Rail suicide
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mainz-Laubenheimer_Bahnhof-_auf_Bahnsteig_Richtung_Mainz-_Richtung_Mainz_%28Personenunfall%29_7.12.2008.jpg/250px-Mainz-Laubenheimer_Bahnhof-_auf_Bahnsteig_Richtung_Mainz-_Richtung_Mainz_%28Personenunfall%29_7.12.2008.jpg)
Suicide |
---|
Part of a series on |
Rail transport |
---|
![]() |
|
Infrastructure |
|
Service and rolling stock |
|
Special systems |
|
Miscellanea |
![]() |
Rail suicide is deliberate self-harm resulting in death by means of a moving railway vehicle.[1] The suicide occurs when an approaching train hits a suicidal pedestrian jumping onto, lying down on, or wandering or standing on the tracks.[2] Low friction on the tracks makes it impossible for the train to stop quickly enough. This type of suicide may cause trauma to the train driver.[3]
History
The first recorded train suicide occurred in 1852 in England,[4] where rail development in Europe had been most advanced. In 1879 an Italian researcher noted that such suicides were most common in that country's northern Piedmont region, where similarly the rail network was at its most extensive. This led pioneering sociologist Émile Durkheim to reason in his 1897 work Suicide that "the more the land is covered with railroads, the more general becomes the habit of seeking death by throwing one's self under a train", which has since been generally accepted as a rule. Later research has focused on the nuances of what, specifically, about the rail network affects the extent to which it is used for suicide.[5]
Methods
Rail suicides typically follow one of three patterns: jumping in front of a train from a station platform, lying on the tracks as one approaches,[a] and wandering onto the tracks before they are present,[8] a division first identified by researchers on the New York City Subway in 1972, who found jumping the commonest and deadliest in their sample. A fourth group included "touchers", all women, who often went on the tracks after trains had left and deliberately touched the electrified third rail,[9] A German researcher also found some outlying methods like jumping from a moving train[b] and jumping from a bridge into the path of an approaching train.[11] A railway suicide can also be committed by a vehicle driver,[c] such as the Ufton Nervet rail crash, which killed seven others on the train.[13][14] In addition to individual suicides, joint suicides on railways have also been reported.[15][16][17]
Studies have found the preferred method differs by country.[18] A 2005 Swedish study found walkers most predominant among 145 suicides, followed by those who sat or lay on the tracks with jumpers third, while a 2008 Australian study of 161 suicides along the Queensland rail network found sitters/liers most common with jumpers and walkers evenly split.[12] German researchers in 2011, looking at over a thousand cases over five years, found the proportions nearly equal, with jumping the least likely to be fatal;[2] twelve years later another group of Germans found liers the largest share, with jumpers close behind.[19] A 2013 U.S. study of 50 suicides where this information was available found a slight edge for liers, with walkers and jumpers evenly split.[18] Electrocution via third rails remains rare;[20] it most often happens in conjunction with suicides on subways or metros, where the body comes in contact with the third rail as it is run over by the train.[21][22]
German researchers believe walkers are most likely to have planned their suicides in advance, while jumpers do it on impulse.[23]
Difference to trespasser accident
A collision with a suicidal pedestrian is different from a collision with an unauthorised person, a trespasser, who has illegally entered the tracks, and can be distinguished, according to the European Union Agency for Railways, by the presence of suicidal intent.[14] Ovenstone criteria are mentioned for categorizing a suicidal intent.[14]
Locations
General locations along lines
Researchers have tried to determine what locations along tracks are more at risk for suicide than others. In response to a 2009 cluster of rail suicides by teens at a level crossing along the Caltrain commuter line in Palo Alto, California,[24] the Mineta Transportation Institute (MTI) at nearby San Jose State University studied 17 years of data from Caltrain on suicides and unintended pedestrian fatalities along the 124.7-kilometre (77.5 mi) line from downtown San Francisco south along the Santa Clara Valley for any trends or patterns that might help prevent suicides. The researchers found that while only 20% occurred at stations, most were within 500 metres (0.3 mi) of a station or nearby crossing.[d] They theorized that people attempting rail suicide used the stations primarily to access the tracks, wanted to ensure that the train was traveling at a speed as high as possible, and that no one was able to interfere with them.[26] Researchers in Canada have found that two-thirds of rail suicides there occur on open track, with only 2% at stations.[27]
