Ukrainians

Ukrainians
(Українці/Ukrayintsi)

File:Ukrainians Ukraine english version.jpg
Regions with significant populations
Ukraine 37,541,700
Russia	2,942,961-4,379,690
Canada	1,209,085
USA	961,113
Brazil	500,000
Moldova	375,000
Kazakhstan	333,000
Italy	320,070
Argentina	300,000
Belarus	159,000
Uzbekistan	104,720 - 128,100
Czech Republic	126,613
Latvia	54,398
Portugal	52,293
Azerbaijan	27,878
Estonia	27,722
Poland	27,172
Kyrgyzstan	21,924
Lithuania	21,100
Greece	19,785
Georgia	7,039
Armenia	6,125
Languages
Ukrainian, Russian
Religion
Razumkov center study about main church membership in Ukraine (2006.); Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kiev Patriarchate) - 38,9%; Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) - 29,4%; Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church - 2,9%; Greek Catholic - 14,7%; Roman Catholic - 1,7%; Protestant - 2,4%; Other.
Related ethnic groups
Other Slavs, particularly other East Slavs

Ukrainians (Ukrainian: Українці, Ukrayintsi, [ukrɑˈjinʲtsʲi]) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is the sixth-largest nation in Europe. The Constitution of Ukraine applies the term 'Ukrainians' to all its citizens. According to some dictionary definitions, a descriptive name for the "inhabitants of Ukraine" is Ukrainian or Ukrainian people.

The oldest recorded ethnonyms used for Ukrainians are Rusy, Rusyny, and Rusychi (from term Rus'). From the 9th to 12th centuries those names applied to the population of Kievan Rus' of what is today the national and ethnic territory of Ukraine. Similar designations were adopted by the proto-Russian inhabitants of the northeastern principalities of Rus'.

Before the medieval period, Ukrainians were preceded in the area by the ancient Greeks, Scythians, Sarmatians, Goths, and Norsemen. After the 14th century, Ukraine was split between several neighboring states. Until the 17th century, Ukrainians and Belarusians identified as the same people, known as Ruthenians. In the last few centuries, Ukraine was subjected to periods of Polonization and Russification, but they managed to preserve a sense of common national identity and culture.

In the last few decades of the 19th century, Ukrainians under Russian rule were forced to emigrate to the Asian regions of the empire, as the Russians sought to colonize it. Many of their counterpart Slavs under Austro-Hungarian rule emigrated to the New World seeking work and better economic opportunities. Today, a large ethnic Ukrainian minority reside in Russia, Canada, the United States, Brazil, Kazakhstan, Italy and Argentina. According to some sources, around 20 million people outside Ukraine identify as having Ukrainian ethnicity, however the official data of the respective countries calculated together doesn't show more than 10 million. Ukrainians have one of the largest diasporas in the world.

Geographic distribution

Ethnographic map of the Slavic peoples; by Czech ethnographer Lubor Niederle; territorial boundaries of Slavic languages in Eastern Europe in the mid 1920s, including the Ukrainian language, given in dark green. Note that the Ukrainians are called Little Russians (Malorusove).

Main article: Ukrainian diaspora

Most ethnic Ukrainians live in Ukraine where they make up over three-quarters of the population. The largest population of ethnic Ukrainians outside of Ukraine live in Russia where about 2,9 million Russian citizens consider themselves ethnic Ukrainians, while millions of others (primarily in southern Russia and Siberia) have some Ukrainian ancestry. The inhabitants of the Kuban, for example, have vacillated among three identities, Ukrainian, Russian (supported by the Soviet regime), and "Cossack".

According to some previous assumptions, there are also almost an estimated 2.1 million of people of Ukrainian origin in North America (1.2 million in Canada and 890,000 in the United States). Large numbers of Ukrainians live in Brazil (500,000), Moldova (375,000), Kazakhstan (about 333,000), Poland (estimates from 300,000 to 400,000), Argentina (300,000), Belarus (estimates from 250,000 to 300,000), Portugal (100,000), Romania (estimates from 60.000 to 90.000) and Slovakia (55,000). There are also Ukrainian diasporas in the UK, Australia, Germany, Latvia, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Ireland, Sweden and the former Yugoslavia.

Identity

Cossack Mamay, the national personification of Ukraine and Ukrainians.

