List of first ladies of the United States: Difference between revisions
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|<big>'''[[Barbara Bush|Barbara Pierce]]'''</big><br>{{small|Born {{birth date and age|1925|6|8}}}}<br><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/about/first-ladies/barbarabush/ |title=Biography of Barbara Bush |accessdate=March 11, 2010 |publisher=[[The White House]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |
|<big>'''[[Barbara Bush|Barbara Pierce]]'''</big><br>{{small|Born {{birth date and age|1925|6|8}}}}<br><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/about/first-ladies/barbarabush/ |title=Biography of Barbara Bush |accessdate=March 11, 2010 |publisher=[[The White House]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=42 |title=First Lady Biography: Barbara Bush |accessdate=March 11, 2010 |publisher=[[National First Ladies' Library]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303162751/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=42 |archivedate=March 3, 2009 |df= }}</ref> |
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|January 20, 1989<br>–<br>January 20, 1993 |
|January 20, 1989<br>–<br>January 20, 1993 |
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|{{age in years and days|1925|6|8|1989|1|20}} |
|{{age in years and days|1925|6|8|1989|1|20}} |
Revision as of 06:19, 10 May 2017
First Lady of the United States | |
---|---|
since January 20, 2017 | |
Style | Mrs. Trump |
Residence | Trump Tower[1] |
Inaugural holder | Martha Washington |
Formation | April 30, 1789 |
Website | First Ladies |
The First Lady of the United States is the hostess of the White House. The position is traditionally filled by the wife of the President of the United States, but, on occasion, the title has been applied to women who were not presidents’ wives, such as when the president was a bachelor or widower, or when the wife of the president was unable to fulfill the duties of the First Lady herself. The First Lady is not an elected position; it carries no official duties and receives no salary. Nonetheless, she attends many official ceremonies and functions of state either along with or in place of the president. Traditionally, the First Lady does not hold outside employment while occupying the office.[2] She has her own staff, including the White House Social Secretary, the Chief of Staff, the Press Secretary, the Chief Floral Designer, and the Executive Chef. The Office of the First Lady is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House, and is a branch of the Executive Office of the President.
According to the White House and the National First Ladies' Library, there have been 47 First Ladyships. This discrepancy exists because Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the 22nd and the 24th president; his spouse Frances Cleveland is also counted twice. Following Donald Trump's inauguration on January 20, 2017, his spouse, Melania Trump, became the 47th official First Lady, succeeding Michelle Obama, wife of former President Barack Obama.
There are five living former First Ladies: Rosalynn Carter, married to Jimmy Carter; Barbara Bush, married to George H. W. Bush; Hillary Clinton, married to Bill Clinton; Laura Bush, married to George W. Bush, and Michelle Obama, married to Barack Obama. The first First Lady was Martha Washington, married to George Washington. Presidents John Tyler and Woodrow Wilson had two official First Ladies; both remarried during their presidential tenures. The wives of four Presidents died before their husbands were sworn into office but are still considered First Ladies by the White House and National First Ladies' Library: Martha Wayles Skelton, married to Thomas Jefferson;[3][4] Rachel Jackson, married to Andrew Jackson;[5][6] Hannah Van Buren, married to Martin Van Buren;[7][8] and Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, married to Chester A. Arthur.[9][10] One woman who was not married to a President is still considered an official First Lady: Harriet Lane, niece of bachelor James Buchanan. The other non-spousal relatives who served as White House hostesses are not recognized by the First Ladies' Library.
In 2007, the United States Mint began releasing a set of half-ounce $10 gold coins under the First Spouse Program with engravings of portraits of the First Ladies on the obverse.[11] When a President served without a spouse, a gold coin is issued that bears an obverse image emblematic of Liberty as depicted on a circulating coin of that era and a reverse image emblematic of themes of that President's life. This is true for the coins for Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, and James Buchanan's First Ladies, but not the coin for Chester A. Arthur's First Lady, which will instead depict suffragette Alice Paul.[12]
List of First Ladies
This list included all persons who served as First Ladies, regardless of whether they were married to the incumbent President or not, as well as persons who are considered to have acted as first lady by the official White House website and the White House Historical Association.