In a broader sense, some sections of track seem more attractive than others; population density in the areas the line passes through may have some effect. The MTI researchers studying Caltrain suicides found that a 40-kilometre (25 mi) section of track between the Burlingame and Sunnyvale stations accounted for a larger share of suicides than the rest of the line, and a greater incidence than trespass fatalities in that area. A Caltrain representative they contacted noted that that section was one of the oldest on the line, with largely residential areas adjacent to the tracks, whereas the line north of that section went through more commercial areas and into tunnels where it might be less accessible. The paucity of suicides south of San Jose's Diridon station was attributed to the lower frequency of train service between there and the line's southern terminus at Gilroy.[28]
Other researchers have reported a similar correlation.[29] A 2018 Belgian study found that the rail suicide rate over a five-year period was highest along lines in suburban areas. The researchers theorized that tracks in those areas are more accessible than they are in cities, and the trains operate at the same frequency as those in the nearby urban areas but at higher speeds. In what the researchers deemed "high-risk" locations, 2–km (3.2–mile) sections of line where two or more suicides had occurred during the time frame of the study, they noted that there were points where someone attempting suicide could easily hide, and where the driver had limited visibility.[30]
However, a 2010 study in the Netherlands, which has the highest rate of rail suicide in Europe,[5] found no relation between the population density of the areas adjacent to the tracks over a 57-year period.[e] Instead, the Dutch researchers noted that suicides and attempts appeared to be concentrated on "hotspots", such as nearby psychiatric hospitals,[32] a phenomenon also observed in the later Belgian study,[30] as well as in Austria[33] and Germany.[25]
Three years later the same Dutch researchers undertook a comparative study of rail suicides in their country and neighboring Germany in the 2000–07 period, noting that despite many similarities the two countries differed where rail suicide was concerned—the Netherlands, despite a lower suicide rate overall, had a much higher incidence of rail suicide. Building on British research that found a correlation between the rail suicide rate and the overall passenger rail volume, suggesting that familiarity with rail transport might drive rail suicide to a greater extent than the mere availability of tracks, they identified four factors to use for comparative purposes using Poisson regression:
- population density,
- rail density, or the ratio between overall track length outside of privately owned enclosures and the country's land area;
- train traffic intensity, the ratio between annual train-kilometres and overall track length,
- passenger traffic intensity, the ratio between annual passenger-kilometres and the overall population of the country.
The second and third were posed as measures of the availability hypothesis; the fourth as a measure of familiarity. Rail density, when applied to suicide statistics, made the difference larger, which led the researchers to discount it as a factor due to the already extensively developed rail networks in both countries.[f] Train traffic intensity, by contrast, resulted in the two countries' rail suicide rates drawing almost even. The researchers considered this their most important finding, suggesting that with more frequent trains a potential suicide may have less time for second thoughts to manifest themselves.[5][g]
A 2006 German study of suicides on that country's rail network over 10 years that focused primarily on the relation between age groups and the overall suicide rate also looked at the locations chosen and the overall size of the rail network, which decreased by 5,000 km (3,100 mi) during the study period. It found that among rail suicides under 65, whose rate remained steady over the study period instead of declining as older suicides and the overall rate did, the rate also declined along with train-km and passenger-km. But it increased as the total trackage declined, as did a preference for using open track.[34]
A 2015 Swedish study of suicide on the Stockholm Metro found that stations in areas with high rates of drug-related crime had higher suicide rates.[35] In 2016 a Belgian study looked at regional variations in the rail suicide rate within the country over a five-year period. Paradoxically, poorer areas, like the center of Brussels, that had higher overall suicide rates had rail suicide rates below the national average,[h] while more affluent West Flanders's lower overall suicide rate included the highest rail suicide rate in the country.[36]
Specific locations at and near stations and crossings
A 2023 German study looked at the specific behaviors of 56 rail suicides and attempts in that country over 18 months in 2020–21, where video from CCTV could be reviewed. The majority (42, or 75%) occurred at Deutsche Bahn stations, the rest were on open tracks.[i] The 2008 Queensland study, by contrast, found nearly the inverse ratio.[12]
