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Revision as of 13:00, 25 February 2013
File:PSLV-CA 1.jpg | |
Function | Medium lift launch system |
---|---|
Manufacturer | ISRO |
Country of origin | India |
Size | |
Height | 44 metres (144 ft) |
Diameter | 2.8 metres (9 ft 2 in) |
Mass | 294,000 kilograms (648,000 lb) |
Stages | 4 |
Capacity | |
Payload to LEO | |
Mass | 3,250 kilograms (7,170 lb) |
Payload to HCO | |
Mass | 1,600 kilograms (3,500 lb)[1] |
Payload to GTO | |
Mass | 1,410 kilograms (3,110 lb)[1] |
Launch history | |
Status | Active |
Launch sites | Sriharikota |
Total launches | 21 PSLV: 11 PSLV-CA: 7 PSLV-XL: 3 |
Success(es) | 19 PSLV: 10 PSLV-CA: 7 PSLV-XL: 3 |
Failure(s) | 1 (PSLV) |
Partial failure(s) | 1 (PSLV) |
First flight | PSLV: 20 September 1993 PSLV-CA: 23 April 2007 PSLV-XL: 22 October 2008 |
Type of passengers/cargo | Chandrayaan-1 |
Boosters | |
No. boosters | 6 |
Engines | 1 solid |
Thrust | 502.600 kN |
Specific impulse | 262 sec |
Burn time | 44 seconds |
Propellant | HTPB (solid) |
First stage | |
Engines | 1 solid |
Thrust | 4,860 kN |
Specific impulse | 269 sec |
Burn time | 105 seconds |
Propellant | HTPB (solid) |
Second stage | |
Engines | 1 Vikas (liquid) |
Thrust | 725 kN |
Specific impulse | 293 sec |
Burn time | 158 seconds |
Propellant | N2O4/UDMH |
Third stage | |
Engines | 1 solid |
Thrust | 328 kN |
Specific impulse | 294 sec |
Burn time | 83 seconds |
Propellant | Solid |
Fourth stage | |
Engines | 2 liquid |
Thrust | 14 kN |
Specific impulse | 308 sec |
Burn time | 425 seconds |
Propellant | MMH/MON |
The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (Hindi: ध्रुवीय उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण यान), commonly known by its abbreviation PSLV, is an expendable launch system developed and operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It was developed to allow India to launch its Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites into sun synchronous orbits, a service that was, until the advent of the PSLV, commercially viable only from Russia. PSLV can also launch small size satellites into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). The PSLV has launched 55 satellites / spacecrafts ( 26 Indian and 29 Foreign Satellites) into a variety of orbits so far.[2]
PSLV has a flyaway cost of 17 million USD for each launch.[not verified in body]
Development
PSLV was designed and developed at Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. The inertial systems are developed by ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) at Thiruvananthapuram. The liquid propulsion stages for the second and fourth stages of PSLV as well as the reaction control systems are developed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), also at Thiruvananthapuram. The solid propellant motors are processed at Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR, which also carries out launch operations. After some delays, the PSLV had its first launch on 20 September 1993. Although all main engines performed as expected, an altitude control problem was reported in the second and third stages. After this initial setback, ISRO met complete success with the third developmental launch in 1996. Further successful launches followed in 1997, 1999, and 2001.
PSLV continues to be the work horse of Indian satellite launches, especially for LEO satellites. It has undergone several improvements with each subsequent version, especially those involving thrust, efficiency as well as weight.
