Jump to content

Israeli Labor Party

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by David O. Johnson (talk | contribs) at 15:02, 19 May 2024 (Removed word). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Labor Party
מפלגת העבודה‎
ChairpersonMerav Michaeli
Secretary GeneralEran Hermoni[1]
Founded23 January 1968; 56 years ago (1968-01-23)
Merger ofMapai
Ahdut HaAvoda
Rafi
HeadquartersTel Aviv
Youth wingIsraeli Young Labor
Membership (2022)36,000[2]
Ideology
Political positionCentre-left[8][9] to left-wing[10][11]
National affiliationAlignment (1968–1991)
One Israel (1999–2001)
Zionist Union (2014–2019)
European affiliationParty of European Socialists (observer)
International affiliationProgressive Alliance
Colours    Red, blue
Knesset
4 / 120
Election symbol
אמת‎
أ‌م‌ت‎
[12]
Website
havoda.org.il Edit this at Wikidata

The Israeli Labor Party (Template:Lang-he), commonly known as HaAvoda (Template:Lang-he), is a social democratic[13][14][15][16] and Labor Zionist[16][17] political party in Israel. The party was established in 1968 by a merger of Mapai, Ahdut HaAvoda and Rafi. Until 1977, all Israeli prime ministers were affiliated with the Labor movement.[18] The current party leader is Merav Michaeli, who was elected in January 2021.

The Labor Party is associated with supporting the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, pragmatic foreign affairs policies and social-democratic economic policies.[19] The party was a member of Socialist International until July 2018,[20][21][22] and is now a member of the Progressive Alliance and an observer member of the Party of European Socialists.[23][24]

History

Israeli Labor Party ballot slip – "Emet"

Dominant political party (1968–1977)

Original logo of the party from the 1980s

The foundations for the formation of the Israeli Labor Party were laid shortly before the 1965 Knesset elections when Mapai, the largest left-wing party in the country and the dominant partner in every government since independence, formed an alliance with Ahdut HaAvoda.[25] Mapai's Arab satellite lists followed the merger. The alliance was an attempt by Mapai to shore up the party's share of the vote following a break-away of eight MKs (around a fifth of Mapai's Knesset faction) led by former Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion to form a new party, Rafi, in protest against Mapai's failure to approve a change to the country's proportional representation electoral system.

The alliance, called the Labor Alignment, won 45 seats in the elections, and was able to form the government in coalition with the National Religious Party, Mapam, the Independent Liberals, Poalei Agudat Yisrael, Progress and Development and Cooperation and Brotherhood. After the Six-Day War broke out, Rafi and Gahal joined the coalition.

On 23 January 1968, Mapai, Ahdut HaAvoda and Rafi (with the exception of Ben-Gurion, who formed the National List in protest) merged into one body, creating the Israeli Labor Party.[26][27] On 28 January 1969, the party allied itself with Mapam, the alliance becoming known as the Alignment.

As the largest faction within the Alignment, Labor came to dominate it. Mapam left during the eighth Knesset, but rejoined shortly afterwards.[citation needed]

During the 1970s, the welfare state was expanded[28][29] under successive Labor governments, with increases in pension benefits[30] and the creation of new social security schemes such as disability insurance and unemployment insurance in 1970, children's insurance in 1975, vacation pay for adopting parents in 1976,[31] a Family Allowance for Veterans in 1970, a benefit for Prisoners of Zion in 1973, and a mobility benefit and a Volunteers' Rights benefit in 1975.[32] During 1975–76, a modest program of housing rehabilitation was launched in a dozen or so older neighbourhoods,[33] while the Sick Leave Compensation Law of 1976 provided for compensation in cases when employees were absent from work because of illness.[34]

Opposition and comeback (1977–2001)

Party logo adopted in 1992, which was used until 2016
Logo of the Labor-Meimad List during the 2003 election
Leaning version of the current party logo, adopted in 2016

In the 1977 elections, Labor ended up in opposition for the first time. In the 1984 elections, Labor joined a national unity government with Likud, with the post of Prime Minister rotating between the two parties.

Mapam broke away again during the eleventh Knesset, angry at Shimon Peres's decision to form a national unity government with Likud. Although the Independent Liberals merged into the Alignment in the 1980s, they had no Knesset representation at the time.

