Foreign relations of Panama
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Panama's foreign relations are conventional in outlook, with Panama being especially aligned with United States since the 1989 US invasion to topple the regime of General Manuel Noriega. The United States cooperates with the Panamanian government in promoting economic, political, security, and social development through U.S. and international agencies.
Diplomatic relations list
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Diplomatic_relations_of_Panama.svg/440px-Diplomatic_relations_of_Panama.svg.png)
Panama has established diplomatic relations with following countries:[1][2]
# | Country | Date |
---|---|---|
1 | ![]() |
13 November 1903 |
2 | ![]() |
18 November 1903 |
3 | ![]() |
21 November 1903 |
4 | ![]() |
29 December 1903 |
5 | ![]() |
15 January 1904 |
6 | ![]() |
3 February 1904 |
7 | ![]() |
7 April 1904 |
8 | ![]() |
10 April 1904 |
9 | ![]() |
6 May 1904 |
10 | ![]() |
10 May 1904 |
11 | ![]() |
21 May 1904 |
12 | ![]() |
28 October 1904 |
13 | ![]() |
7 January 1904[3] |
14 | ![]() |
18 September 1907 |
15 | ![]() |
15 February 1908 |
16 | ![]() |
1 March 1908 |
17 | ![]() |
2 March 1908 |
18 | ![]() |
3 March 1908 |
19 | ![]() |
9 April 1908 |
20 | ![]() |
1908 |
21 | ![]() |
9 March 1909 |
22 | ![]() |
5 November 1920 |
23 | ![]() ![]() |
2 January 1922–12 June 2017 12 June 2017 |
24 | ![]() |
29 May 1923 |
– | ![]() |
21 September 1923 |
25 | ![]() |
9 July 1924 |
26 | ![]() |
25 January 1937 |
27 | ![]() |
17 March 1937 |
28 | ![]() |
3 July 1937 |
29 | ![]() |
30 July 1937 |
30 | ![]() |
31 July 1937 |
31 | ![]() |
13 December 1938 |
32 | ![]() |
28 August 1942 |
33 | ![]() |
31 October 1942 |
34 | ![]() |
11 October 1945 |
35 | ![]() |
30 April 1946 |
– | ![]() |
2 August 1948 |
36 | ![]() |
14 April 1950 |
37 | ![]() |
17 December 1951 |
38 | ![]() |
26 March 1953 |
39 | ![]() |
18 October 1955 |
40 | ![]() |
17 May 1956 |
41 | ![]() |
21 February 1958 |
42 | ![]() |
20 September 1960[4] |
43 | ![]() |
11 August 1961 |
44 | ![]() |
1 July 1962 |
45 | ![]() |
30 September 1962 |
46 | ![]() |
18 August 1966 |
47 | ![]() |
17 August 1967 |
48 | ![]() |
7 November 1967 |
49 | ![]() |
1 April 1971 |
50 | ![]() |
5 October 1971 |
51 | ![]() |
5 June 1972 |
52 | ![]() |
9 February 1973 |
53 | ![]() |
16 March 1973 |
54 | ![]() |
29 March 1973 |
55 | ![]() |
29 March 1973 |
56 | ![]() |
29 March 1973 |
57 | ![]() |
15 August 1973 |
58 | ![]() |
28 September 1973 |
59 | ![]() |
16 October 1973 |
60 | ![]() |
20 February 1974 |
61 | ![]() |
18 November 1974 |
62 | ![]() |
7 January 1975 |
63 | ![]() |
27 February 1975 |
64 | ![]() |
5 August 1975 |
65 | ![]() |
28 August 1975 |
66 | ![]() |
17 February 1976 |
67 | ![]() |
19 February 1976 |
68 | ![]() |
19 February 1976 |
69 | ![]() |
8 March 1976 |
70 | ![]() |
23 March 1976 |
71 | ![]() |
8 June 1976 |
72 | ![]() |
18 June 1976 |
73 | ![]() |
15 February 1977 |
74 | ![]() |
20 August 1978 |
75 | ![]() |
27 March 1979 |
76 | ![]() |
1 May 1979 |
– | ![]() |
1 June 1979 |
77 | ![]() |
13 May 1981 |
78 | ![]() |
1 December 1981 |
79 | ![]() |
15 July 1982 |
80 | ![]() |
6 August 1982 |
81 | ![]() |
20 August 1982 |
82 | ![]() |
3 March 1983 |
83 | ![]() |
15 February 1984 |
84 | ![]() |
12 November 1985 |
85 | ![]() |
27 August 1987 |
86 | ![]() |
13 September 1988 |
87 | ![]() |
16 February 1989 |
88 | ![]() |
19 February 1989 |
89 | ![]() |
24 February 1989 |
90 | ![]() |
1 May 1991 |
91 | ![]() |
19 November 1992 |
92 | ![]() |
19 November 1992 |
93 | ![]() |
15 February 1993 |
94 | ![]() |
15 February 1993 |
95 | ![]() |
15 February 1993 |
96 | ![]() |
9 March 1993 |
97 | ![]() |
22 March 1993 |
98 | ![]() |
21 May 1993 |
99 | ![]() |
21 May 1993 |
100 | ![]() |
24 July 1993 |
101 | ![]() |
7 February 1994 |
102 | ![]() |
25 February 1994 |
103 | ![]() |
22 March 1994 |
104 | ![]() |
24 May 1994 |
105 | ![]() |
10 January 1995 |
106 | ![]() |
13 January 1995 |
107 | ![]() |
6 April 1995 |
108 | ![]() |
10 May 1995 |
109 | ![]() |
10 July 1995 |
110 | ![]() |
28 July 1995 |
111 | ![]() |
15 February 1996 |
112 | ![]() |
5 March 1996 |
113 | ![]() |
28 March 1996 |
114 | ![]() |
12 July 1996 |
115 | ![]() |
16 July 1996 |
116 | ![]() |
27 September 1996 |
117 | ![]() |
7 August 1998 |
118 | ![]() |
22 October 1998 |
119 | ![]() |
18 November 1998 |
120 | ![]() |
4 June 1999 |
121 | ![]() |
12 February 2001 |
122 | ![]() |