Vehicle description
The PSLV has four stages using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately. The first stage is one of the largest solid-fuel rocket boosters in the world and carries 138 tonnes of Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) bound propellant with a diameter of 2.8 m. The motor case is made of maraging steel. The booster develops a maximum thrust of about 4,430 kN. Six strap-on motors, four of which are ignited on the ground, augment the first stage thrust. Each of these solid propellant strap-on motors carries nine tonnes of HTPB propellant and produces 677 kN thrust. Pitch and yaw control of the PSLV during the thrust phase of the solid motor is achieved by injection of an aqueous solution of strontium perchlorate in the nozzle to constitute Secondary Injection Thrust Vector Control System (SITVC). The injection is stored in two cylindrical aluminum tanks strapped to the solid rocket motor and pressurized with nitrogen. There are two additional small liquid engine control power plants in the first stage, the Roll Control Thrusters (RCT), fixed radially opposite one on each side, between the triplet set of strap-on boosters. RCT is used for roll control during the first stage and the SITVC in two strap-on motors is for roll control augmentation.
The second stage employs the Vikas engine and carries 41.5 tonnes (40 tonnes till C-5 mission) of liquid propellant – Unsymmetrical Di-Methyl Hydrazine (UDMH) as fuel and Nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) as oxidizer. It generates a maximum thrust of 800 kN (724 till C-5 mission). Pitch & yaw control is obtained by hydraulically gimbaled engine (±4°) and two hot gas reaction control for roll.
The third stage uses 7 tonnes of HTPB-based solid propellant and produces a maximum thrust of 324 kN. It has a Kevlar-polyamide fiber case and a submerged nozzle equipped with a flex-bearing-seal gimbaled nozzle (±2°) thrust-vector engine for pitch & yaw control. For roll control it uses the RCS (Reaction Control System) of fourth stage.
The fourth and the terminal stage of PSLV has a twin engine configuration using liquid propellant. With a propellant loading of 2 tonnes (Mono-Methyl Hydrazine as fuel + Mixed Oxides of Nitrogen as oxidiser), each of these engines generates a maximum thrust of 7.4 kN. Engine is gimbaled (±3°) for pitch, yaw & roll control and for control during the coast phase uses on-off RCS. PSLV-C4 used a new lightweight carbon composite payload adapter to enable a greater GTO payload capability.
PSLV is developed with a group of wide-range control units.
Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Stage 3 | Stage 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pitch | SITVC | Engine Gimbal | Flex Nozzle | Engine Gimbal |
Yaw | SITVC | Engine Gimbal | Flex Nozzle | Engine Gimbal |
Roll | RCT and SITVC in 2 PSOMs | HRCM Hot Gas Reaction Control Motor | PS4 RCS | PS4 RCS |
Variants
ISRO has envisaged a number of variants of PSLV to cater to different mission requirements. There are currently three operational versions of the PSLV — the standard (PSLV), the core-alone (PSLV-CA) without the six strap-on booster motors, and the (PSLV-XL) version, which carries more solid fuel in its strap-on motors than the standard version. All the three versions have proved to be unalloyed successes.[3] These configurations provide wide variations in payload capabilities ranging from 600 kg in LEO to 1900 kg in sun synchronous orbit.
- PSLV (Operational)
The standard version of the PSLV has four stages using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately and six strap-on boosters. It currently has capability to launch 1,678 kg to 622 km into sun synchronous orbit.
- PSLV-CA (Operational)
The PSLV-CA, CA meaning "Core Alone", model premiered on April 23, 2007. The CA model does not include the six strap-on boosters used by the PSLV standard variant. Two small roll control modules and two first stage motor control injection tanks were still attached to the side of the first stage.[4] The fourth stage of the CA variant has 400 kg less propellant when compared to its standard version.[4] It currently has capability to launch 1,100 kg to 622 km sun synchronous orbit.[5]
- PSLV-XL (Operational)
PSLV-XL is the uprated version of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle in its standard configuration boosted by more powerful, stretched strap-on boosters.[4] Weighing 320 tonnes at lift-off, the vehicle uses larger strap-on motors (PSOM-XL) to achieve higher payload capability. PSOM-XL uses larger 13.5m, 12 tonnes of solid propellants instead of 9 tonnes used in the earlier configuration of PSLV.[6] On 29 December 2005, ISRO successfully tested the improved version of strap-on booster for the PSLV. The first version of PSLV-XL was the launch of Chandrayaan-1 by PSLV-C11. The payload capability for this variant is 1800 kg compared to 1600 kg for the other variants.[5] Other launches include the RISAT Radar Imaging Satellite and GSAT-12.[7]
Variant | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSLV (Standard) | 11 | 9 | 1 | 1 | |
PSLV-CA (Core Alone) | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV-XL (Extended) | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
- PSLV-HP (Under development / Proposed)
As reported on the website of The New Indian Express newspaper (April 26, 2007), PSLV project director N Narayanamoorthy spoke of another version being planned called the PSLV-HP, standing for ‘high performance.’ It will have improved strap-ons motors,[5] and the payload capability will be raised to 2000 kg.[5] The HP version will be used to launch a constellation of seven navigation satellites between 2010 and 2012. Among other things, the efficiency of the stage 4 engine will be improved in this version.
