo that is home of one of the 21 federally recognized Pueblos.
Nambe	Tewa			Great house	An active pueblo that is home of one of the 21 federally recognized Pueblos.
Picuris	Tiwa			Great house	An active pueblo that is home of one of the 21 federally recognized Pueblos.
Pojoaque	Tewa			Great house	An active pueblo that is home of one of the 21 federally recognized Pueblos.
San Felipe	Keres			Great house	An active pueblo that is home of one of the 21 federally recognized Pueblos.
San Ildefonso	Tewa			Great house	An active pueblo that is home of one of the 21 federally recognized Pueblos.
Sandia	Tiwa				An active pueblo that is home of one of the 21 federally recognized Pueblos.
Santa Ana	Keres				An active pueblo that is home of one of the 21 federally recognized Pueblos.
Santa Clara	Tewa				An active pueblo that is home of one of the 21 federally recognized Pueblos.
Kewa	Keres				An active pueblo that is home of one of the 21 federally recognized Pueblos. Called the "Santo Domingo Pueblo" by the Spanish, reacknowledged as Kewa in 2010.
Taos	Tiwa	Taos		Great house	An active pueblo that is home of one of the 21 federally recognized Pueblos.
Tesuque	Tewa			Great house	An active pueblo that is home of one of the 21 federally recognized Pueblos.
Zia	Keres			Great house	An active pueblo that is home of one of the 21 federally recognized Pueblos.
Acacagua					Ruins.
Acoti		Taos			Ruins. The "birth place of Montezuma".
Atica					Ruins. Juan de Oñate identified this pueblo in 1598. Its location is lost.
Aychini					Ruins. Juan de Oñate identified this pueblo in 1598. Its location is lost.
Baguacat					Ruins. Juan de Oñate identified this pueblo in 1598. Its location is lost.
Casa Blanca					Ruins. Juan de Oñate identified this pueblo in 1598. Its location is lost.
Casa del Eco				Great house	Ruins. Juan de Oñate identified this pueblo in 1598. Its location is lost.
Casa Montezuma					Ruins.
Castildavid					Ruins.
Houiri		Homayo		Great house	Ruins.
Posege		Taos			Ruins.
Chipiinuinge	Tewa				Ruins. Name means "house at the pointed peak".
Cristone		Abiquiu			Ruins.
Hungo Pavi	Anasazi	Crownpoint		Great house	Ruins located in Chaco Culture National Historical Park. An unexcavated Chacoan great house (monumental public building) containing over 150 rooms, a great kiva, and an enclosed plaza.
Kintyel	Anasazi	Crownpoint			Ruins located in Chaco Culture National Historical Park.
Peñasco Blanco	Anasazi	Crownpoint			Ruins located in Chaco Culture National Historical Park.
Poblazon		Bernalillo			Ruins.
Pintado	Anasazi	McKinley County			Ruins that are part of the Chaco Culture National Historical Park. The most easterly of the Chaco Canyon group, the building is L-shaped, the two wings measuring 238 feet and 174 feet, exterior measure. The inclosed court was occupied by two kivas and other semi-subterranean structures, while just outside the court is another large kiva. There are at least ten minor pueblos surrounding it.
Viejo		Socorro			Ruins.
San Rafael de los Gentiles					Ruins.
Aztec Ruins	Anasazi	Farmington		Great house	Ruins. A National Monument, an historical property of the National Park Service, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites, and part of the Chaco Culture National Historical Park.
Chetro Ketl	Anasazi	Crownpoint		Great house	Ruins located in the Chaco Culture National Historical Park.
Una Vida	Anasazi	Crownpoint		Great house	Ruins located in the Chaco Culture National Historical Park.
Alto	Anasazi	Crownpoint			Ruins located in the Chaco Culture National Historical Park.
Bonito	Anasazi	Crownpoint		Cliff dwelling	Ruins located in the Chaco Culture National Historical Park. Standing within 70 ft of the north wall of the canyon, the building was five stories high. There are at least 27 circular kivas, and in some cases the interior of the kivas is of fine tablet masonry.
del Arroyo	Anasazi	Crownpoint		Cliff dwelling	Ruins located in the Chaco Culture National Historical Park. Located near Pueblo Bonito, it is on the north side of the arroyo. The original height was probably 4 stories, with two kivas in the court, three built within the pueblo walls, and four outside the main building.
Casa Chiquita	Anasazi	Crownpoint			Ruins located in the Chaco Culture National Historical Park.
Wejegi	Anasazi	Crownpoint			Ruins located in the Chaco Culture National Historical Park.
Wijiji	Anasazi	Crownpoint			Ruins located in the Chaco Culture National Historical Park.
Kin Nahasbas	Anasazi	Crownpoint			Ruins located in the Chaco Culture National Historical Park.
Kin Kletso	Anasazi	Crownpoint			Ruins located in the Chaco Culture National Historical Park.
de los Silos	Tewa	Pecos			Ruins that are situated in the Galisteo Basin between the Keresan pueblos of the Rio Grande.
Bandelier		Los Alamos			Ruins located in Mesa Verde National Park.
Gila	Mogollon	Silver City			Ruins.
Puye		Espanola		Cliff dwelling	Ruins located in the Santa Clara Pueblo, it is a National Historic Landmark.
Pecos		Pecos			Ruins. A National Historic Landmark.
Christmas Tree				Pueblito	Ruin.
Crow Canyon Archaeological District		Farmington		Pueblito	Ruin listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Frances Canyon		Blanco		Pueblito	Ruin listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Hooded Fireplace				Pueblito	Ruin.
Largo School				Pueblito	Ruin.
Old Fort		Rio Arriba County		Pueblito	Ruin.
Shaft House				Pueblito	Ruin.
Simon Canyon				Pueblito	Ruin.
Split Rock Ruin				Pueblito	Ruin.
Tapacito Ruin				Pueblito	Ruin.
Three Corn Ruin				Pueblito	Ruin.
Adolpho Canyon		Rio Arriba County		Pueblito	Ruin.
Kin Yaa