14 February 2001 |
123 | ![]() |
8 February 2002 |
124 | ![]() |
18 April 2002 |
125 | ![]() |
April 2002[5] |
126 | ![]() |
3 May 2002 |
127 | ![]() |
22 January 2004 |
128 | ![]() |
31 March 2004 |
129 | ![]() |
20 September 2005 |
130 | ![]() |
17 July 2006 |
131 | ![]() |
15 June 2007 |
132 | ![]() |
29 May 2008 |
133 | ![]() |
29 June 2009[6] |
134 | ![]() |
29 July 2009 |
135 | ![]() |
15 December 2009 |
136 | ![]() |
15 December 2009 |
137 | ![]() |
22 November 2010 |
138 | ![]() |
14 August 2011 |
139 | ![]() |
3 January 2012 |
140 | ![]() |
17 January 2012 |
141 | ![]() |
13 March 2012 |
142 | ![]() |
18 April 2012 |
143 | ![]() |
11 September 2012 |
144 | ![]() |
9 November 2012 |
– | ![]() |
28 August 2013[7] |
145 | ![]() |
14 January 2015 |
146 | ![]() |
24 July 2015 |
147 | ![]() |
29 April 2016 |
148 | ![]() |
26 May 2018[8] |
149 | ![]() |
26 March 2019 |
150 | ![]() |
26 September 2019 |
151 | ![]() |
9 April 2021[9] |
152 | ![]() |
9 September 2021 |
153 | ![]() |
24 September 2021 |
154 | ![]() |
30 November 2021 |
155 | ![]() |
20 September 2022[10] |
156 | ![]() |
20 September 2022[11] |
157 | ![]() |
23 September 2022[12] |
Bilateral relations
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
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5 November 1920 |
|
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7 August 1998 | See Armenia–Panama relations |
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1 December 1981 |
|
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28 August 1942 |
|
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3 March 1908 |
|
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11 August 1961[1] | See Canada–Panama relations |
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2 January 1909[1] | See China–Panama relations
Panama established a diplomatic relationship with the Qing dynasty in 1909. After the Xinhai Revolution, Panama recognized the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC), and has retained diplomatic ties with the ROC. In 2009, after President Ricardo Martinelli took office, Panama wished to switch diplomatic relations from the ROC to the People's Republic of China (PRC), but this was rejected by the PRC government based on violation of PRC's viewpoint on the One-China policy. Martinelli reaffirmed its commitment to Taiwan in the diplomatic arena, clearing doubts he could establish official ties with PRC; he also thanked the Taiwanese for cooperation and expressed the hope that cooperation and investments would intensify. "Panama reaffirms its determination to strengthen diplomatic ties with the Republic of China (Taiwan), as well as strengthening trade ties with the People's Republic of China (PRC)," said Foreign Minister Juan Carlos Varela, at a meeting in the Council of Taiwan Affairs.[15] On June 12, 2017, President Juan Carlos Varela announced that Panama has established a diplomatic relationship with People's Republic of China, and Panama has severed diplomatic relationship with the Republic of China (Taiwan). |
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1 March 1908 |
|
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9 July 1924 |
|
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29 December 1903 | |
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7 April 1904 |
|
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17 March 1937 |
|
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1908 | |
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9 March 1909 |
|
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18 November 1903 | |
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17 May 1956 | See Greece–Panama relations |
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25 January 1937 |
|
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11 October 1945 |
|
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18 September 1907 |
|
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1 June 1962[1] | See India–Panama relations
Panama is the first country in Central America where India established a resident embassy in 1973. Bilateral commercial and trade relations are steadily growing between India and Panama, with Panama seen as the gateway for expansion into Latin America.[16] |
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27 August 2013[20] |