The watershed in the development of modern Ukrainian national consciousness was the struggle for independence during the creation of Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–21). A concerted effort to reverse the growth of Ukrainian national consciousness was begun by the regime of Joseph Stalin in the late 1920s, and continued with minor interruptions until the most recent times. The man-made Famine-Genocide of 1932–3, the deportations of the so-called kulaks, the physical annihilation of the nationally conscious intelligentsia, and terror in general were used to destroy and subdue the Ukrainian nation. Even after Joseph Stalin's death the concept of a Russified though multiethnic Soviet people was officially promoted, according to which the non-Russian nations were relegated to second-class status. The creation of a sovereign and independent Ukraine in 1991, however, pointed to the failure of the policy of the "merging of nations" and to the enduring strength of the Ukrainian national consciousness. Today, one of the consequences of these acts is Ukrainophobia.

Biculturalism is especially present in southeastern Ukraine with a significant Russian minority. Historical colonization of Ukraine is one of the reasons for creating confusion about national identity to this day. Many citizens of Ukraine took the Ukrainian national identity in the past 20 years. According to the concept of nationality dominant in Eastern Europe the Ukrainians are people whose native language is Ukrainian (an objective criterion) whether or not they are nationally conscious, and all those who identify themselves as Ukrainian (a subjective criterion) whether or not they speak Ukrainian.

Attempts to introduce a territorial-political concept of Ukrainian nationality on the Western European model (presented by political philosopher Viacheslav Lypynsky) were unsuccessful until the 1990s. Territorial loyalty has also been manifested by the historical national minorities living in Ukraine. The accepted view in Ukraine today is that all permanent inhabitants of Ukraine are its citizens (i.e., Ukrainians) regardless of their ethnic origins or the language in which they communicate. The official declaration of Ukrainian sovereignty of 16 July 1990 stated that "citizens of the Republic of all nationalities constitute the people of Ukraine."

Etymology

Map of Eastern Europe by V. Coronelli (1690). Lands with Kiev are shown as VKRAINE ou PAYS DES COSAQUES (Ukraine or the land of Cossacks). On the east to it the name OKRAINA (Borderland) is used for Russian southern border.

The modern name Ukraintsi (Ukrainians) is derived from Ukraina (Ukraine), a name first documented in 1187. The term is also mentioned in the years 1189, 1213, 1280, and 1282, in various medieval chronicles (for example, Galician Ukrayina, etc.), referring to the central and western territories (principalities) of Kievan Rus'.

There are several scientific theories about the etymology of the term, Ukrainian historians such as Hryhoriy Pivtorak or more known Vitaly Sklyarenko, translate the term "u-kraine" as "in-land", "home-land" or "our-country". Ukrainian scholars have analyzed in detail that the name is derived from word "ukraina" in the sense of "domestic region", "domestic land" or "country". In ukrainian historical documentation many medieval occurrences of the word can be interpreted as having that meaning. In this sense, the word can also be associated with contemporary Ukrainian word "krajina", Belarusian "kraina", or Polish word "kraj", all meaning country. More precisely, philologists and historians starts from the meaning of "kraj" as "land parcel", "territory" as attested in many Slavic languages and states that it acquired from early on the meaning "a tribe's territory"; "ukraj" and "ukrajina" would then mean "a separated land parcel", "a separate part of a tribe's territory". Later, as the mediaeval state Kievan Rus disintegrated in the 12th century, its "ukraina" would become independent principalities, hence the new (and earliest actually attested) meaning of ukraina as "principality".

The traditional Russian theory (widely supported by Russian historians such as Fedor Gaida) is that the modern name of the country is derived from the term "o-kraina" in the sense of "periphery", "borderland" or "frontier region" etc. This interpretation from time of Soviet Union was also transferred to the West. According to Russian historian Fedor Gaida, name ukraintsy was used for persons who carried out military service in the border regions, especially in the Oka region on the southern Great Abatis Border of the Russian Tsardom against the Crimean Tatars. According to Gaida, in the 17th century, the name began to be used for people of Sloboda Ukraine and later of Central Ukraine where it obtained ethnic meaning for the local Ruthenians (or Little Russians in the imperial Russian terminology) in the course of the 19th century. It should be noted that this statement does not explain the complet philological history of the word, only its motion.

The appellation Ukrainians initially came into common usage in Central Ukraine and did not take hold in Galicia and Bukovyna until the latter part of the 19th century, in Transcarpathia until the 1930s, and in the Preshov region until the late 1940s. Those Western Ukrainians have used the name Rusyny (Ruthenians) until national revival. It is important to note that today's Ukrainian historians strictly separate two terms (ukraina vs. okraina). According to Sklyarenko, word "krajina" in Ukrainian means a "country" or "state", so word "Ukraina" is closest to meanings such as "motherland" or "our-land".