On 7 October 1991, the Alignment ceased to exist, with all factions formally merged into the Labor Party. At this time, the Likud government faced numerous problems, such as economic problems, the challenge of assimilating a large influx of immigrants from the former Soviet Union, serious tensions with the American government led by President George H. W. Bush[35] and internal division. Led by Yitzhak Rabin, Labor won the 1992 elections and formed the government, together with Meretz and Shas. In domestic policy, the Labor-led government introduced various measures to improve levels of social protection. Better provisions were introduced for single parents[36] and people with disabilities,[37] while income support entitlements were liberalised.[38]

The 1994 Law to Reduce Poverty and Income Inequality (which was extended a year later) increased income maintenance grants to needy families, particularly benefitting those sections of society most vulnerable to poverty.[39] In 1995, a national health insurance policy was implemented.[40]

Various measures were also introduced to bring greater progressivity into the system of collection of national insurance contributions.[41] A maternity grant for adopting mothers was introduced,[42] together with old-age insurance for housewives,[43] a minimum unemployment allowance,[44] and a partial injury allowance.[45] In addition, investments were made in numerous development projects[46] while affirmative action programmes were launched to hire Palestinian citizens in the public sector, the Ministry of Interior increased the budgets for Arab local councils, and the Ministry of Education increased the budget for Arab education.[47]

The subsequent role of Labor became to a large extent tied to the Oslo Accords, based on the principle "land for peace". The Oslo Accords led to a vote of confidence, which the Government won with a margin of 61–50 (8 abstained). Several MKs from the Government parties declined to support the Government, but on the other hand, the Arab parties came to its rescue. Due to the lack of a constitution in Israel, the Government was able to implement the accords with a thin margin.

Rabin's decision to advance peace talks with the Palestinians to the point of signing the Oslo Accords led to his assassination by Yigal Amir in 1995. Peres decided to call early elections in 1996 to give him a mandate for advancing the peace process. However, his ploy failed; although Labor won the most seats in the Knesset election, he lost the election for Prime Minister to Benjamin Netanyahu following a wave of suicide bombings by Hamas. Netanyahu and Likud were thus able to form the government.

With his coalition falling apart, Netanyahu decided to call early elections in 1999. Ehud Barak won the internal primaries, and was nominated as the Labor candidate for Prime Minister. Meanwhile, the party entered an electoral alliance with Meimad and Gesher called One Israel. Barak won the Prime Minister election, whilst One Israel won the Knesset elections, albeit with only 26 seats.

Barak started by forming a 75-member coalition, together with Shas, Meretz, Yisrael BaAliyah, the National Religious Party, and United Torah Judaism. The coalition with religious parties (NRP, Shas, and UTJ) caused tensions with the secularist Meretz, who quit the coalition after a disagreement with Shas over the authority of the Deputy Education Minister. The rest of the parties left before the Camp David 2000 summit.

Decline (2001–present)

Following the October 2000 riots and the violence of the Second Intifada, Barak resigned from office. He then lost a special election for Prime Minister to Likud's Ariel Sharon. However, Labor remained in Sharon's coalition as he formed a national unity government with Likud, Labor, Shas, Yisrael BaAliyah and United Torah Judaism, and were given two of the most important cabinet portfolios; Peres was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and Benjamin Ben-Eliezer was made Defense Minister. Labor supported Operation Defensive Shield, which was conducted in April 2002 against Palestinians in the West Bank. After harsh criticism that Peres and Ben-Elizer were "puppets" of Sharon and not promoting the peace process, Labor quit the government in 2003.[citation needed]

Prior to the 2003 elections, Amram Mitzna won the party primaries, and led the party into the election with a platform that included unilateral withdrawal from the Gaza Strip. The party was routed in the elections, winning only 19 seats, whilst Sharon's Likud won 38 (40 after Yisrael BaAliyah merged into the party). Subsequently, due to internal opposition, Mitzna resigned from the party leadership,[48] and soon afterwards was replaced by Shimon Peres.