- PSLV-3S (Under development / Proposed)
ISRO is also considering the development of a three-stage version of the rocket without six strap-on boosters (with the second stage of the four-stage version removed) which will be capable of placing 500 kg to LEO.[5][8]
Launch history
Flight | Variant | Launch date/time (UTC) | Launch pad | Payload | Payload mass | Result | Note(s) |
D1 | PSLV | 20 September 1993[9] | Sriharikota FLP* | IRS 1E | 846 kg | Failure | This was the first developmental flight of the PSLV.[9] The IRS-1E satellite which was proposed to be launched was derived from the engineering model of IRS-1A incorporating a similar camera and an additional German-built Monocular Electro-Optical Stereo Scanner. Upon launch, there was an unexpected large disturbance at the second stage separation which resulted in a sub-orbital flight of the vehicle. Further, one of the retro rockets designed to pull the burnt second stage away from the third stage failed. Even though the rocket could have continued its flight at this point, the control software caused an error in the pitch control loop of the on-board guidance and control processor causing the launch vehicle to crash in to the Bay of Bengal 700 seconds after take off. Even though the mission was a failure, the launch team and an expert committee appointed thereafter noted that the mission had validated many technologies and that most sub-systems had performed optimally.[10][11] |
D2 | PSLV | 15 October 1994[12] | Sriharikota FLP* | IRS P2 | 804 kg | Success | The second development flight of the PSLV was successful after the lauch vehicle injected the 804 kg remote sensing satellite, IRS-P2, into a near polar sun-synchronous orbit at 820 km, 17 minutes after the launch. With the successful launch, India became the sixth country in the world to launch satellite in low-Earth orbit. The satellite was controlled by ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) in Bangalore, Lucknow and Mauritius. The National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad received the first signal from IRS-P2 98 minutes after the launch. The IRS-P2 was declared operational from November 7, 1994 after certain orbital manoeuvres and continued to be operational for three years until 1997.[10][11] |
D3 | PSLV | 21 March 1996[13] | Sriharikota FLP* | IRS P3 | 920 kg | Success | On its third developmental test flight, the PSLV placed the 922 kg IRS-P3 satellite in the intended 817 km polar orbit. The IRS-P3 satellite contained an X-ray astronomy payload, a C-band transponder and two remote sensing payloads: (i) a Wide Field Sensor (WiFS) similar to that of IRS-1C, with an additional Short Wave Infrared Band (SWIR) and (ii) a Modular Opto-electronic Scanner (MOS), which was provided by DLR (Germany) in the framework of a cooperative agreement between ISRO and DLR.[13][14] The sensor was designed for vegetation dynamic studies while MOS was designed for ocean remote sensing.[15][16] There was no data recording device on board of the IRS-P3 and data was transmitted in real time to the ground stations in Hyderabad (India) and Neustrelitz (Germany).[17] The mission was completed during January 2006 after serving for 9 years and 10 months.[13] With the consecutive successful launches of the PSLV, it was decided not to plan any more ASLV missions.[10] |