Origin

European territory inahibted by East Slavic tribes in 8th and 9th century.

Genetic

Ukrainians show the characteristic R1a genes of the patrilineal descent from a single male at a very high frequency of 41.5-54.0%. Such high frequencies of R1a have been found only in Poland, Russia, Slovenia, and on the Indian subcontinent.

Population of Ukrainians in Ukraine (2001)

Religion: Sociology pool by Razumkov centre about church membership in Ukraine (2006).

DNA tests of Y chromosomes from representative sample of Ukrainians were analyzed for composition and frequencies of haplogroups. In the Ukrainian gene, pool six haplogroups were revealed: E, F (including G and I), J, N3, P, and R1a1. The major haplogroup in the Ukrainian gene pool, Haplogroup R1a is thought to mark the migration patterns of the early Indo-Europeans and is associated with the distribution of the Kurgan archaeological culture. The second major haplogroup is haplogroup F, which is a combination of the lineages differing by the time of appearance. Haplogroup P found represents the genetic contribution of the population originating from the ancient autochthonous population of Europe.

Haplogroup J and Haplogroup E mark the migration patterns of the Middle-Eastern agriculturists during the Neolithic. The presence of the N3 lineage is likely explained by a contribution of the assimilated Finno-Ugric tribes. A recent study (Rebala et al. 2007) studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland. A significant finding of this study is that according to the authors most Slavic populations have similar Y chromosome pools, and this similarity can be traced to an origin in middle Dnieper basin of Ukraine.

Ethnic

Cucuteni-Trypillian culture is a late Neolithic archaeological culture which flourished between ca. 5500 BC and 2750 BC, from the Carpathian Mountains to the Dniester and Dnieper regions. It is assumed that this is the first significant culture that influenced the culture of the Ukrainian people, although anatomically modern humans have been present in the region since 32,000 BCE. Later numerous nomadic tribes inhabited the territory of modern Ukraine. The Pontic-Caspian steppe region in the south of Ukraine and Russia is suspected to be the homeland of the Indo-Europeans. Groups would begin breaking off from the main Indo-European pool beginning around 4,000-4,500 BC and continued for centuries, with Indo-Iranian estimated to have separated about 2,000 BC.

In the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis, "the Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations became speakers of Balto-Slavic". Some of the other Indo-European tribes would return to the region. They included Iranic-speaking Scythians and Sarmatians, Greeks from the Black Sea colonies, Thracians from modern-day Bulgaria and Romania, Illyrians from modern day Croatia, Germanic-speaking Goths and Varangians, and the Crimean Armenians in the early second millennium AD. There were also non-Indo-European Finno-Ugrians and Turkic-speaking Bulgars, Khazars, Pechenegs and Cumans.

At the beginning of 9th century a significant number of Varangians was present in central Ukraine. They used the water ways of Eastern Europe for military raids and trade, particularily the Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks. Until 11th century these Varangians also served as key mercenary troops for a number of princes in mediaeval Kiev, as well as for some of the Byzantine emperors, while others occupied key administrative positions in Kievan Rus’ society. After a few centuries those Varangians have adopted local customs of Ukrainian ancestors and they have become slavicized. Besides the other cultural traces, today among Ukrainian names there can be notice a several of those who have Norman origins as a result of mutual influences from that period.

Modern researches confirm that Ukrainian origins are predominantly Slavic, while non-Slavic nomads who lived in the steppes of eventually colonized southern Ukraine did not have a significant influence on the formation of modern Ukrainians. Gothic historian Jordanes and 6th-century Byzantine authors named two groups that lived in the south-east of Europe: Sclavins (western Slavs) and Antes. The Antes are normally identified with proto-Ukrainians. Historians believe that the ancestors of Ukrainians were members of large ethnic community of Antes. The name Antes is of probably of Iranic (Scythian) origin and means people living on the borderland. The state of Antes existed from the end of 4th to early 7th century.

Archeological and linguistic evidence indicates that at the dawning of the Christian era the lands between the Oder River or the Vistula River and the middle Dnieper River basins were inhabited by proto-Slavic tribes. The southern Ukrainian steppes were dominated by Iranian peoples and then Turkic nomadic peoples, although some Slavic agrarian colonization occurred. From the 5th to 7th century AD on, proto-Ukrainian tribes are known to have inhabited Ukrainian territory: the Volhynians, Derevlianians, Polianians, and Siverianians and the less significant Ulychians, Tivertsians, and White Croats. These tribes are the ancestors of the Ukrainian nation. Polianians founded the city of Kiev — later capital of a powerful state known as Rus' (aka Kievan Rus'). Polianians played the key role in the formation of the Kievan Rus' state. Polianians have played a key role in formation of future Ukrainian nation.

