Jump to content

Asturleonese language: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Undid revision 604488968 by Candalín (talk) which it says
Candalín (talk | contribs)
165 edits
No edit summary
Line 27: Line 27:
* Astur-Leonese dialects closer to Spanish are spoken in [[Cantabria]]. Some of them, especially western ones, are further grouped with the traditional name '''''montañés'''''; some others are outside this group and use their local glotonims (namely, pasiegu). There are different positions about whether these varieties are dialects of the [[Spanish language]]{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}}, dialects of Astur-Leonese{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} or independent languages on their own right{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}}.
* Astur-Leonese dialects closer to Spanish are spoken in [[Cantabria]]. Some of them, especially western ones, are further grouped with the traditional name '''''montañés'''''; some others are outside this group and use their local glotonims (namely, pasiegu). There are different positions about whether these varieties are dialects of the [[Spanish language]]{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}}, dialects of Astur-Leonese{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} or independent languages on their own right{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}}.
* The [[Extremaduran]] language, '''''estremeñu''''', spoken in northwestern [[Extremadura]] (Spain) is more distantly related to the group.
* The [[Extremaduran]] language, '''''estremeñu''''', spoken in northwestern [[Extremadura]] (Spain) is more distantly related to the group.
* The Asturian [[Eonavian]] dialect, '''''eonaviegu''''' or '''''gallego-asturianu''''', spoken between the [[Eo River|Eo]] and [[Navia River|Navia]] rivers in Asturias is closer to [[Galician language|Galician]]; it is sometimes considered the westernmost variety of Asturian, but it is more often seen as either a group of Galician dialects or an independent language.
* The Asturian [[Eonavian]] dialect, '''''eonaviegu''''' or '''''gallego-asturianu''''', spoken between the [[Eo River|Eo]] and [[Navia River|Navia]] rivers in Asturias is closer to [[Galician language|Galician]]; it is sometimes considered the westernmost variety of Asturian{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}}, but it is more often seen as either a group of Galician dialects or an independent language.<ref>{{es icon}} Menéndez Pidal, R (1906): "El dialecto Leonés", ''Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos'', 2-3:130-131</ref>


Leonese (as a denomination for the whole linguistic group) was once regarded as an informal dialect ([[basilect]]) of Spanish or Castilian, but in 1906, [[Ramón Menéndez Pidal]] showed it was the result of [[Latin language|Latin]] evolution in the [[Kingdom of León]].<ref>Menéndez Pidal 1906:128-141</ref><ref>[http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=EN&pg=00206 UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger.]{{dead link|date=May 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_country.asp?name=Spain Ethnologue report for Spain].</ref>
Leonese (as a denomination for the whole linguistic group) was once regarded as an informal dialect ([[basilect]]) of Spanish or Castilian, but in 1906, [[Ramón Menéndez Pidal]] showed it was the result of [[Latin language|Latin]] evolution in the [[Kingdom of León]].<ref>Menéndez Pidal 1906:128-141</ref><ref>[http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=EN&pg=00206 UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger.]{{dead link|date=May 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_country.asp?name=Spain Ethnologue report for Spain].</ref>

Revision as of 19:28, 24 April 2014

Astur-Leonese
Asturllionés
Geographic
distribution		Spain (in the autonomous communities of Asturias, northwestern Castile and León and western Cantabria) and small border areas in northeastern Portugal.
Linguistic classificationIndo-European
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologastu1244
Astur-Leonese area

Astur-Leonese is a group of mutually intelligible Romance dialects of the West Iberian branch, including:

  • Asturian, asturianu or bable, encompassing the vernaculars spoken in the Spanish province of Asturias, except the westernmost ones, which are more often considered dialects of Galician (see Eonavian below). This is the area with more speakers left.
  • Leonese, llionés, encompassing the vernaculars spoken in northern and western parts of the province of León, and a few western areas in the provinces of Zamora and Salamanca, in Spain.[1] The distinction between Asturian and Leonese cannot be made in purely linguistic terms. Leonese was spoken in the past in a much larger area; however, it is now approaching extinction.