C1 | PSLV | 29 September 1997[18] | Sriharikota FLP* | IRS 1D | 1,250 kg | Partial failure | After three developmental test flights, this was the PSLV's first operational flight, where it successfully placed the 1200 kg remote sensing satellite, IRS-1D, into a polar orbit. However, it did not place the satellite in the desired circular orbit of 817 km, but in an elliptical orbit due to a leak of helium gas from one of the components in the fourth stage.[19][20] This required certain orbit adjustments to be executed, thereby raising the perigee to 737 km, while the apogee remained at 821 km.[11] The launch was witnessed by Prime Minister I.K. Gujral and also marked India's first launch vehicle built without Russian assistance.[19][21] The mission was completed during January 2010 after serving for 12 years and 3 months.[18] |
C2 | PSLV | 26 May 1999[22] | Sriharikota FLP* | OceanSat 1 DLR-Tubsat KitSat 3 |
1,050 kg 107 kg 45 kg |
Success | PSLV's successful second operational launch was notable as it was its first commercial launch and also as it was for the first time an Indian launch vehicle carried multiple satellites.[22][23] The payload consisted of the 1036 kg IRS-P4 (or OCEANSAT-1) remote sensing satellite as the primary payload and two auxiliary payloads - the South Korean KITSAT-3 weighing about 107 kg and the DLR-TUBSAT weighing 45 kg developed by the Technical University of Berlin (TUB) and DLR. In the flight sequence, IRS-P4 was injected first, followed by KITSAT-3 and DLR-TUBSAT in that order.[22] The mission was supported by ISTRAC network of ground stations lcoated at Bangalore, Sriharikota, Lucknow, Mauritius, Bearslake, Russia and Biak, Indonesia. During the initial phase of the mission the ground station at Wilhem in Germany also provided network support. Upon injection of the satellites, data from the IRS-P4 was received at Hyderabad while KITSAT-3 data was received at the ground station in Korea and the data from the TUBSAT was received at the university ground station in Berlin.[23][24] |
C3 | PSLV | 22 October 2001[25] | Sriharikota FLP* | TES Proba BIRD |
1,108 kg 94 kg 92 kg |
Success | Following the PSLV C2, the PSLV C3 also successfully placed three satellites in orbit - TES (Technology Experiment Satellite) of India weighing 1108 kg, PROBA (PRoject for On Board Autonomy) of Belgium weighing 94 kg and the BIRD (Bispectral and Infrared Remote Detection) of Germany weighing 92 kg. While TES and BIRD were placed in a 568 km sun-synchronous orbit, PROBA, was placed in an elliptical orbit. The National Security Adviser, Brajesh Mishra was present at the at the Mission Control Centre at Sriharikota during the launch.[26] With the launch, India became only the second country after the United States of America can offer images with one-metre resolution. Because of the high resolution, the TES was speculated as a spy satellite.[27] In response, the ISRO chairman Dr Kasturirangan remarked that a satellite of one-metre resolution can have various utilities and that it was up to the user to decide.[28] |
C4 | PSLV | 12 September 2002[29] | Sriharikota FLP* | METSAT 1 (Kalpana 1) | 1,060 kg | Success | The PSLV C4 was India's first launch to place a satellite, the 1060 kg METSAT, into a Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit. Compared to the earlier PSLV launches, the flight path of PSLV C4 was modified to inject the METSAT into a Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit having a perigee 250 km and an apogee of 36,000 km.[29] The METSAT was meant exclusively for meteorological purposes as distinct from the three-in-one multi-purpose INSAT satellites that have been used for meteorology, telecommunications and broadcasting.[30] Subsequently, on February 5, 2003 the METSAT was renamed to Kalpana-1 by the Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in memory of Kalpana Chawla - a NASA astronaut of Indian origin who perished in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. |