Sharon invited Labor into the coalition to shore up support for the disengagement plan (effectively Mitzna's policy which he had earlier lambasted) after the National Union and the National Religious Party had left the government.[citation needed]

On 8 November 2005, Shimon Peres was replaced as the leader of the Labor party by the election of left-wing Histadrut union leader Amir Peretz in an internal Labor party ballot. Critics of Labor have argued that, over the years, the party had abandoned its socialist heritage in favor of economic and business elites, and had passed the mantle of custodian of the underprivileged to right-wing and religious parties.[49] Peretz stated his intention to reassert Labor's traditional socialist policies, and took the party out of the government. This prompted Sharon to resign and call for new elections in March 2006. Prior to the election, the political map had been redrawn, as Sharon and the majority of Likud's MKs, together with a number of Labor MKs, including Shimon Peres, and some from other parties, had formed the new political party Kadima. In the elections Labor won 19 seats, making it the second largest party after Kadima. It joined Ehud Olmert's Kadima-led government, with Peretz appointed Defense Minister. Labor's main coalition demand and campaign promise was raising the minimum wage.[50]

On 28 May 2007, a leadership election resulted in Ehud Barak and Ami Ayalon defeating Peretz who was pushed into third place. In the run-off election (required as neither Barak nor Ayalon received over 40% of the vote), Barak was re-elected as party chairman. Despite stating that he would withdraw the party from the government unless Olmert resigned,[51] Barak remained in government and took over as Defense Minister.

Prior to the 2009 elections Labor and Meimad ended their alliance, with Meimad ultimately running a joint list with the Green Movement (which did not pass the electoral threshold). Several prominent members left the party, including Ami Ayalon, and Efraim Sneh (who formed Yisrael Hazaka). In the elections, Labor was reduced to just 13 seats, making it the fourth largest party behind Kadima, Likud and Yisrael Beiteinu.[citation needed]

Analysing the downfall of the once dominant political party in Israel, Efraim Inbar of the Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies points to several factors. By forfeiting identification with the establishment and building of the State of Israel, symbolised by a predilection for military service and by the settling of the land of Israel, Labor lost its most important asset. Deserting the Zionist symbol of Jerusalem, by showing willingness to cede part of it to the Palestinians was an ill-fated move. Their association with the Oslo Accords meant that they could not avoid being discredited by its failure. Demographic factors have worked against Labor, as the growing Sefardi population, as well as the recent Russian-Jewish immigrants, have largely voted for other parties. Attempts to gain the support of the Israeli Arab voters have damaged the image of the party, and yielded no harvest.[49]

Seats held by the Labor party since its founding.

On 17 January 2011, disillusionment with party leader Ehud Barak, over his support for coalition policies, especially regarding the peace process, led to Barak's resignation from the Labor Party with four other Knesset members to establish a new "centrist, Zionist and democratic" party, Independence. Following this move, all Labor Party government ministers resigned.

Two days after the split, a group of prominent members of Israel's business, technology, and cultural communities including Jerusalem Venture Partners founder Erel Margalit founded the "Avoda Now" movement calling for a revival of the Labor Party. The movement launched a public campaign calling the people to support the Labor Party, with the aim of renewing its institutions, restore its social values, and choose new dynamic leadership.[52]

Shelly Yachimovich was elected leader in 2011 saying "I promise that we will work together. This is just the beginning of a new start for Israeli society." She was congratulated by many in the party including her one-time rival Amir Peretz.[53] Yachimovich was replaced as leader by Isaac Herzog in 2013.

In the 2013 legislative election held on 22 January 2013, Labor received 11.39% of the national vote, winning 15 seats.[54]

On 10 December 2014, party leader Isaac Herzog and Tzipi Livni, leader and founder of the Hatnuah party, announced an electoral alliance to contest the upcoming legislative election.[55] In the 2015 legislative election on 7 March 2015, the joint list Zionist Union received 24 seats in the Knesset, of which 19 belong to the Labor Party. Both parties remained independent parties while both represented by the Zionist Union faction in the Knesset. The partnership continued after Avi Gabbay was elected chairman of the party on 10 July 2017, until 1 January 2019, when Gabbay announced the dissolution of the union unilaterally.[56]

On 10 July 2018, the Labor Party suspended its membership of the Socialist International after the international adopted a policy of BDS towards Israel.[57]

Labor's support collapsed in the April 2019 legislative election, being reduced to only 4.43% of votes and 6 seats, marking it as the worst result in the party's history. Anger at Gabbay intensified, with poor election results, and negotiating with the right to join a Netanyahu-led government. Longtime party member Peretz criticized Gabbay, tweeting "We will not enter or sit in his [Netanyahu] government. Every other option is a violation of everything we promised to the public".[58] Gabbay resigned in June.[59]