In addition:

  • Astur-Leonese dialects closer to Spanish are spoken in Cantabria. Some of them, especially western ones, are further grouped with the traditional name montañés; some others are outside this group and use their local glotonims (namely, pasiegu). There are different positions about whether these varieties are dialects of the Spanish language[citation needed], dialects of Astur-Leonese[citation needed] or independent languages on their own right[citation needed].
  • The Extremaduran language, estremeñu, spoken in northwestern Extremadura (Spain) is more distantly related to the group.
  • The Asturian Eonavian dialect, eonaviegu or gallego-asturianu, spoken between the Eo and Navia rivers in Asturias is closer to Galician; it is sometimes considered the westernmost variety of Asturian[citation needed], but it is more often seen as either a group of Galician dialects or an independent language.[3]

Leonese (as a denomination for the whole linguistic group) was once regarded as an informal dialect (basilect) of Spanish or Castilian, but in 1906, Ramón Menéndez Pidal showed it was the result of Latin evolution in the Kingdom of León.[4][5][6]

Leonese is officially recognised by the Autonomous Community of Castile and León (2006). In Asturias it is protected under the Autonomous Statute legislation and is an optional language at schools, where it is widely studied.[7]

In Portugal, the related Mirandese language is recognized by the Assembly of the Republic as a co-official language along with Portuguese for local matters, and it is taught in public schools in the areas where Mirandese is natively spoken. Initially thought to be a basilect of Portuguese, José Leite de Vasconcelos studied Mirandese and concluded it was a separate language from Portuguese.

History

The language developed from Vulgar Latin with contributions from the pre-Roman languages which were spoken in the territory of the Astures, an ancient tribe of the Iberian peninsula. Castilian Spanish came to the area later in the 14th century when the central administration sent emissaries and functionaries to occupy political and ecclesiastical offices.

Asturian

Main article: Asturian language

Much effort has been made since 1974 to protect and promote Asturian.[8] In 1981 Asturian, or Bable, as the language is officially named,[9] was recognized as an area in need of special protection by the local government. In 1994 there were 100,000 first language speakers and 450,000 second language speakers able to speak or understand Asturian.[10] However, the outlook for Asturian remains critical, with a large decline in the number of speakers in the last 100 years. At the end of the 20th century, the Academia de la Llingua Asturiana underwent initiatives designed to provide the language with most of the tools needed to survive in the modern era: a grammar, a dictionary and periodicals. A new generation of Asturian writers has championed the language. These developments have given Asturian greater hope of survival.

Leonese

Main article: Leonese language

Leonese was probably spoken in a much larger area in the Middle Ages, roughly corresponding to the old Kingdom of León. As the Spanish language became the main language in Spain, the linguistic features of the Leonese language retreated progressively westwards.

In the late 1990s several associations unofficially promoted Leonese language courses. In 2001 the Universidad de León (University of León) created a course for Leonese teachers, and local and provincial governments developed Leonese language courses for adults. Nowadays Leonese can be studied in the largest towns of León, Zamora and Salamanca provinces.

Leonese's desperate reality as a minority language has driven it to an apparent dead end, and it is considered a Seriously Endangered Language by UNESCO. There are some efforts at language revival aimed at the urban population (the Leonese Council has made campaign to encourage young people to learn Leonese). Some experts think Leonese will be dead in two generations.

In spite of all these difficulties, the number of young people learning and using Leonese (mainly as a written language) has increased substantially in recent years. The Leonese City Council promotes Leonese language courses for adults. Leonese is taught in sixteen schools in Leon.

