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[[File:Ann Graybiel 2001.jpg|thumb|Graybiel receives the Medal of Science from President Bush in 2001]]
[[File:Ann Graybiel 2001.jpg|thumb|Graybiel receives the Medal of Science from President Bush in 2001]]
'''Ann Martin Graybiel''' (born 1942) is an [[Institute Professor]] and a faculty member in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. She is also an investigator at the [[McGovern Institute for Brain Research]]. She is an expert on the [[basal ganglia]] and the neurophysiology of habit formation, and her work is relevant to [[Parkinson’s disease]], [[Huntington’s disease]], [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]], substance abuse and other disorders that affect the basal ganglia.
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'''Ann Martin Graybiel''' (born 1942) is a neuroscientist at the [[McGovern Institute for Brain Research]] at [[MIT]]. She is an [[Institute Professor]]<ref>[http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2008/institute-prof-1103.html Ann Graybiel named Institute Professor – MIT News Office]. Web.mit.edu (2008-11-03). Retrieved on 2012-06-25.</ref> and a faculty member in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences. She is an expert on the basal ganglia, and her work is relevant to Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]], substance abuse and other disorders that affect the basal ganglia. She is a member of the [[US National Academy of Sciences]], and in 2001 she was awarded the President’s [[National Medal of Science]] "For her pioneering contributions to the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the brain, including the structure, chemistry, and function of the pathways subserving thought and movement."<ref>[http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=147 US NSF – The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details]. Nsf.gov. Retrieved on 2012-06-25.</ref> In 2012 she was awarded the Kavli Prize in Neuroscience, along with [[Cornelia Bargmann]] and [[Winfried Denk]], "for elucidating basic neuronal mechanisms underlying perception and decision." <ref>[http://www.kavliprize.no/ The Kavli Prize]. Kavliprize.no. Retrieved on 2012-06-25.</ref>


== Research ==
⚫
Read a [http://alum.mit.edu/news/AlumniProfiles/Archive/Ann_Graybiel_PhD_-2771 short profile of Graybiel] first published in MIT ''Technology Review.''
For much of her career, Graybiel has focused on the physiology of the [[striatum]], a basal ganglia structure implicated in the control of movement, cognition, habit formation, and decision-making. In the late 1970s, Graybiel discovered that while striatal neurons appeared to be an amorphous mass, they were in fact organized into chemical compartments, which she termed [[striosomes]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www.pnas.org/content/75/11/5723.short|title = Histochemically distinct compartments in the striatum of human, monkey, and cat demonstrated by acetylthiocholinesterase staining|last = Graybiel|first = AM|date = November 1978|journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A|accessdate = 23 October 2014|doi = 10.1073/pnas.75.11.5723|pmid = PMID 103101|last2 = Ragsdale, Jr.|first2 = CW|issue = 11|pages = 5723-26|publication-date = 1978|volume = 75}}</ref> Later research revealed links between striosomal abnormalities and neurological disorders, such as mood dysfunction in Huntingdon’s disease<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/130/1/206.long|title = Striosomes and mood dysfunction in Huntington's disease|last = Tippet|first = LJ|date = Jan 2007|journal = Brain|accessdate = 23 October 2014|doi = 10.1093/brain/awl243|pmid = PMID 17040921|last2 = Waldvogel|first2 = HJ|last3 = Thomas|first3 = SJ|last4 = Hogg|first4 = VM|last5 = van Roon-Mom|first5 = W|last6 = Synek|first6 = BJ|last7 = Graybiel|first7 = AM|last8 = Faull|first8 = RL|volume = 130|issue = 1|pages = 206-21}}</ref> and depletion of dopamine in Parkinson’s disease.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v307/n5946/abs/307062a0.html|title = Weaver mutation has differential effects on the dopamine-containing innervation of the limbic and nonlimbic striatum|last = Roffler-Tarlov|first = S|date = 5 Jan 1984|journal = Nature|accessdate = 23 October 2014|doi = |pmid = |last2 = Graybiel|first2 = AM|volume = 307|pages = 62-66}}</ref>