The German researchers broke down the suicides and attempts that occurred at stations by several factors determinable from the videos in 35 cases. The most prominent was the section of the platform from which the suicide or attempt occurred. A majority (20, or 57%) leapt from the end of the platform where the train approached,[j] seven (20%) used the middle and another eight (22.9%) chose the far end, suggesting that the train struck them at high speed. Over a third chose areas where no one else on the platform was near them at the time.[19]
Suicide on urban-suburban mass transit rail systems
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Subway_suicide_aftermath%2C_E_train_on_53rd.jpg/220px-Subway_suicide_aftermath%2C_E_train_on_53rd.jpg)
Researchers have noted some differences in suicides on urban heavy-rail mass transit systems, more commonly known as subway or metro suicide. Structurally, since many run underground or on elevated tracks, often fenced off due to the presence of exposed third rails, the only access to tracks is at stations, where trains arrive at higher speeds, increasing the attraction for suicides.[27] Half of the suicide victims on the London Underground studied by one paper had jumped in front of the train from within 50 ft (15 m) of where the train reached the platform. Similarly 87% of the suicides on the system occurred at stations. Demographically, such systems are located in large cities and suburbs, with higher population densities.[38]
Metros/subways offer suicides the additional possibility of the third rail with its high voltage electric current to complete their suicides, especially if the train should be able to stop or slow down before striking them. A Toronto operator recalled once seeing a man lying across the tracks at the far end of the station as he entered, and quickly pressing the brakes. He believed he had prevented the suicide, but then saw that the man had touched the third rail.[21] Similar incidents have been reported on the Kolkata metro in India, where autopsies of many completed suicides show signs of electrocution in addition to the severe blunt force trauma caused by the train.[22]
A 2007 Canadian review of the literature on metro/subway suicide found some differences to rail suicide as a whole, complicated slightly by different definitions of suicide used in different jurisdictions. An Austrian researcher found a high correlation between suicide rates and passenger volume through records at one station, similar to that found by researchers looking at the London Underground. In Toronto this was further found to correlate with transfer stations due to their higher volume, with research in Vienna finding terminal stations to have a lower rate. Rates of suicide on metros/subways also, like rail suicide generally, were resistant to declines in the overall suicide rate.[38]
The studies did show some distinctive statistics. Metro/subway suicides were, while still predominantly men, less disproportionately so. Victims were also younger than most younger rail suicides, except in Tokyo where the largest share was in their 50s. An even higher propensity for mental illness was found, with 86% of the suicides in the Montreal Metro having had at least one past diagnosis. As with rail suicide generally, stations with nearby psychiatric treatment facilities evinced higher suicide rates.[38]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Platform_of_Promenade_MRT_Station%2C_Singapore_-_20140215.jpg/220px-Platform_of_Promenade_MRT_Station%2C_Singapore_-_20140215.jpg)
Metro/subway suicides offer some prevention methods that might be impractical on rail systems generally, but have proven highly effective when and where they can be used. Drainage pits a meter (3 ft) deep between the rails on some portions of the London Underground, while not designed for suicide prevention, have helped enough attempters survive to have become known as "suicide pits". On other systems, particularly in Asia, platform doors have proven so effective in blocking access to the track that Singapore has reported no suicides on its MRT.[38]
Time patterns
Research has not consistently established any patterns related to the times of the day, week or year in which rail suicide is more common. The 2008 Queensland study found peaks in March–May and September—October, periods accounting for half of the 161 completed suicides over 15 years in the researchers' data set. June accounted for only nine, but they did not find that statistically significant. While there were differences in the weekdays chosen, again they did not reach statistical significance. However, patterns in the time of day showed a preference for late afternoon and early evening, with a third of cases occurring between 5 and 9 p.m.[12] A 2014 German study that compared suicides during two separate periods, one before and the other after a prevention programme was implemented, found that even though the latter showed a drop attributable to the programme the patterns in time of day and day of the week chosen did not change.[39]
The 2011 German researchers attempted to see if any temporal patterns presented in the 1,004 suicides they analyzed by jumping, lying or walking. The first of those methods was more common during the day at stations; the others at night.[k] The researchers theorized that night might provide more concealment for those venturing onto the track from a station or crossing before the train came, while jumping might be harder in the dark. Data on seasonal variation did not show any significant variation[2] The Toronto subway system reports that most suicides there occur during the daytime, peaking around midday.[21]