POTUS No. |
Portrait | First Lady (Maiden name) |
Tenure | Age at tenure start | President (Husband, unless noted) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() |
Martha Dandridge June 13, 1731 – May 22, 1802 (aged 70) [13][14] |
April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797 |
57 years, 321 days | Washington m. January 6, 1759 |
2 | ![]() |
Abigail Smith November 22, 1744 – October 28, 1818 (aged 73)[15][16] |
March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801 |
52 years, 102 days | J. Adams m. October 25, 1764 |
3 | ![]() |
Martha Wayles October 30, 1748 – September 6, 1782 (aged 33) [3][4] |
Died nearly nineteen years prior to his presidency | Jefferson m. January 1, 1772 | |
![]() |
Martha Jefferson September 27, 1772 – October 10, 1836 (aged 64) [3][4] |
March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809 |
28 years, 158 days | Jefferson Daughter [17] | |
4 | ![]() |
Dolley Payne May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849 (aged 81) [18][19] |
March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817 |
40 years, 288 days | Madison m. September 14, 1794 |
5 | ![]() |
Elizabeth Kortright June 30, 1768 – September 23, 1830 (aged 62) [20][21] |
March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825 |
48 years, 247 days | Monroe m. February 16, 1786 |
6 | ![]() |
Louisa Catherine Johnson Birth country: ![]() February 12, 1775 – May 15, 1852 (aged 77) [22][23] |
March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829 |
50 years, 20 days | J. Q. Adams m. July 26, 1797 |
7 | ![]() |
Rachel Donelson June 15, 1767 – December 22, 1828 (aged 61) [5][6] |
Died after election, prior to husband's inauguration; the duties fell to her niece, Emily Donelson[6] |
Jackson m. January 7, 1794 | |
8 | ![]() |
Hannah Hoes March 8, 1783 – February 5, 1819 (aged 35) [7][24] |
Died eighteen years prior to his presidency | Van Buren m. February 21, 1807 | |
![]() |
Sarah Angelica Singleton February 13, 1818 – December 29, 1877 (aged 59) [7][8] |
January 1, 1839 – March 4, 1841 |
20 years, 322 days | Van Buren Daughter-in-law | |
9 | ![]() |
Anna Tuthill Symmes July 25, 1775 – February 25, 1864 (aged 88) [25][26] |
March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841 |
65 years, 222 days | W. H. Harrison m. November 22, 1795 |
10 | ![]() |
Letitia Christian November 12, 1790 – September 10, 1842 (aged 51) [27][28] |
April 4, 1841 – September 10, 1842 † |
50 years, 143 days | Tyler m. March 29, 1813 |
![]() |
Julia Gardiner May 4, 1820 – July 10, 1889 (aged 69) [29][30] |
June 26, 1844 – March 4, 1845 |
24 years, 53 days | Tyler m. June 26, 1844 | |
11 | ![]() |
Sarah Childress September 4, 1803 – August 14, 1891 (aged 87) [31][32] |
March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849 |
41 years, 181 days | Polk m. January 1, 1824 |
12 | ![]() |
Margaret Mackall Smith September 21, 1788 – August 14, 1852 (aged 63) [33][34] |
March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850 |
60 years, 164 days | Taylor m. June 21, 1810 |
13 | ![]() |
Abigail Powers March 13, 1798 – March 30, 1853 (aged 55) [35][36] |
July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853 |
52 years, 118 days | Fillmore m. February 5, 1826 |
14 | ![]() |
Jane Means Appleton March 12, 1806 – December 2, 1863 (aged 57) [37][38] |
March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857 |
46 years, 357 days | Pierce m. November 19, 1834 |
15 | ![]() |
Harriet Rebecca Lane May 9, 1830 – July 3, 1903 (aged 73) [39][40] |
March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861 |
26 years, 299 days | Buchanan Niece |
16 | ![]() |
Mary Ann Todd December 13, 1818 – July 16, 1882 (aged 63) [41][42] |
March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865 |
42 years, 81 days | Lincoln m. November 4, 1842 |
17 | ![]() |
Eliza McCardle October 4, 1810 – January 15, 1876 (aged 65)[43][44] |
April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869 |
54 years, 193 days | A. Johnson m. May 17, 1827 |
18 | ![]() |
Julia Boggs Dent January 26, 1826 – December 14, 1902 (aged 76) [45][46] |
March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877 |
43 years, 37 days | Grant m. August 22, 1848 |
19 | ![]() |
Lucy Ware Webb August 28, 1831 – June 25, 1889 (aged 57) [47][48] |
March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881 |
45 years, 188 days | Hayes m. December 30, 1852 |
20 | ![]() |
Lucretia Rudolph April 19, 1832 – March 14, 1918 (aged 85) [49][50] |
March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881 |
48 years, 319 days | Garfield m. November 11, 1858 |
21 | ![]() |
Ellen Lewis Herndon August 30, 1837 – January 12, 1880 (aged 42) [9][10] |
Died nineteen months prior to his presidency | Arthur m. October 25, 1859 | |
22 | ![]() |
Frances Clara Folsom July 21, 1864 – October 29, 1947 (aged 83) [51][52] |
June 2, 1886 – March 4, 1889 |
21 years, 316 days | Cleveland m. June 2, 1886 Married in the White House |
23 | ![]() |
Caroline Lavinia Scott October 1, 1832 – October 25, 1892 (aged 60) [53][54] |
March 4, 1889 – October 25, 1892 † |
56 years, 154 days | B. Harrison m. October 20, 1853 |
24 | ![]() |
Frances Clara Folsom July 21, 1864 – October 29, 1947 (aged 83) [51][52] |
March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897 |
28 years, 226 days | Cleveland m. June 2, 1886 |
25 | ![]() |
Ida Saxton June 8, 1847 – May 26, 1907 (aged 59) [55][56] |
March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901 |
49 years, 269 days | McKinley m. January 25, 1871 |
26 | ![]() |
Edith Kermit Carow August 6, 1861 – September 30, 1948 (aged 87) [57][58] |
September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909 |
40 years, 39 days | T. Roosevelt m. December 2, 1886 |
27 | ![]() |