C5 | PSLV | 17 October 2003[31] | Sriharikota FLP* | ResourceSat 1 | 1,360 kg | Success | The PSLV C5 was the eighth PSLV launch and its payload capability had been progressively increased by more than 600 kg since the first PSLV launch in 1993.[31] The launch took place despite heavy rain which commenced half an hour before the scheduled launch. However, ISRO decided to go ahead with the launch as despite rain, there were no strong winds and there were weather reports suggested that the monsoons would set in by the next day.[32][33] Following the launch, a press statement released by the Minister of State (Space) announced that the PSLV has been proposed for the Chandrayan 1 moon mission. The satellite, India's heaviest earth observation satellite, had three cameras with vastly improved spatial resolutions and had a mission life of five years. |
C6 | PSLV | 5 May 2005[34] | Sriharikota SLP** | CartoSat 1 HAMSAT |
1560 kg 42.5 kg |
Success | The 1560 kg Indian remote sensing satellite, CARTOSAT-1 and the 42.5 kg HAMSAT were injected successfully into a 632 x 621 km high polar orbit by the PSLV C6. The President, Dr. Abdul Kalam, witnessed the launch from the Mission Control Centre.[35] This was also the first launch from the Second Launch Pad at Sriharikota, which was inaugurated on the immediately preceding day and had the integrate-transfer-and-launch technology. After its integration in the Vehicle Assembly Building, the PSLV-C6 was transported on rails to the Umbilical Tower (UT) located one km away using the Mobile Launch Pedestal where the final operations were carried out.[35] In addition to India's eleventh remote sensing satellite, the CARTOSAT-1, the launch also included the HAMSAT microsatellite for providing satellite based amateur radio services to amateur radio Operators in the South Asia region. |
C7 | PSLV | 10 January 2007[36] | Sriharikota FLP* | CartoSat 2 SRE LAPAN-TUBsat PEHUENSAT-1 |
680 kg 500 kg 56 kg 6 kg> |
Success | On January 10, 2007, the PSLV C7 successfully launched four satellites: India's CARTOSAT-2 and Space capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE-1), Indonesia's LAPAN-TUBsat and Argentina's PEHUENSAT-1 into a 635 km high polar orbit. For the first time, a Dual Launch Adopter (DLA) was used in the PSLV to accommodate two primary satellites at the same time. In addition to the DLA, other key differences from the PSLV C6 included the reduction of propellant from 2.5 tonne to 2 tonne in the fourth liquid propellant stage, incorporation of a video imaging system to capture payload and DLA separation events, altitude based Day of Launch wind biased steering programme during Open Loop Guidance and the removal of Secondary Injection Thrust Vector Control (SITVC) system for one of the strapons ignited in the air.[37][38] The SRE-1 module remained in orbit for 12 days before re-entering the Earth's atmosphere and splashing down into the Bay of Bengal at 04:16 GMT on January 22, 2007. The re-capture of the SRE-1 module made India the fourth country to do so after the United States of America, Russia and China.[39] |
C8 | PSLV-CA | 23 April 2007[40] | Sriharikota SLP** | AGILE AAM |
352 kg 185 kg |
Success | First flight of the 'Core-Alone' version. ISRO's first exclusively commercial launch.[41] |
C10 | PSLV-CA | 21 January 2008[42] | Sriharikota FLP* | TecSAR | 295 kg | Success | An Israeli reconnaissance satellite, and ISRO's first fully commercially launch.,[43] |
C9 | PSLV-CA | 28 April 2008[44][45] | Sriharikota SLP** | Cartosat-2A IMS-1/TWSAT RUBIN-8 CanX-6/NTS CanX-2 Cute-1.7+APD II Delfi-C3 SEEDS-2 COMPASS-1 AAUSAT-II |
690 kg 83 kg 8 kg 6.5 kg 3.5 kg 3 kg 2.2 kg 1 kg 1 kg 0.75 kg |
Success | |
C11 | PSLV-XL | 22 October 2008[46] | Sriharikota SLP** | Chandrayaan I | 1,380 kg | Success | First flight of the PSLV-XL version. India's first mission to the Moon.[47] |
C12 | PSLV-CA | 20 April 2009[48] | Sriharikota SLP** | RISAT-2 ANUSAT |