The 2015 Stockholm Metro study found as well that suicides peaked in the later afternoon, and in springtime, but could not find any day of the week that seemed particularly attractive to suicides. The authors noted the contrast with other studies that had,[35] such as a 2004 German study of 4,003 rail suicides over five years, breaking them down by sex, which had found more occurring on Mondays and Tuesdays. Rail suicides peaked during April and September. In the summer months women showed a preference for the morning while men peaked in the evening, which the researchers theorized might be due to men taking greater care to make sure they completed their suicides. The interval between the peaks widened in the summer months.[40] A 2020 Polish study of 60 rail suicides in the Warsaw area examining the relationship between alcohol use, sex and age among them found that sober victims predominated among those occurring in the fall while those who had been drinking were more likely to take their own lives via rail in the spring.[41]
The Canadian study also took note of the weather. Rail suicides mostly occurred during milder weather, suggesting to the authors that inclement weather may discourage those considering suicide from going out and making attempts.[27]
Behavioral indications
Railway-related suicides are rarely impulsive, and this view has led to research on behaviour analysis using CCTV at known hotspots to see what might indicate a traveler is considering suicide. Some behaviour patterns are implicated such as station-hopping, platform switching, standing away from others, letting a number of trains go by, and standing close to where trains enter. Surveillance cameras are viewable by railway staff.[42]
A 2011 German study made online questionnaires available to Federal Police officers who had witnessed, or interviewed witnesses to, rail suicides. From the 202 that were completed, the researchers identified several frequent behaviors of those considering suicide in stations. The most common was dropping personal belongings such as bags, suicide notes or identity cards, and avoiding eye contact, reported by half the respondents. A quarter recounted erratic behaviour, such as talking loudly to themselves and general confusion. Intoxication was reported by 20%, a proportion lower than the researchers expected based on another previous study, and 15% said that the suicide was seen wandering around. These phenomena were similar to those observed in a study of suicides on the Hong Kong subway.[37]
Reasons for choosing
One British study that interviewed 20 survivors of rail suicide attempts found that almost half had chosen that method because they knew of someone else who had; they also perceived it as likely to be fatal while easily available and accessible.[43] A later British study interviewed 34 people in three categories: survivors of rail suicide attempts, those who had attempted suicide by other means but considered trains, and those who had not attempted suicide but contemplated doing so by rail. It quoted their own words extensively, without "interpreting such accounts through a lens of deficit and pathology.[44]
"A quick, violent death is quite attractive", one rail suicide survivor told the researchers in the later study. "I think that's one thing that you hope that a train can provide." Another informant, from the group that had considered suicide by train but not attempted any method, said that since it was likely no identifiable remains would be found their survivors would better be able to accept the finality of their death. Two rail suicide survivors also liked the "sense of anonymity" they had at stations. "I'd want to do it somewhere privately," one allowed. "It's not the sort of thing you want to do in front of everybody for a show". The impact on any witnesses, particularly the driver, was also a consideration. One survivor recalled feeling "desperately sorry" for that person, and another said that was the reason they ultimately chose another method, "because that's making somebody else complicit, so that's almost making them feel as if they'd killed me."[l] Another deterrent was the possibility of surviving the attempt and living with any permanent injuries.[44]
Some survivors chose trains as a metaphor for their own situation:
[They] spoke of there being no alternative, no choice, others that suicide was a response to feeling out of control, or of taking the control that had been removed from them by mental health services. Several accounts implied a wish for agency to come from elsewhere, and in some the person described putting themselves in a situation where their fate would be left to chance, to impulse, or to people around who might or might not intervene
Another expressed the hope that their death might have been seen as an accident.[44]
Consequences