Texas

Pueblo	Pueblo peoples	Nearest town (modern name)	Location	Type	Description	Photo
Firecracker	Mogollon	El Paso		Cliff dwelling	Ruins.
Hot Well	Mogollon	El Paso		Cliff dwelling	Ruins.
Ysleta Del Sur	Tiwa	El Paso		Great house	An active pueblo that is home of one of the 21 federally recognized Pueblos.

Utah

Pueblo	Pueblo peoples	Nearest town (modern name)	Location	Type	Description	Photo
Hovenweep Castle	Anasazi	Bluff			Ruins located in Hovenweep National Monument.
Square Tower	Anasazi	Bluff			Ruins located in Hovenweep National Monument.
Cutthroat Castle	Anasazi	Bluff			Ruins located in Hovenweep National Monument.
Horseshoe	Anasazi	Bluff			Ruins located in Hovenweep National Monument.
Hackberry	Anasazi	Bluff			Ruins located in Hovenweep National Monument.
Holly	Anasazi	Bluff			Ruins located in Hovenweep National Monument.
Cajon	Anasazi	Bluff			Ruins located in Hovenweep National Monument.
Monarch Cave	Anasazi	Bluff			Ruins located in Hovenweep National Monument.
Hovenweep House	Anasazi	Bluff			Ruins located in Hovenweep National Monument.
Rim Rock House	Anasazi	Bluff			Ruins located in Hovenweep National Monument.
Twin Towers	Anasazi	Bluff			Ruins located in Hovenweep National Monument.
Stronghold House	Anasazi	Bluff			Ruins located in Hovenweep National Monument.
Edge of the Cedars		Blanding			Ruins located in the Edge of the Cedars State Park.
Three Kiva		Monticello			Ruins.
Dark Canyon ruins		Dark Canyon Wilderness			Ruins.
White Canyon	Anasazi				Ruins.
House on Fire				Cliff dwelling	Ruins.
Fallen Roof				Cliff dwelling	Ruins.
Butler Canyon ruins				Cliff dwelling	Ruins.
Keet Seel				Cliff dwelling	Ruins located in the Navajo National Monument.
Inscription House					Ruins. Called Tsʼah Biiʼ Kin, it is part of the Navajo National Monument.
Coombs site		Boulder		Great house	Ruins. Located at the Anasazi State Park Museum.
Betatakin				Cliff dwelling	Ruins located in the Navajo National Monument.

Unknown locations

Pueblo	Pueblo peoples	Nearest town (modern name)	State	Location	Description	Photo
Pagmi					Ruins.
Paguemi					Ruins.
Sargarria					Ruins.
Siemas					Ruins.
Triati					Ruins.
Urraca					Ruins.
Xutis					Ruins.
Yncaopi					Ruins.
Ytriza					Ruins.

See also

• List of the oldest buildings in the United States
• Eight Northern Pueblos
• Timeline of Chacoan history
• Trail of the Ancients
• Kiowa-Tanoan languages
• Pueblo Revolt