Historical theories that Ukrainians share certain linguistic traits with the two other East Slavic nations, the Belarusians and Russians, has been interpreted variously. That the three nations shared a religion and a ruling dynasty in the time of Kievan Rus’ has been used to hypothesize the existence of an "ancient Rus'" nationality, that is, one proto-Rus’ people, that disintegrated under the impact of Mongol, Lithuanian, and Polish domination during the 13th and 14th centuries. That originally "Muscovite concept" became dogma in the USSR and has often been repeated in the West; among Ukrainian scholars it was advocated by Myron Korduba. A second theory states that a single, proto-Ukrainian people lived in the area from the Carpathian Mountains to the White Sea, and that the Russians and Belarusians later separated from it. That thesis has been supported by many Ukrainian scholars.

Subethnic groups - Among Ukrainians, there are several distinct subethnic groups, especially in western Ukraine: places like Zakarpattia and Halychyna. Among them the most known are Hutsuls, Volhynians, Boykos and Lemkos (otherwise known as Rusyns - a derivative of Ruthenians), each with peculiar area of settlement, dialect, dress, anthropological type and folk traditions. There are several theories about the origin of each of these groups. Ukrainian subethnic groups also include Polishchuks, Bodnars and Kuban Cossacks. Some of these subethnic groups were strongly influenced by the neighboring nations, but according to all relevant indicators they belong to the mainstream of Ukrainian people.

History

Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Turkey. Painted by Ilya Repin from 1880 to 1891.

File:Ukrainian Cossack state Zaporizhian Host 1649 1653.jpg

Cossack Hetmanate (1649–1653)

Main article: History of Ukraine

Ukraine had a very turbulent history, a fact explained by its geographical position. In the 9th century the Varangians from Scandinavia conquered the proto-Slavic tribes on the territory of today's Ukraine, Belarus, and western Russia and laid the groundwork for the Kievan Rus’ state. The ancestors of the Ukrainian nation such as Polianians had a important role in the development and culturalization of Kievan Rus’ state. The internecine wars between Rus' princes, which began after the death of Yaroslav the Wise, led to the political fragmentation of the state into a number of principalities. The quarreling between the princes left Kievan Rus’ vulnerable to foreign attacks, and the invasion of the Mongols in 1236. and 1240. finally destroyed the state. Another important state in the history of the Ukrainians is Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (1199–1349).

Third importan state for Ukrainians is Cossack Hetmanate. The Cossacks of Zaporizhia since the late 15th century controlled the lower bends of the river Dnieper, between Russia, Poland and the Tatars of Crimea, with the fortified capital, Zaporizhian Sich. Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky is one of the most celebrated and at the same time most controversial political figures in Ukraine's early-modern history. A brilliant military leader, his greatest achievement in the process of national revolution was the formation of the Cossack Hetmanate state of the Zaporozhian Host (1648–1782). Period of the Ruin in the late 17th century in the history of Ukraine is characterized by the disintegration of Ukrainian statehood and general decline. During the Ruin Ukraine became divided along the Dnieper River into Left-Bank Ukraine and Right-Bank Ukraine, and the two halves became hostile to each other. Ukrainian leaders during the period were largely opportunists and men of little vision who could not muster broad popular support for their policies.

At the final stages of the First World War, a powerful struggle for an independent Ukrainian state developed in the central Ukrainian territories, which, until 1917, were part of the Russian Empire. The newly established Ukrainian government, the Central Rada, headed by Mykhailo Hrushevsky, issued four universals, the Fourth of which, dated 22 January 1918, declared the independence and sovereignty of the Ukrainian National Republic (UNR) on 25 January 1918. The session of the Central Rada on 29 April 1918 ratified the Constitution of the UNR and elected Hrushevsky president.

Soviet period: From 1932–1933 millions of Ukrainians starved to death in a famine, known as the Holodomor. The Soviet regime remained silent about the Holodomor and provided no aid to the victims or the survivors. But news and information about what was going on reached the West and evoked public responses in Polish-ruled Western Ukraine and in the Ukrainian diaspora. Since the 1990s the independent Ukrainian state, particularly under President Viktor Yushchenko, the Ukrainian mass media and academic institutions, many foreign governments, most Ukrainian scholars, and many foreign scholars have viewed and written about the Holodomor as genocide and issued official declarations and publications to that effect. Modern scholarly estimates of the direct loss of human life due to the famine range between 2.6 million (3-3.5 million) and 12 million although much higher numbers are usually published in the media and cited in political debates. As of March 2008, the parliament of Ukraine and the governments of several countries have recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide.