Helen Louise Herron June 2, 1861 – May 22, 1943 (aged 81) [59][60] |
March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913 |
47 years, 275 days | Taft m. June 19, 1886 |
28 | ![]() |
Ellen Louise Axson May 15, 1860 – August 6, 1914 (aged 54) [61][62] |
March 4, 1913 – August 6, 1914 † |
52 years, 293 days | Wilson m. June 24, 1885 |
![]() |
Edith Bolling October 15, 1872 – December 28, 1961 (aged 89) [63][64] |
December 18, 1915 – March 4, 1921 |
43 years, 64 days | Wilson m. December 18, 1915 President Wilson remarried during first term | |
29 | ![]() |
Florence Mabel Kling August 15, 1860 – November 21, 1924 (aged 64) [65][66] |
March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923 |
60 years, 201 days | Harding m. July 8, 1891 |
30 | ![]() |
Grace Anna Goodhue January 3, 1879 – July 8, 1957 (aged 78) [67][68] |
August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929 |
44 years, 211 days | Coolidge m. October 4, 1905 |
31 | ![]() |
Lou Henry March 29, 1874 – January 7, 1944 (aged 69) [69][70] |
March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933 |
54 years, 340 days | Hoover m. February 10, 1899 |
32 | ![]() |
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962 (aged 78) [71][72] |
March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945 |
48 years, 144 days | F. D. Roosevelt m. March 17, 1905 |
33 | ![]() |
Elizabeth Virginia "Bess" Wallace February 13, 1885 – October 18, 1982 (aged 97) [73][74] |
April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953 |
60 years, 58 days | Truman m. June 28, 1919 |
34 | ![]() |
Mamie Geneva Doud November 14, 1896 – November 1, 1979 (aged 82) [75][76] |
January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961 |
56 years, 67 days | Eisenhower m. July 1, 1916 |
35 | ![]() |
Jacqueline "Jackie" Lee Bouvier July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994 (aged 64) [77][78] |
January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963 |
31 years, 176 days | Kennedy m. September 12, 1953 |
36 | ![]() |
Claudia Alta "Lady Bird" Taylor December 22, 1912 – July 11, 2007 (aged 94) [79][80] |
November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969 |
50 years, 335 days | L. B. Johnson m. November 17, 1934 |
37 | ![]() |
Thelma "Pat" Catherine Ryan March 16, 1912 – June 22, 1993 (aged 81) [81][82] |
January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974 |
56 years, 310 days | Nixon m. June 21, 1940 |
38 | ![]() |
Elizabeth "Betty" Ann Bloomer April 8, 1918 – July 8, 2011 (aged 93) [83][84] |
August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977 |
56 years, 123 days | Ford m. October 15, 1948 |
39 | ![]() |
Eleanor Rosalynn Smith Born August 18, 1927 [85][86] |
January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981 |
49 years, 155 days | Carter m. July 7, 1946 |
40 | ![]() |
Nancy Davis July 6, 1921 – March 6, 2016 (aged 94) [87][88] |
January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989 |
59 years, 203 days | Reagan m. March 4, 1952 |
41 | ![]() |
Barbara Pierce Born June 8, 1925 [89][90] |
January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 |
63 years, 226 days | G. H. W. Bush m. January 6, 1945 |
42 | ![]() |
Hillary Diane Rodham Born October 26, 1947 [91][92] |
January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001 |
45 years, 86 days | Clinton m. October 11, 1975 |
43 | ![]() |
Laura Lane Welch Born November 4, 1946 [93][94] |
January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009 |
54 years, 77 days | G. W. Bush m. November 5, 1977 |
44 | ![]() |
Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Born January 17, 1964 [95][96] |
January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017 |
45 years, 3 days | Obama m. October 3, 1992 |
45 | ![]() |
Melanija Knavs Birth country: ![]() Born April 26, 1970 [97] |
January 20, 2017 – present |
46 years, 269 days | Trump m. January 22, 2005 |
See also
- Second Lady of the United States
- First Family of the United States
- List of children of the Presidents of the United States
- List of current United States first spouses
- List of Presidents of the United States
- List of United States First Lady firsts
- Spouse of the Prime Minister of Canada
- First Lady of Mexico
References
- ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2016/11/20/melania-trump-and-son-barron-will-reportedly-stay-in-new-york-after-the-presidential-inauguration/?utm_term=.d97606dcdbfc
- ^ Caroli, Betty Boyd (2003). First Ladies from Martha Washington to Laura Bush. Oxford University Press. p. 200.
- ^ a b c "Biography of Martha Jefferson". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b c "First Lady Biography: Martha Jefferson". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "Biography of Rachel Jackson". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b c "First Lady Biography: Rachel Jackson". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b c "Biography of Hannah Van Buren". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Hannah Van Buren". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "Biography of Ellen Arthur". The White House. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
- ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Ellen Arthur". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
- ^ "The First Spouse Gold Coins". United States Mint. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
- ^ 31 U.S.C. § 5112(o)(3)(D)(i)(II) Denominations, specifications, and design of coins. The First Spouse Gold Coins. Cornell University. Retrieved on January 10, 2009.