300 kg 40 kg |
Success | India's first all weather observation spy satellite.[49] ANUSAT is the first satellite built by an Indian University. |
C14 | PSLV-CA | 23 September 2009[50] | Sriharikota FLP* | Oceansat-2 Rubin 9.1 |
960 kg 8 kg 8 kg 1 kg> 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg |
Success | Rubin 9.1 and 9.2 were non-separable payloads,[51] orbited attached to the vehicle's fourth stage.[52][53] SwissCube-1[54] and ITUpSAT1[55] are Switzerland's and Turkey's first home-grown satellites launched into space. |
C15 | PSLV-CA | July 12, 2010[56] | Sriharikota FLP* | Cartosat-2B |
690 kg[60] 117 kg[60] 6.5 kg[60] 1 kg |
Success |
Main satellite Cartosat-2B and Algeria's ALSAT-2A along with AISSat-1, TIsat-1, and StudSat. TIsat-1 is the second ever Swiss satellite launched into Space. AISSat-1 and TIsat are part of NLS-6.[61][62] |
C16 | PSLV | 20 April 2011[63] | Sriharikota | ResourceSat-2 X-Sat YouthSat |
1206 kg 106 kg 92 kg |
Success | In the current flight, the standard version, with six solid strap-on booster motors strung around the first stage, was used.[63] |
C17 | PSLV-XL | 15 July 2011[64] | Sriharikota SLP** | GSAT-12 | 1410 kg | Success | Indigenously developed flight computer 'Vikram' used for the first time.[65] |
C18 | PSLV-CA | 12 October 2011 11:00:00 IST[66] | Sriharikota | Megha-Tropiques |
1000 kg 10.9 kg 3 kg 28.7 kg[67] |
Success | The Megha-Tropiques satellite for climate research launched along with three microsatellites: the SRMSAT built by the SRM University, Chennai, the remote sensing satellite Jugnu from the Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur and the VesselSat-1 of Luxembourg to locate ships on high seas.[68][69] |
C19 | PSLV-XL | 26 April 2012[70] | Sriharikota | RISAT-1 | 1850 kg | Success | Radar Imaging Satellite-1 (RISAT-1) is a state of the art Microwave Remote Sensing Satellite carrying a synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) payload operating in C-band (5.35 GHz), which enables imaging of the earth surface features during both day and night under all weather conditions. |
C21 | PSLV-CA | 9 September 2012[70] | Sriharikota | SPOT-6 (France) |
720 kg 15 kg | Success | Launch attended by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.[71] French remote sensing satellite SPOT-6(built by EADS Astrium) and Japanese microsat PROITERES (built by Osaka Institute of Technology) placed in orbit. SPOT-6 carries 2 × NAOMI (Pan: 2 m, MS: 8 m ) Pushbroom imagers and will offer 2 meter resolution data in a 60 kilometer by 60 kilometre swath. PROITERES features an electric propulsion rocket engine and aims to demonstrate powered-flight technology for an ultra-small satellite and monitor the Kansai region with a high-resolution camera.[72] mRESINS is an experimental avionics payload called "mini Redundant Strapdown Inertial Navigation System" bolted to the vehicle's fourth stage. It was for testing new avionics for future PSLV missions.[73] |
Planned launches | |||||||
C20 | PSLV-CA | Feb 25 2013 | Sriharikota | SARAL |
Success | Success |
'*'FLP - First Launch Pad, Satish Dhawan Space Centre; **SLP - Second Launch Pad, Satish Dhawan Space Centre
See also
References
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- ^ ISRO's Website: ISRO's Launch Vehicle
- ^ Subramanian, T.S. (15 July 2011). "The PSLV is a proud symbol of ISRO's self-reliance". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
- ^ a b c "PSLV Datasheet".
- ^ a b c d e "India's PSLV" (PDF).
- ^ PSLV-C11 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-1
- ^ "New Solid Propellant Motor to Increase PSLV Capability". ISRO.
- ^ "Evolution of Indian launch vehicle technologies" (PDF). Indian Academy of Sciences.