In July 2019, Amir Peretz was elected as the new leader of the Labor party.[60] A few weeks later, on 18 July 2019, ahead of the September 2019 election, Amir Peretz merged the party with the Gesher party, giving Gesher multiple spots on Labor's candidate list.[61]

On 12 January 2020, Labor announced that it was negotiating a joint list with Meretz to prevent the possibility of either party not making the electoral threshold and not entering the Knesset.[62] Labor and Meretz announced a joint run on 13 January 2020,[63] with the Labor party central committee voting in favor of ratification of the alliance the following day.[64] Meretz approved the alliance on 14 January.[65] The alliance submitted its list on 15 January under the name Labor-Gesher-Meretz.[66]

In March 2020, Gesher's only MK Orly Levy announced that she was splitting from the union due to their support of Benny Gantz's efforts to set up a minority government with the Joint List, with him as Prime Minister.[67] Gantz later abandoned that effort and instead joined a "national unity coronavirus government" headed by Benjamin Netanyahu. After repeatedly promising not to join a government headed by Netanyahu,[68][58][69] Peretz decided to bring Labor into that coalition headed by Netanyahu to "promote social justice" along with Gantz.[70]

On 22 April 2020, it was announced that Labor Party leader Amir Peretz would serve as Israel's Economic Minister as a result of a coalition agreement which was made following the 2020 Israeli legislative election and will coordinate with Blue and White on parliamentary matters and policy issues.[71][72][73] Despite agreeing to join the new government, Peretz also stated that he and other Labor MKs will still vote against a proposed West Bank annexation plan.[74] On 26 April 2020, 64.2% of the Labor Party's 3,840 central committee members approved of Peretz's decision to join the new government.[75][76] During the coalition talks, the party was under negotiations with Blue and White to implement a merger.[77] On 17 May 2020, Peretz was officially sworn in at the new Israeli economic minister.[78] Labor member Itzik Shmuli also joined the Israeli government after being sworn in as Israel's Minister of Welfare.[78]

Peretz decided to not run for re-election in the 2021 election and also resigned as leader. In the consequent leadership election, Merav Michaeli (who did not join the Netanyahu government) was elected leader. Labor, which was struggling to cross the threshold in polls taken before Michaeli became leader, increased their share of seats to 7. The party subsequently joined the new government.[79][80] Michaeli was re-elected leader ahead of the 2022 election. This was the first time the party re-elected its leader since primaries were held starting in 1992.[81] In the 2022 elections the party was reduced to four seats and winning 3.69 % of the votes.[82]

In December 2023, Michaeli announced her intention to step down as Labor leader.[83] The following February, a leadership election was called for 28 May.[84]

Political principles

Past

Mapai evolved from the socialist Poale Zion movement and adhered to the Socialist Zionist ideology promulgated by Nahum Syrkin and Ber Borochov. Under Ben-Gurion's leadership (1930–1954), Mapai focused mainly on a Zionist agenda, as establishing a homeland for the Jewish people was seen as the most urgent issue.

After the founding of the state of Israel, Mapai engaged in nation building—the establishment of the Israel Defense Forces (while dismantling every other armed group), the establishment of many settlements, the settling of more than 1,000,000 Jewish immigrants and the desire to unite all the inhabitants of Israel under a new Zionist Jewish Israeli culture (an ideology known as the "Melting pot" כור היתוך).

Labor in the past was more hawkish on security and defense issues than it is now. During its years in office, Israel fought the 1956 Sinai War, the Six-Day War and the Yom Kippur War.

Current

While originally a democratic socialist party, Labor has evolved into a programme that supports a mixed economy with strong social welfare programmes. In November 2005, Amir Peretz, leader of the social-democratic One Nation which had merged into Labor after a split in 1999,[85] was elected chairman of the party, defeating Shimon Peres. Under Peretz, especially in the 2006 electoral campaign, the party took a significant ideological turn, putting social and economic issues on top of its agenda, and advocating a social democratic approach (including increases in minimum wage and social security payments), in sharp contrast to the economically liberal policies led by former Finance Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.