Graybiel’s subsequent research demonstrated how modular organization of the striatum relates to cognition, learning, and habit formation. She found that neurons project from areas in the sensory and motor cortices governing the same body part and cluster together in the striatum, forming matrisomes.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://jn.physiology.org/content/66/4/1249|title = Corticostriatal transformations in the primate somatosensory system. Projections from physiologically mapped body-part representations.|last = Flaherty|first = AW|date = 1991|journal = J Neurophysiol|accessdate = 23 October 2014|doi = |pmid = |last2 = Graybiel|first2 = AM|volume = 66|pages = 1249-63}}</ref> Graybiel went on to show that matrisomes exist for each body part and were organized into loops connecting the neocortex, a region responsible for cognition, perception and motor control, to the brain stem, a region coordinating movement.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/2884650|title = The basal ganglia and adaptive motor control|last = Graybiel|first = AM|date = 1994|journal = Science|accessdate = |doi = |pmid = |last2 = Toshihiko|first2 = A|last3 = Flaherty|first3 = AW|last4 = Kimura|first4 = M|volume = 265|issue = 5180|pages = 1826-31}}</ref> Studies of rodents and primates revealed that matrisomes were crucial to habit formation.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cne.903400303/abstract|title = Pattern formation in the developing superior colliculus: Ontogeny of the periodic architechture in the intermediate layers|last = Illing|first = R.-B.|date = 1994|journal = Journal of Comparative Neurology|accessdate = 23 October 2014|doi = 10.1002/cne.903400303|pmid = |last2 = Graybiel|first2 = AM|volume = 340|issue = 3|pages = 311-27}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9753592|title = The Basal Gangila and Chunking of Action Repertoires|last = Graybiel|first = AM|date = 1998|journal = Neurobiology of Learning and Memory|accessdate = 23 October 2014|doi = |pmid = 9753592|volume = 340|issue = 3|pages = 119-36}}</ref>

In later work, Graybiel demonstrated, first in the striatum and later in the infralimbic cortex, that a task-bracket or “chunking” pattern of neuronal activity emerges when a habit is formed, wherein neurons activate when a habitual task is initiated, show little activity during the task, and reactivate when the task is completed.<ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(13)00490-X|title = A dual operator view of habitual behavior reflecting cortical and striatal dynamics|last = Smith|first = KS|date = July 2013|journal = Neuron|accessdate = 23 October 2014|doi = 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.038|pmid = |last2 = Graybiel|first2 = AM|volume = 79|issue = 2|pages = 361-74}}</ref>

In more recent work, Graybiel has focused on identifying specific pathways underlying aspects of behavior such as habit formation, learning and cognition, and decision-making, including being the first to analyze the effect of dopamine depletion on the activity of neurons affected by Parkinson's disease during behavioral tasks.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www.jneurosci.org/content/33/11/4782.short|title = Selective effects of dopamine depletion and L-DOPA therapy on learning-related firing dynamics of striatal neurons|last = Hernandez|first = LF|date = 2013|journal = Journal of Neuroscience|accessdate = 23 October 2014|doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3746-12.2013|pmid = |last2 = Kubota|first2 = Y|last3 = Hu|first3 = D|last4 = Howe|first4 = MW|last5 = Lemaire|first5 = N|last6 = Graybiel|first6 = AM|volume = 33|issue = 11|pages = 4782-95}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://newsoffice.mit.edu/2013/parkinsons-disease-pathway-0312|title = MIT News|last = Trafton|first = Anne|date = 12 March 2013|work = Breaking down the Parkinson’s pathway|accessdate = 23 October 2014}}</ref>

== Career ==
Graybiel majored in biology and chemistry at [[Harvard University]], receiving her bachelor’s degree in 1964.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url = http://www.kavlifoundation.org/2012-neuroscience-laureate-biographies|title = Neuroscience Laureate Biographies|accessdate = 23 October 2014|website = The Kavli Foundation|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> After receiving an MA in biology from [[Tufts University]] in 1966, she began doctoral study in psychology and brain science at MIT under the direction of [[Hans-Lukas Teuber]] and [[Walle Nauta]].<ref name=":1" /> She received her PhD in 1971 and joined the MIT faculty in 1973.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url = http://mcgovern.mit.edu/principal-investigators/ann-graybiel|title = Ann Graybiel|accessdate = 23 October 2014|website = McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>