Historical maps of Ukraine

The Ukrainian state has occupied a number of territories since its initial foundation. Most of these territories have been located within Eastern Europe, however, as depicted in the maps in the gallery below, has also at times extended well into Eurasia and South-Eastern Europe. At times there has also been a distinct lack of a Ukrainian state, as its territories were on a number of occasions, annexed by its more powerful neighbours.

Historical Maps of Ukraine and its Predecessors

Territory of Slavic peoples (6th century). Territory of Slavic peoples (6th century). Early formation of Kievan Rus' (862-912): Territory of rulers Askold, Dyr and Oleh of Novgorod. Early formation of Kievan Rus' (862-912): Territory of rulers Askold, Dyr and Oleh of Novgorod. Gallery of Historical map of Kievan Rus' at its zenith (980-1054). Gallery of Historical map of Kievan Rus' at its zenith (980-1054). Historical map of Kievan Rus' and territory of Ukraine: last 20 years of the state (1220-1240). The Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia or Kingdom of Halych-Volynia (1245-1349). Historical map of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rus' (Ukraine) and Samogitia until 1434. Historical map of Cossack Hetmanate, also known as Hetmanate of Zaporizhian Host or Ukrainian Cossack state (1649-1653). Historical map of Cossack Hetmanate, also known as Hetmanate of Zaporizhian Host or Ukrainian Cossack state (1649-1653). Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth or Commonwealth of Three Nations (1658). Historical map of Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and territory of Zaporozhian Cossacks under rule of Russian Empire (1751). Historical map of Ukrainian National Republic or Ukrainian People's Republic (1917-1920). Historical map of Ukrainian National Republic or Ukrainian People's Republic (1917-1920).

Culture

Main article: Culture of Ukraine

Due to Ukraine's geographical location, its culture primarily exhibits central and eastern European influences. Over the years it has been invariably influenced by movements such as those brought about during the Byzantine Empire and the Renaissance. Today, the country is somewhat culturally divided with the western regions bearing a stronger central European influence and the eastern regions showing a significant Russian influence. A strong Christian culture was predominant for many centuries, although Ukraine was also the center of conflict between the Catholic, Orthodox and Islamic world. Ukrainian culture has elements of some of the oldest cultures in the world such as Trypillian culture.

Languages

Main article: Ukrainian language

Spread of Ukrainian language in the beginning of 20th century

Population of those whose mother tongue is Ukrainian in Ukraine (2001)

Ukrainian (украї́нська мо́ва, ukrayins'ka mova, [ukraˈjinʲsʲka ˈmɔʋa]) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. It is the only official state language of Ukraine. Written Ukrainian uses a Cyrillic alphabet. The language shares some vocabulary with the languages of the neighboring Slavic nations, most notably with Belarusian, Polish, Russian and Slovak.

The Ukrainian language traces its origins to the Old East Slavic language of the medieval state of Kievan Rus'. In its earlier stages it was called Ruthenian language. Ukrainian, along with other East Slavic languages, is a lineal descendant of the colloquial language used in Kievan Rus' (10th–13th century).

While the Golden Horde placed officials in key Russian areas, practised forced resettlement, and even renamed urban centers to suit their own language, the Mongols did not attempt to annihilate Kievan society and culture. The second onslaught began with the destruction of Kiev by the Golden Horde in 1240. This khanate formed the western part of a great Mongol Empire that had been founded by Genghis Khan in the early 13th century. After the Mongol destruction of Kievan Rus in the 13th century, literary activity in Ukraine declined. A revival began in the late of the 18th century in the eastern Ukraine with overlapping literary and academic phases at a time when nostalgia for the Cossack past and resentment at the loss of autonomy still lingered on.

The language has persisted despite several periods of bans and/or discouragement throughout centuries as it has always nevertheless maintained a sufficient base among the people of Ukraine, its folklore songs, itinerant musicians, and prominent authors.

According to 2001 All-Ukrainian census, 85.2% of all people of Ukrainian ethnicity living in Ukraine named Ukrainian as their mother-tongue, and 14.8% named Russian as their mother-tongue. This census doesn't cover Ukrainians living in other countries.