In the post–Cold War era, the party's foreign policy retains a strong orientation toward the United States (especially the Democratic Party), and its security policy maintains that a permanent peace with the Palestinians can only be based on agreements that are enforceable.[86] Labor supports a two-state solution and the creation of an independent, demilitarized Palestinian state.[6]

On social issues, Labor supports same-sex marriage, the legalisation of cannabis, advancing surrogacy rights for gay couples and organized public transportation on Shabbat.[6]

Labor is committed to the continued existence of Israel as a Jewish and democratic state. It believes in maintaining a strong defense force and also supports the promotion of individual human rights. It supports most Supreme Court decisions on the latter issue, as well as the adoption of a written constitution that would entrench human rights.[86] The party opposed the Nation State Bill in 2018, and since its passing has pledged to adding a clause emphasising equality for all citizens.[6]

Party leaders

No. Image Leader Took office Left office Prime Ministerial tenure Knesset elections Elected/reelected as leader
1 Levi Eshkol 1968 1969 1963–1969 1965 (as leader of Mapai) 1965 (Mapai)
2 Golda Meir 1969 1974 1969–1974 1969, 1973 1969
3 Yitzhak Rabin 1974 1977 1974–1977 1974, 1977 (Feb)
4 Shimon Peres 1977 1992 1984–1986 1977, 1981, 1984, 1988 1977 (Apr), 1980, 1984
(3) Yitzhak Rabin 1992 1995 1992–1995 1992 1992
(4) Shimon Peres 1995 1997 1995–1996 1996 1995[87]
5 Ehud Barak 1997 2001 1999–2001 1999 1997[87]
6 Binyamin Ben-Eliezer 2001 2002 2001[88]
7 Amram Mitzna 2002 2003 2003 2002[89]
(4) Shimon Peres interim[90] 2003 2005 2003[90]
8 Amir Peretz 2005 2007 2006 2005[91]
(5) Ehud Barak 2007 2011 2009 2007
9 Shelly Yachimovich 2011 2013 2013 2011
10 Isaac Herzog 2013 2017 2015 2013
11 Avi Gabbay 2017 2019 2019 (Apr) 2017
(8) Amir Peretz 2019 2021 2019 (Sep), 2020 2019
12 Merav Michaeli 2021 Incumbent 2021, 2022 2021, 2022

Leadership election process

The rules adopted in 1963 by the preceding Mapai party for electing leaders saw the party's leader elected by a vote of its Central Committee. This initially remained the case with the Labor Party when it succeeded Mapai.[87] Beginning with the 1977 leadership election, the party shifted to electing its leaders by a vote of the party's convention delegates.[87] Following Rabin's resignation, only months after the February 1977 leadership election, the party opted against holding another convention vote, and instead selected Peres as its new leader by a vote of its Central Committee.[87] A vote of convention delegates was again used in the 1980 leadership election.[87]

At the party's 5th convention, rule change was adopted which shifted the election of party leaders to a vote of the party's general membership.[87] As a result, since 1992, Labor Party leaders have been through party membership votes, with excepting circumstances.[87] Excepting circumstances arose after the November 1995 assassination of Rabin, which saw the a vote of the party's Central Committee used to install Peres as the party's new leader.[87] Excepting circumstances again arose in 2003, when an internal vote of the party's Central Committee was used to select Shimon Peres to serve as they party's interim leader until a later vote for a new permanent leader.[90]

Other prominent members

Prominent former members include:

Election results

Knesset

Election Leader Votes % Seats +/– Government
1969 Golda Meir Part of Alignment
49 / 120
 Coalition
1973
44 / 120
 Decrease 5 Coalition
1977 Shimon Peres
28 / 120
 Decrease 16 Opposition
1981
40 / 120
 Increase 12 Opposition
1984
37 / 120
 Decrease 3 Coalition
1988[a] 685,363 30.02 (#2)
39 / 120
 Increase 2 Coalition (1988–1990)
Opposition (1990–1992)
1992 Yitzhak Rabin 906,810 34.65 (#1)
44 / 120
 Increase 5 Coalition
1996 Shimon Peres 818,741 26.83 (#1)
34 / 120
 Decrease 10 Opposition
1999 Ehud Barak Part of One Israel
23 / 120
 Decrease 11 Coalition (1999–2002)
Opposition (2002–2003)
2003[b] Amram Mitzna 455,183 14.46 (#2)
18 / 120
 Decrease 5 Opposition (2003–2005)
Coalition (2005)
Opposition (2005–2006)
2006[b] Amir Peretz 472,366 15.06 (#2)
18 / 120
 Steady Coalition
2009 Ehud Barak 334,900 9.93 (#4)
13 / 120
 Decrease 5 Coalition (2009–2011)
Opposition (2011–2013)
2013 Shelly Yachimovich 432,118 11.39 (#3)
15 / 120
 Increase 2 Opposition
2015 Isaac Herzog Part of Zionist Union
19 / 120
 Increase 4 Opposition
Apr 2019 Avi Gabbay 190,870 4.43 (#6)
6 / 120
 Decrease 13 Snap election
Sep 2019[c] Amir Peretz 212,782 4.80 (#9)
5 / 120
 Decrease 1 Snap election
2020 Part of Labor-Gesher-Meretz
3 / 120
 Decrease 2 Coalition[d]
2021 Merav Michaeli 268,737 6.09 (#6)
7 / 120
 Increase 4 Coalition
2022 175,922 3.69 (#10)
4 / 120
 Decrease 3 Opposition
  1. ^ With Alignment as its only member
  2. ^ a b With Meimad
  3. ^ With Gesher
  4. ^ Labor MKs Amir Peretz and Itzik Shmuli joined while MK Merav Michaeli did not.

Prime Minister

Election Candidate Votes % Result
1996 Shimon Peres 1,471,566 49.5 (#2) Lost
1999 Ehud Barak 1,791,020 56.1 (#1) Won
2001 Ehud Barak 1,023,944 37.6 (#2) Lost

Current MKs

Year Members Total
2022– Merav Michaeli, Naama Lazimi, Gilad Kariv, Efrat Rayten 4