<nowiki> </nowiki>In 1994, she was named the Walter A. Rosenblith Professor Neuroscience in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Science and was named an Investigator at the MIT McGovern Institute for Brain research in 2001.<ref name=":2" /> She was named Institute Professor in 2008.<ref>[http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2008/institute-prof-1103.html Ann Graybiel named Institute Professor – MIT News Office]. Web.mit.edu (2008-11-03). Retrieved on 2012-06-25.</ref>

== Awards and Recognition ==
⚫
In 2001, Graybiel was awarded the President’s [[National Medal of Science]] for "her pioneering contributions to the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the brain, including the structure, chemistry, and function of the pathways subserving thought and movement."<ref>[http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=147 US NSF – The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details]. Nsf.gov. Retrieved on 2012-06-25.</ref> In 2012, she was awarded the Kavli Prize in Neuroscience, along with [[Cornelia Bargmann]] and [[Winfried Denk]], "for elucidating basic neuronal mechanisms underlying perception and decision." <ref>[http://www.kavliprize.no/ The Kavli Prize]. Kavliprize.no. Retrieved on 2012-06-25.</ref>

She is a member of the [[US National Academy of Sciences]], the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], and the [[Institute of Medicine]].<ref name=":2" />


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
* [http://web.mit.edu/bcs/graybiel-lab/people/ann_graybiel.html Graybiel Lab]
* [http://web.mit.edu/mcgovern McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT]
* [http://web.mit.edu/mcgovern McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT]
⚫
* P[http://alum.mit.edu/news/AlumniProfiles/Archive/Ann_Graybiel_PhD_-2771 rofile of Graybiel] in the ''MIT Technology Review.''


{{Winners of the National Medal of Science}}
{{Winners of the National Medal of Science}}

Revision as of 21:17, 23 October 2014

Graybiel receives the Medal of Science from President Bush in 2001

Ann Martin Graybiel (born 1942) is an Institute Professor and a faculty member in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She is also an investigator at the McGovern Institute for Brain Research. She is an expert on the basal ganglia and the neurophysiology of habit formation, and her work is relevant to Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, obsessive–compulsive disorder, substance abuse and other disorders that affect the basal ganglia.

Research

For much of her career, Graybiel has focused on the physiology of the striatum, a basal ganglia structure implicated in the control of movement, cognition, habit formation, and decision-making. In the late 1970s, Graybiel discovered that while striatal neurons appeared to be an amorphous mass, they were in fact organized into chemical compartments, which she termed striosomes.[1] Later research revealed links between striosomal abnormalities and neurological disorders, such as mood dysfunction in Huntingdon’s disease[2] and depletion of dopamine in Parkinson’s disease.[3]

Graybiel’s subsequent research demonstrated how modular organization of the striatum relates to cognition, learning, and habit formation. She found that neurons project from areas in the sensory and motor cortices governing the same body part and cluster together in the striatum, forming matrisomes.[4] Graybiel went on to show that matrisomes exist for each body part and were organized into loops connecting the neocortex, a region responsible for cognition, perception and motor control, to the brain stem, a region coordinating movement.[5] Studies of rodents and primates revealed that matrisomes were crucial to habit formation.[6][7]

In later work, Graybiel demonstrated, first in the striatum and later in the infralimbic cortex, that a task-bracket or “chunking” pattern of neuronal activity emerges when a habit is formed, wherein neurons activate when a habitual task is initiated, show little activity during the task, and reactivate when the task is completed.[7] [8]

In more recent work, Graybiel has focused on identifying specific pathways underlying aspects of behavior such as habit formation, learning and cognition, and decision-making, including being the first to analyze the effect of dopamine depletion on the activity of neurons affected by Parkinson's disease during behavioral tasks.[9][10]