- ^ a b IRS-1E
- ^ a b c "Space Yuga".
- ^ a b c "Space Craft Encyclopedia".
- ^ IRS-P2
- ^ a b c IRS-P3
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- ^ "Science Direct".
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- ^ "International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG)".
- ^ a b IRS-1D
- ^ a b "Front Line".
- ^ Kyle, Ed. "India (SLV/ASLV/PSLV/GSLV) Flight History by Variant/Year (1979-2010)". Space Launch Report.
- ^ "Imperfect Ending". Digital Today.
- ^ a b c PSLV-C2
- ^ a b "Current Science".
- ^ "The Indian Express".
- ^ PSLV-C3
- ^ "Front Line".
- ^ "BBC: India's spy satellite boost". BBC News. 27 November 2001.
- ^ "The Hindu".
- ^ a b PSLV-C4
- ^ "Frontline: New Heights for the PSLV". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
- ^ a b PSLV-C5
- ^ "Successful lift off for PSLV-C5". Rediff.com. October 17, 2003. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
- ^ "Frontline: A remote-sensing success". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
- ^ PSLV-C6
- ^ a b "Spaceref Asia: India's PSLV-C6 Successfully Launches Two Satellites".
- ^ PSLV-C7
- ^ "ISRO: PSLV C7".
- ^ "The Hindu: PSLV-C7 launch a success". Chennai, India. 11 January 2007.
- ^ "The Telegraph: 46-Minute Splash into Elite Space Club". 23 January 2007.
- ^ PSLV-C8 blasts off with Italian payload
- ^ First commercial launch of PSLV-C8 successful-India-The Times of India
- ^ PSLV-C10
- ^ NDTV - ISRO Launches Israeli Satellite
- ^ Delfi-C3 Mission status page
- ^ PSLV Rocket Launches 10 Satellites
- ^ PSLV C11
- ^ Yahoo News India – IPSLV-C11 to launch Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft
- ^ PSLV C12
- ^ India's spy in the sky: ISRO launches RISAT-2
- ^ PSLV-C14
- ^ ISRO - CUBESATS
- ^ PSLV-C14 lift-off today
- ^ Oceansat 2, 6 nanosats launched in 20 mins by ISRO
- ^ It's a First! Swiss Satellite In Space — This Cube Isn't Cheese
- ^ First Turkish-Made Satellite Launched From India
- ^ PSLV CA-C15 Countdown
- ^ AISSat-1 Facts
- ^ TIsat-1 Home
- ^ SUPSI-DTI
- ^ a b c "ISRO to launch five satellites on July 12". IANS. Sify. 2010-07-03. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
- ^ NLS-6 Launch Blog
- ^ More info
- ^ a b T.S., Subramanian (19 April 2011). "PSLV-C16 launch today". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^ "PSLV-C17".
- ^ ISRO-developed computer helped PSLV-C17 put satellite in orbit
- ^ Megha-Tropiques / PSLV-C18 scheduled for take off on October 12, 2011 at 11:00:00 IST
- ^ "VesselSat 1, 2, 3". Gunter's Space. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
- ^ "ISRO launches Megha-Tropiques satellite to study monsoon". NDTV. 2011-10-12.
- ^ "PSLV-C18 carrying weather satellite launched - The Times of India". The Times Of India.
- ^ a b RISAT-1 satellite launch a ``grand success”: ISRO Cite error: The named reference "launch" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ "Isro's 100th mission: PSLV-C21 puts 2 foreign satellites in orbit". Time of India. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
- ^ PROITERES Gunter's Space Page retrieved 12 Sep 2012
- ^ Indian PSLV successfully launches SPOT-6 for France NASA Spaceflight.com retrieved 12 Sep 2012
- ^ "India to launch seven satellites on February 25". DNA India. 15 February 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
- ^ Smartphone nanosatellite Space researchers at the University of Surrey's Surrey Space Centre (SSC) and SSTL have developed STRaND-1 "SSTL.co.uk" retrieved 14 Feb 2012