See also

References

  1. ^ "Labor party calls primaries for February 12". The Times of Israel. 31 December 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  2. ^ Carrie Keller-Lynn (18 July 2022). "Michaeli clinches second elected term as Labor leader, a first in party's history". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  3. ^ James C. Docherty; Peter Lamb (2 October 2006). Historical Dictionary of Socialism. Scarecrow Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-8108-6477-1. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  4. ^ "Unlikely Alliance: Why Israel's Secular Labor Party Woos the ultra-Orthodox". Haaretz. 1 January 2017.
  5. ^ "ב'עבודה' משנים כיוון ופותחים בקמפיין אנטי דתי". בחדרי חרדים. 8 September 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d "Here we go again: ToI's guide to the 37 parties still seeking your vote". The Times of Israel.
  7. ^ "בוקר בא לעבודה: נפתחה הדרך לחזרת השמאל הציוני". Israel Hayom. Retrieved 26 March 2024. מיכאלי היא גם שגרירתו האותנטית של השמאל המתקדם, ה"פרוגרסיב", על המפלגות בישראל.
  8. ^ Cheryl Rubenberg (2003). The Palestinians: In Search of a Just Peace. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 410. ISBN 978-1-58826-225-7.
  9. ^ Sharon Weinblum (2015). Security and Defensive Democracy in Israel: A Critical Approach to Political Discourse. Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-317-58450-6.
  10. ^ "Israeli party pushes for overthrow of government over handling of Gaza hostages". Anadolu Agency. 18 January 2024. The Israeli left-wing Labor Party
  11. ^ "חדשות – רשם המפלגות nrg – מפלגת העבודה". Makor Rishon. העבודה היא מפלגת שמאל ציוני מתונה
  12. ^ "מפלגת העבודה בראשות מרב מיכאלי". Central Election Committee for the Knesset (in Hebrew). Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  13. ^ Emilie van Haute; Anika Gauja (2015). Party Members and Activists. Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-317-52432-8.
  14. ^ Richard Collin; Pamela L. Martin (2012). An Introduction to World Politics: Conflict and Consensus on a Small Planet. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-4422-1803-1. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  15. ^ Rhodes Cook (2004). The Presidential Nominating Process: A Place for Us?. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-7425-2594-8. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  16. ^ a b Sara E. Karesh; Mitchell M. Hurvitz (2005). Encyclopedia of Judaism. Infobase Publishing. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-8160-6982-8.
  17. ^ James C. Docherty; Peter Lamb (2 October 2006). Historical Dictionary of Socialism. Scarecrow Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-8108-6477-1. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  18. ^ "History & Overview of the Labor Party". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  19. ^ "Israel Labour Party". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 September 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  20. ^ "Members". Socialist International. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  21. ^ "Israel's Labor party quits Socialist International after it adopts BDS". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  22. ^ "International Socialist Coalition Blasts Israeli Labor for Joining Netanyahu's Pro-annexation Government". Haaretz.
  23. ^ "Parties & Organisations". Progressive Alliance. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  24. ^ Parties Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Party of European Socialists
  25. ^ "Israel Political Parties: Ahdut Ha'avodah". Jewish Virtual Library.
  26. ^ "מפלגת העבודה". מפלגת העבודה (in Hebrew). Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  27. ^ Pitts-Walker, Ethel; Ervin, Kathryn (3 June 2014). Ervin, Kathryn; Walker, Ethel P (eds.). African American Scenebook. doi:10.4324/9781315053653. ISBN 9781135693985.
  28. ^ Swirski, Shlomo (2004). Politics and Education in Israel: Comparisons with the United States. Taylor & Francis. p. 204. ISBN 0203906721.
  29. ^ Portugese, Jacqueline (1998). Fertility Policy in Israel: The Politics of Religion, Gender, and Nation. Greenwood. p. 98. ISBN 0-275-96098-6.
  30. ^ Ben-Arieh, A.; Gal, J. (2001). Into the Promised Land: Issues Facing the Welfare State. Praeger. p. 106. ISBN 9780275969059. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  31. ^ Social Security Administration (1 March 2011). "Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Asia and the Pacific, 2010 – Israel" (PDF). Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  32. ^ Gal, John (2001). "Values, Categorical Benefits and Categorical Legacies in Israel". In Asher Ben-Arieh; John Gal (eds.). Into the Promised Land: Issues Facing the Welfare State. Greenwood. p. 126. ISBN 0-275-96905-3.
  33. ^ Lazin, Frederick A. (1994). Politics and Policy Implementation: Project Renewal in Israel. State University of New York Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-7914-1691-7.
  34. ^ "Employment" (PDF). The Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  35. ^ "How 'lonely little' George H.W. Bush changed the US-Israel relationship". timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  36. ^ Flug, Karnit; Kasir, Nitsa (2006). "The Single Parent Law, Labor Supply and Poverty" (PDF). Israel Economic Review. 4 (1): 59–110. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  37. ^ "Changes to disability benefits". International Social Security Association. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
  38. ^ "Changes to income support entitlements". International Social Security Association. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016.
  39. ^ Alisa C. Lewin and Haya Stier (25 April 2002). "Who Benefits the Most? The Unequal Allocation of Transfers in the Israeli Welfare State" (PDF). Social Science Quarterly. 83 (2). Southwestern Social Science Association. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  40. ^ "2BackToHomePage2". mfa.gov.il. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  41. ^ "Collection of contributions". International Social Security Association. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014.
  42. ^ "Maternity grant for adopting mother". International Social Security Association. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014.
  43. ^ "Old-age insurance for housewives". International Social Security Association. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014.
  44. ^ "Unemployment allowances and minimum wages". International Social Security Association. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014.
  45. ^ "Payment of partial injury allowance". International Social Security Association. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014.