Career

Graybiel majored in biology and chemistry at Harvard University, receiving her bachelor’s degree in 1964.[11] After receiving an MA in biology from Tufts University in 1966, she began doctoral study in psychology and brain science at MIT under the direction of Hans-Lukas Teuber and Walle Nauta.[11] She received her PhD in 1971 and joined the MIT faculty in 1973.[12]

In 1994, she was named the Walter A. Rosenblith Professor Neuroscience in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Science and was named an Investigator at the MIT McGovern Institute for Brain research in 2001.[12] She was named Institute Professor in 2008.[13]

Awards and Recognition

In 2001, Graybiel was awarded the President’s National Medal of Science for "her pioneering contributions to the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the brain, including the structure, chemistry, and function of the pathways subserving thought and movement."[14] In 2012, she was awarded the Kavli Prize in Neuroscience, along with Cornelia Bargmann and Winfried Denk, "for elucidating basic neuronal mechanisms underlying perception and decision." [15]

She is a member of the US National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Institute of Medicine.[12]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ann Graybiel.
  1. ^ Graybiel, AM; Ragsdale, Jr., CW (November 1978). "Histochemically distinct compartments in the striatum of human, monkey, and cat demonstrated by acetylthiocholinesterase staining". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 75 (11) (published 1978): 5723–26. doi:10.1073/pnas.75.11.5723. PMID 103101 PMID 103101. Retrieved 23 October 2014. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmid= value (help)
  2. ^ Tippet, LJ; Waldvogel, HJ; Thomas, SJ; Hogg, VM; van Roon-Mom, W; Synek, BJ; Graybiel, AM; Faull, RL (Jan 2007). "Striosomes and mood dysfunction in Huntington's disease". Brain. 130 (1): 206–21. doi:10.1093/brain/awl243. PMID 17040921 PMID 17040921. Retrieved 23 October 2014. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmid= value (help)
  3. ^ Roffler-Tarlov, S; Graybiel, AM (5 Jan 1984). "Weaver mutation has differential effects on the dopamine-containing innervation of the limbic and nonlimbic striatum". Nature. 307: 62–66. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  4. ^ Flaherty, AW; Graybiel, AM (1991). "Corticostriatal transformations in the primate somatosensory system. Projections from physiologically mapped body-part representations". J Neurophysiol. 66: 1249–63. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  5. ^ Graybiel, AM; Toshihiko, A; Flaherty, AW; Kimura, M (1994). "The basal ganglia and adaptive motor control". Science. 265 (5180): 1826–31.
  6. ^ Illing, R.-B.; Graybiel, AM (1994). "Pattern formation in the developing superior colliculus: Ontogeny of the periodic architechture in the intermediate layers". Journal of Comparative Neurology. 340 (3): 311–27. doi:10.1002/cne.903400303. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  7. ^ a b Graybiel, AM (1998). "The Basal Gangila and Chunking of Action Repertoires". Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 340 (3): 119–36. PMID 9753592. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  8. ^ Smith, KS; Graybiel, AM (July 2013). "A dual operator view of habitual behavior reflecting cortical and striatal dynamics". Neuron. 79 (2): 361–74. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.038. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  9. ^ Hernandez, LF; Kubota, Y; Hu, D; Howe, MW; Lemaire, N; Graybiel, AM (2013). "Selective effects of dopamine depletion and L-DOPA therapy on learning-related firing dynamics of striatal neurons". Journal of Neuroscience. 33 (11): 4782–95. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3746-12.2013. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  10. ^ Trafton, Anne (12 March 2013). "MIT News". Breaking down the Parkinson’s pathway. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  11. ^ a b "Neuroscience Laureate Biographies". The Kavli Foundation. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  12. ^ a b c "Ann Graybiel". McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  13. ^ Ann Graybiel named Institute Professor – MIT News Office. Web.mit.edu (2008-11-03). Retrieved on 2012-06-25.
  14. ^ US NSF – The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details. Nsf.gov. Retrieved on 2012-06-25.
  15. ^ The Kavli Prize. Kavliprize.no. Retrieved on 2012-06-25.

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