Panama officially recognised the independence of the Republic of Kosovo on 16 January 2009.[21] Kosovo and Panama established diplomatic relations on 27 August 2013, following the establishment of diplomatic relations Kosovo announced it would be opening an embassy in Panama and that this embassy would be Kosovo's 'gateway to Latin America'.[22] Kosovo has an embassy in Panama City.[23] Both countries enjoy excellent relationships. |
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29 May 1923[1] | See Mexico–Panama relations
|
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13 December 1938 |
|
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31 October 1942 |
|
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2 March 1908 |
|
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15 August 1973 |
|
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21 November 1903[1] | See Panama–Russia relations |
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1 June 1979[1] | See Panama–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations
Panama was the first Latin American country on recognizing the SADR in 1978, during the military rule of Omar Torrijos.[28] Panama also has the oldest Sahrawi embassy in Latin America. Relations were suspended from 20 November 2013 to 7 January 2016;[29]. |
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2006[1] |
|
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1953[1] | |
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1995[1] | |
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30 September 1962[1] | See Panama–South Korea relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on Sep 30, 1962. |
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10 May 1904[1] | See Panama–Spain relations |
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20 August 1982 | |
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24 May 1994 |
|
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April 14, 1950[40] | See Panama–Turkey relations |
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13 November 1903 3 April 1964[1] |
See Panama–United States relations
The United States cooperates with the Panamanian government in promoting economic, political, security, and social development through U.S. and international agencies. Cultural ties between the two countries are strong, and many Panamanians go to the United States for higher education and advanced training. In 2007, the U.S. and Panama partnered to launch a regional health worker training center. The center provides training to community healthcare workers in Panama and throughout Central America. About 25,000 American citizens reside in Panama, many retirees from the Panama Canal Commission and individuals who hold dual nationality. There is also a rapidly growing enclave of American retirees in the Chiriqui Province in western Panama.
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28 October 1904 | See Panama–Uruguay relations
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3 February 1904 |
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Multilateral relations
Panama is a member of the UN General Assembly (and most major UN agencies) and has served three terms in the UN Security Council. In November 2006, it was elected to serve a two-year term on the Security Council, beginning January 1, 2007. It maintains membership in several international financial institutions, including the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, and the International Monetary Fund.
Panama is a member of the Organization of American States and was a founding member of the Rio Group. Although it was suspended from the Latin American Economic System — known informally both as the Group of Eight and the Rio Group — in 1988 due to its internal political system under Manuel Noriega, Panama was readmitted in September, 1994 as an acknowledgment of its present democratic credentials.
Panama is also one of the founding members of the Union of Banana Exporting Countries and belongs to the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission. Panama is a member of the Central American Parliament (PARLACEN) as well as the Central American Integration System (SICA). Panama joined its six Central American neighbors at the 1994 Summit of the Americas in signing the Alliance for Sustainable Development known as the Conjunta Centroamerica-USA or CONCAUSA to promote sustainable economic development in the region.