Religions

Main article: Religion in Ukraine

The historic Vydubychi Monastery in Kiev. The monastery is administered by the Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchate.

Ukrainians are predominantly Orthodox Christians. In the eastern and southern areas of Ukraine the Ukrainian Orthodox Church under the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate is the most common. In central and western Ukraine there is support for the Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchate headed by Patriarch Filaret and also in the western areas of Ukraine and with smaller support throughout the country there is support for the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church headed by Metropolitan Mefodiy. In the Western region known as Galicia the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, one of the Eastern Rite Catholic churches has a strong membership. Various Protestant churches have a growing presence among the Ukrainian population. There are also ethnic minorities that practice other religions, i.e. Crimean Tatars (Islam), and Jews and Karaim (Judaism).

Music

Main article: Music of Ukraine

Ukrainian folk oral literature, poetry, and songs (such as the dumas) are among the most distinctive ethnocultural features of Ukrainians as a people. Religious music existed in Ukraine before the official adoption of Christianity, in the form of plainsong "obychnyi spiv" or "musica practica". Traditional Ukrainian music is easily recognized by its somewhat melancholy tone. It first became known outside of Ukraine during the 18th century as musicians from Ukraine would perform before the royal courts in Russia and Poland. A large number of famous musicians around the world was educated or born in Ukraine, among them are famous names like Dmitry Bortniansky, Sergei Prokofiev, Myroslav Skoryk, etc.

Dance

Main article: Ukrainian dance

Ukrainian Welcome Dance Pryvit.

Ukrainian dance refers to the traditional folk dances of the peoples of Ukraine. Today, Ukrainian dance is primarily represented by what ethnographers, folklorists and dance historians refer to as "Ukrainian Folk-Stage Dances", which are stylized representations of traditional dances and their characteristic movements that have been choreographed for concert dance performances. This stylized art form has so permeated the culture of Ukraine, that very few purely traditional forms of Ukrainian dance remain today.

Ukrainian dance is often described as energetic, fast-paced, and entertaining, and along with traditional Easter eggs (pysanky), it is a characteristic example of Ukrainian culture recognized and appreciated throughout the world.

Symbols

Flag of Ukraine.

Coat of arms of Ukraine.

Main articles: Flag of Ukraine and Coat of arms of Ukraine

The national symbols of the Ukrainians are the Flag of Ukraine and the Coat of arms of Ukraine.

The national flag of Ukraine is a blue and yellow bicolour rectangle. The colour fields are of same form and equal size. The colours of the flag represent a blue sky above yellow fields of wheat. The flag was designed for the convention of the Supreme Ruthenian Council, meeting in Lviv in October 1848. Its colours were based on the coat-of-arms of the Galicia-Volhynia Principality.

The Coat of arms of Ukraine features the same colours found on the Ukrainian flag: a blue shield with yellow trident—the symbol of ancient Slavic tribes that once lived in Ukraine, later adopted by Ruthenian and Kievan Rus rulers. Others say that the coat represents also the importance of the Holy Trinity, although coincidentally prior to Christianity the people of today's Ukraine believed in Triglav, with the similar concept of three.

See also

For the British musical group, see The Ukrainians.

• List of Ukrainians
• List of Ukrainian rulers
• Lemkos
• Rusyns
• Ruthenians
• Ukrainians in Russia
• Green Ukraine
• Soviet population transfers

References

Sources

Wilson, Andrew (2002). The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation (2nd edition ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09309-8. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)

Magocsi, Paul R. (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-300-09309-8.

Online sources

• "How Rusyns Became Ukrainians", Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), July, 2005. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
• "When Was the Ukrainian Nation Born", Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), April 23 – May 6, 2005. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
• 'We are more "Russian" then them', the History of Myths and Sensations, Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), January 27 – February 2, 2001. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
• External Migration – the Main Cause of Ethnically non-Ukrainian Population in Modern Ukraine. Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), January 26 – February 1, 2002. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
• Halyna Lozko, "Ukrainian ethnology. Ethnographic division of Ukraine" (in Ukrainian). Available online.

External links

• Ukrainian World Congress.
• Ukrainians on Encyclopedia of Ukraine
• Races of Europe 1942–1943 (English)
• Hammond's Racial map of Europe, 1919 (English) "National Alumni" 1920, vol.7
• Peoples of Europe / Die Voelker Europas 1914 (German)
• Ethnographic map of Europe 1914 (English)
• Linguistic Divisions of Europe in 1914 (German)
• Ethnic Territory of the Ukrainian people in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (English)