- ^ "Biography of Martha Washington". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Martha Washington". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Abigail Adams". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Abigail Adams". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ Jefferson's spouse, Martha Jefferson, died before he became President. Their daughter, Martha, is considered de facto First Lady by the White House Historical Association.
- ^ "Biography of Dolley Madison". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Dolley Madison". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Elizabeth Monroe". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Elizabeth Monroe". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Louisa Adams". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Louisa Adams". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Hannah Van Buren". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Anna Harrison". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Anna Harrison". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Letitia Tyler". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Letitia Tyler". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Julia Tyler". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Julia Tyler". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Sarah Polk". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Sarah Polk". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Margaret Taylor". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Margaret Taylor". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Abigail Fillmore". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Abigail Fillmore". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Jane Pierce". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Jane Pierce". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Harriet Lane". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Harriet Lane". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Mary Lincoln". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Mary Lincoln". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Eliza McCardle Johnson". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Eliza Johnson". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Julia Grant". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Julia Grant". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Lucy Hayes". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Lucy Hayes". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Lucretia Garfield". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Lucretia Garfield". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "Biography of Frances Cleveland". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Frances Cleveland". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Caroline Harrison". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Caroline Harrison". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Ida McKinley". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Ida McKinley". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Edith Roosevelt". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Edith Roosevelt". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Helen Taft". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Helen Taft". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Ellen Wilson". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Ellen Wilson". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Edith Wilson". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Edith Wilson". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Florence Harding". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Florence Harding". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Grace Coolidge". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Grace Coolidge". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Lou Hoover". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Lou Hoover". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Eleanor Roosevelt". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Eleanor Roosevelt". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Bess Truman". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Bess Truman". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Mamie Eisenhower". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Mamie Eisenhower". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Jacqueline Kennedy". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Jackie Kennedy". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Lady Bird Johnson". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Lady Bird Johnson". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Pat Nixon". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Pat Nixon". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Betty Ford". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Betty Ford". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Rosalynn Carter". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Rosalynn Carter". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Nancy Reagan". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Nancy Reagan". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Barbara Bush". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Barbara Bush". National First Ladies' Library. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Biography of Hillary Clinton". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Hillary Clinton". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Laura Bush". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Laura Bush". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Michelle Obama". The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Michelle Obama". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Who Is Melania Trump?". New York, N.Y.: The New Yorker. Retrieved May 9, 2016.