Leonese language has special status in the Statute of Autonomy of Castile and León.[11]

Mirandese

Main article: Mirandese language

In the 19th century, José Leite de Vasconcelos described Mirandese as "the language of the farms, work, home, and love between the Mirandese," noting that it was a completely separate language from Portuguese. Since 1986/1987 the language has been taught to students between the age of 10 and 11, and Mirandese is now recovering. Today Mirandese has fewer than 5,000 speakers (but the figure go up to 15,000 if one includes second language speakers).

Portugal has taken a further step in protecting Mirandese when the Portuguese Republic officially recognised the language in 1999. It is administrated by the Anstituto de la Lhéngua Mirandesa.

References

  1. ^ "El dialecto leonés y el Atlas lingüístico de Castilla y León". Retrieved 2013-05-04. Template:Es icon
  2. ^ Maia, Clarinda de Azevedo (1996-10-01). "Mirandés". In Alvar, Manuel (ed.). Manual de dialectología hispánica. El Español de España (in Spanish). Barcelona: Editorial Ariel, S.A. En la provincia de Tras-os-Montes . . . aparte del habla trasmontana (con sus diferentes variantes) existen algunos dialectos estructuralmente próximos a los dialectos leoneses . . . La zona oriental de esta provincia portuguesa, que linda con tierras leonesas de Zamora, aparte de algunas modalidades regionales marcadamente individualizadas presenta algunos dialectos caracterizados, en diferente grado, por soluciones de tipo leonés. Estos dialectos parecen constituir dos núcleos distintos, no solo de acuerdo con su posición geográfica, sino, sobre todo, en virtud de los diferentes grados de predominio del leonesismo que presentan: por un lado, el grupo formado por los dialectos del rincón nordeste de la provincia, especialmente el de Rio de Onor y Guadramil, a los que se asocian, ya muy diluidos, los dialectos de otras dos poblaciones de la raya: Petisqueira y Deilão; por otro, en la zona oriental, hablado en la Terra de Miranda, el mirandés, el mas marcadamente leonés de todos los dialectos de factura leonesa hablados en territorio portugués, en el que conviene enmarcar como dialecto suyo, el sendinés, hablado en la población de Sendim . . . {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Template:Es icon Menéndez Pidal, R (1906): "El dialecto Leonés", Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos, 2-3:130-131
  4. ^ Menéndez Pidal 1906:128-141
  5. ^ UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger.[dead link]
  6. ^ Ethnologue report for Spain.
  7. ^ Euromosaic report, Lexikon der romanitischen Linguistik 6.I:652-708
  8. ^ Bauske 1995
  9. ^ [1][dead link]
  10. ^ Llera Ramo 1994
  11. ^ "Art. 5/2. Statute of Autonomy of Castile and León". February 10, 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
  • Template:Link language Template:Es icon Bauske, Bernd (1995) Sprachplannung des Asturianischen. Die Normierung und Normalisierung einer romanischen Kleinsprache in Spannungsfeld von Linguistik, Literatur und Politic. Berlin, Köster (There's also a Spanish translation: (1998) Planificación lingüística del asturiano. Xixón, Vtp ISBN 84-89880-20-4)
  • Template:Link language Template:Es icon Lexikon der Romanitischen Linguistik, Bd. 6.I: Aragonesisch/Navarresisch, Spanisch, Asturianisch/Leonesisch. Tübingen, Max Niemeyer, ISBN 3-484-50250-9.
  • Template:Es icon Llera Ramo, F. (1994) Los Asturianos y la lengua Asturiana: Estudio Sociolingüístico para Asturias - 1991. Oviedo: Consejería de

Educación y Cultura del Principado de Asturias ISBN 84-7847-297-5.

  • Template:Es icon Menéndez Pidal, R (1906): "El dialecto Leonés", Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos 2-3:128-172, 4-5:294-311 (There's a modern reprint: (2006) El dialecto Leonés. León, El Buho Viajero ISBN 84-933781-6-X)
  • Wurm, Stephen A. (ed) (2001) Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger of Disappearing. UNESCO ISBN 92-3-103798-6.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asturleonese_language&oldid=605648360"