Panama is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ" (PDF). p. 195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ "Diplomatic relations between Panama and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ See Embassy of Japan in Panama
- ^ "03. ANEXO" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ^ "Namibia muestra interés en fortalecer lazos con Panamá". mire.gob.pa (in Spanish). 1 February 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
- ^ "Decrees establishing diplomatic relations with Panama, Venezuela". Retrieved 9 August 2018.
- ^ Gëzim Visoka (2018). Acting Like a State: Kosovo and the Everyday Making of Statehood. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 219–221. ISBN 9781138285330.
- ^ "Panama establishes diplomatic relations with Tajikistan". 26 May 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
- ^ "ENCUENTRO ENTRE LOS EMBAJADORES DE PANAMÁ Y CABO VERDE, ACREDITADOS EN LISBOA" (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 May 2022.
- ^ "Together with Foreign Minister ErikaMouynes of Panama, I signed Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between TimorLeste & Panama in the margins on the 77th Session of the #NGA (20/09)". 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "The Federated States of Micronesia Establishes Diplomatic Relations with the Republic of Panama & the Kingdom of Bahrain". 22 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
- ^ "PANAMÁ Y MAURITANIA FIRMAN COMUNICADO CONJUNTO QUE FORMALIZA NUESTRAS RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS" (in Spanish). 23 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
- ^ "Embassy of Canada in Panama City (in English, French and Spanish)". 27 May 2021.
- ^ "Embassy of Panama in Ottawa (in English and Spanish)".
- ^ "WikiLeaks: China rejects Panama's wish for ties". Fox News. 27 March 2015.
- ^ "India-Panama Relations" (PDF). Ministry of External Affairs. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
- ^ "Indian Embassy in Panama".
- ^ "Indian mission in Panama".
- ^ "Panama Embassy in India".
- ^ "Panamá puerta de entrada de Kosovo a América Latina" (in Spanish). 27 August 2013. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
- ^ Panama recognised independent state of Kosovo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2009-01-16
- ^ Panamá puerta de entrada de Kosovo a América Latina Archived 2016-09-17 at the Wayback Machine, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República de Panamá, 2013-08-27 (in Spanish)
- ^ Panama, Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme-Ambasada e Republikës së Kosovës në. "Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme - Ambasada e Republikës së Kosovës në Panama". Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme - Ambasada e Republikës së Kosovës në Panama. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
- ^ "Embassy of Mexico in Panama City (in Spanish)".
- ^ Embassy of Panama in Mexico City (in Spanish) Archived November 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Embassy of Panama in Moscow (in Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2014-11-30.
- ^ "Embassy of Russia in Panama City (in Russian and Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2009-06-24. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
- ^ "Panamá y la república Saharaui". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
- ^ "Algeria: Sahrawi Embassy in Panama Reopens". AllAfrica. 2016-01-07. Retrieved 2015-01-13.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Panama". Archived from the original on 2020-07-04. Retrieved 2016-12-31.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-01-01. Retrieved 2016-12-31.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b c d "Panama (Republic of)".
- ^ "주한파나마대사관" [Embassy of Panama in Korea]. naver.com (in Korean).
- ^ "주 파나마 대한민국 대사관".
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Latin America and Caribbean". Archived from the original on 2015-07-05. Retrieved 2017-07-26.
- ^ "Korea-Panama Relations".
- ^ "Embassy of Panama in Madrid (in Spanish)".
- ^ "Embassy of Spain in Panama City (in Spanish)".
- ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Panama".
- ^ "Embassy of Panama in Washington, DC".
- ^ "Embassy of the United States in Panama City (in English and Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2009-06-14. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
Further reading
- Ealy, Lawrence O. The Republic of Panama in world affairs, 1903-1950 (U of Pennsylvania Press, 1951). online
- Farnsworth, David N., and James W. McKenney. US-Panama relations, 1903–1978: A study in linkage politics (Routledge, 2020).
- Major, John. "‘Pro mundi beneficio’? The Panama Canal as an international issue, 1943–8." Review of International Studies 9.1 (1983): 17-34.
- Williams Jr, Harold E. Panamanian-US Relations Towards 2000: An Opportunity for Partnership (Naval Postgraduate School, 1995) online.