  46. ^ "Sheves Shimon about the social and economic policies of Rabin's government – YouTube". youtube.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  47. ^ Go, Julian (19 September 2012). Political Power and Social Theory. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 128. ISBN 9781780528670. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  48. ^ "Mitzna's resignation speech". Ynet.co.il. 20 June 1995. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
  49. ^ a b Nowak-Romanowicz, Alina (2001). Olof, Efraim. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20328.
  50. ^ "Kadima, Labor talks 'making progress'". Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  51. ^ "Israel party votes to oust leader". 29 May 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  52. ^ "Erel Margalit Announces His Candidacy to Lead the Labor Party". Reuters. 27 April 2011. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  53. ^ "Yacimovich celebrates becoming Labor leader: We've won – Breaking News – Jerusalem Post". jpost.com. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  54. ^ "Elections in Israel January 2013". mfa.gov.il. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  55. ^ "Labor, Livni Agree to Join Forces Ahead of Elections – National – Haaretz". Haaretz. haaretz.com. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  56. ^ אזולאי, מורן (1 January 2019). "גבאי הדהים את לבני: מפרק את המחנה הציוני". ynet.
  57. ^ Hoffman, Gil (10 July 2018). "Israel's Labor party quits Socialist International after it adopts BDS". Jerusalem Post.
  58. ^ a b "Labor rejects Netanyahu's Finance Ministry offer". The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  59. ^ Winer, Stuart; staff, The Times of Israel. "After stormy term, Labor chief Gabbay announces he is quitting politics". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  60. ^ "Amir Peretz elected Labor party leader". Globes. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  61. ^ Gil Hoffman; Jeremy Sharon; Tamar Beeri (18 July 2019). "Labor nabs Orly Levy-Abekasis, Left joint list called off". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  62. ^ Raoul Wootliff (12 January 2020). "Labor, Meretz close in on deal to run as joint slate in March elections". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  63. ^ Elad Benari (13 January 2020). "Labor and Meretz agree on joint run". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  64. ^ "Labor Conference approves the Labor-Gesher-Meretz joint run". Arutz Sheva. 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  65. ^ Elad Benari (15 January 2020). "Meretz approves agreement with Labor". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  66. ^ "Photo: Labor-Gesher-Meretz party submits its list to the Knesset". Arutz Sheva. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  67. ^ "MK Orly Levy Abekasis to split from left wing, sit as independent". WIN. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  68. ^ Staff writer. "Labor party head says he was 'offered the world' to join Netanyahu-led coalition". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  69. ^ Staff writer. "'Read my lips': Labor leader sheds iconic mustache after 47 years". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  70. ^ Wootliff, Raoul. "Labor's Peretz and Shmuli on the way to unity government – reports". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  71. ^ Wootliff, Raoul (22 April 2020). "After staking mustache on not joining Netanyahu, Peretz defends doing so anyway". Times of Israel. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  72. ^ "מנהלת הבדואים לפרץ? בימין זועמים". ערוץ 7 (in Hebrew). 22 April 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  73. ^ "UTJ Signs Coalition Deal". Hamodia. 22 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  74. ^ "Israel Labor Party: I will not vote in favour of annexation plan". Middle East Monitor. 23 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  75. ^ "Labor leader Peretz wins his party's backing to join Netanyahu-led government". Times of Israel. 26 April 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  76. ^ Lis, Jonathan (27 April 2020). "Labor Party Convention Accepts Netanyahu-Gantz Unity Government Proposal". Haaretz. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  77. ^ "Blue and White, Labor plan merger as Gantz and Netanyahu hold coalition talks". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  78. ^ a b "After year of deadlock and days of delays, Knesset swears in new Israeli government". Haaretz. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  79. ^ "Israel opposition parties agree to form new unity government". BBC News. 3 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  80. ^ Pérez-Peña, Richard (13 June 2021). "Israel's Parliament Approves New Government, Ousting Netanyahu". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  81. ^ Carrie Keller-Lynn (18 July 2022). "Michaeli clinches second elected term as Labor leader, a first in party's history". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  82. ^ "Israel Election Final Results: Netanyahu, Jewish Far Right Win Power, Fiasco for Left". Haaretz. 3 November 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  83. ^ Carrie Keller-Lynn (7 December 2023). "Assailed for left's Knesset woes, Michaeli says she will step down as Labor chief". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  84. ^ Sokol, Sam (25 February 2024). "Israel's Labor party sets election for May 28, months after current chair Michaeli's resignation". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  85. ^ "Mergers and Splits Among Parliamentary Groups". The Knesset. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  86. ^ a b Baskin, Judith Reesa, ed. (2010). The Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture. Cambridge University Press. p. 303. ISBN 9780521825979.
  87. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kenig, Ofer (2009). "Democratizing Party Leadership Selection in Israel: A Balance Sheet". Israel Studies Forum. 24 (1): 62–81. ISSN 1557-2455. JSTOR 41805011. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  88. ^ Hermann, Peter (28 December 2001). "Israel's Labor gets tilt to right". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  89. ^ "CNN.com – New Israeli Labor leader calls for party unity – Nov. 20, 2002". www.cnn.com. 20 November 2002. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  90. ^ a b c "Israel's Labor Party Picks Peres as Its Interim Leader". Los Angeles Times. 20 June 2003. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  91. ^ "Peres loses party leadership bid". The Guardian. 10 November 2005. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Israeli Labor Party.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israeli_Labor_Party&oldid=1224636362"