Approximately 10–30%, depending on the method chosen, of those who attempt rail suicide survive the collision[45][46] Chances of survival increase when the attempter is female and the attempt is made at a station, on a lower-speed line and during the daytime.[47] Those who do not die at the scene often arrive at hospital with internal organ damage and severe haemorrhaging that can ultimately prove fatal. Survivors often suffer severed limbs,[46] brain damage and chronic pain.[21]
Rail suicide is distinct from most other methods in having a wide effect in order to investigate the death and clear the tracks, forcing delays and reroutings of trains in the meantime. As of 2014, the delay of the train caused by a rail suicide can extend from 30 minutes in Japan[48] to two hours in most European countries.[49][3] On the Toronto subway, it takes an average of an hour to clear the suicide's body off the tracks; it is sometimes necessary to uncouple cars or move entire trains.[21]
A 2012 Belgian study put the annual costs to Infrabel, the country's rail operator, at 750 hours and €300,000 based on the 2006–2008 period.[50] In the neighboring Netherlands, one railway suicide incident results in €100,000 of direct economic costs for carrier and railway manager together.[51] In written testimony to the British Parliament, Samaritans said that in 2014–15 suicides cost Network Rail £67 million,[m] averaging about £230,000 per incident, with 2,200 minutes of delays per incident adding up to 609,000 annually.[53] In 2024, the Rail Delivery Group said those figures had fallen to 1,500 per suicide (with some extreme incidents causing 10 times that amount) and 400,000 per year. It noted that an incident in the south of England can have effects as far away as Scotland.[54][n]
Belgian law requires that the family of a suicide compensate the railway for the costs incurred, including repairs to damaged trains. Of the €2 million suicides cost the country's railways between 2013 and 2015, averaging €8,500 per incident, roughly one-third was recovered from families. Families can also be sued by affected drivers. Most of the costs are covered by insurance.[56] Western newspapers have reported that the same law exists in Japan,[57][58] but Japanese outlets consider this an "urban legend". The Japan Times found cases where railways had sued families to recover the costs of pedestrian deaths that may have been accidental, but no cases where the family of a suicide had been sued.[59] In Germany, rail suicide is a criminal offence.[60]
Effect on drivers
Even if the suicide situation is recognized at an early stage, the train driver is rarely able to prevent it due to the long braking distance and the inability to take evasive action.[61][o][p] A German train with an 80-tonne (88-short-ton) locomotive traveling at 120 km/h (75 mph) takes 600 m (2,000 ft), and 18 seconds, to stop, more than enough time for drivers to make eye contact with a person on the tracks.[31] The country's high-speed Inter-City Express trains take 3 km (1.9 mi) to come to a complete stop.[61]
Even if the train driver closes their eyes, they can still feel the impact of the collision[66] and hear the sound, which one American driver likens to "hitting a pumpkin".[67] German drivers say that standing humans are particularly loud. The ensuing heavy psychological burden for the driver can lead to years of impairment.[31][61]
"It's not a matter of if you are going to kill someone, but when", says one driver for the American goods carrier CSX. "And when it happens, you're totally helpless." He recalled having previously worked for another railway in a different area when a woman stood on the tracks in front of his train, giving him the finger in response to his repeated soundings of the train horn as the locomotive struck her. "You never forget something like that," he said. "If she wanted to kill herself, why did she have to involve me?" The memory of the incident led him to change employers.[68] Other drivers whose trains had struck suicides had similarly vivid memories of those events many years later.[67][69][70]
Drivers often suffer post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), exhibiting symptoms such as sleeplessness, irritability, depression, anger, panic attacks, nightmares and flashbacks.[q] One recalls having only slept three hours in the three days after his train struck a pedestrian.[67] "I was just doing my job, and this person decided to take his life, and as a result he took away my control", recalled a Toronto subway driver. "I have to work really hard now at things, to feel safe, to feel calm." Her husband, also a driver who months earlier had struck a suicide, was more forgiving: "I don't think anyone who commits suicide on the subway is out to get the train operators. They just want their pain to stop."[21]
It is not uncommon for affected drivers to turn to alcohol, complicating their situation and possible return to work; some choose to leave the industry entirely. "You're generally the last one to see that person alive, and you're not prepared mentally or emotionally to see something like that," says John Tolman, an official with the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen, a U.S. railworkers union which has in conjunction with railroads been offering peer counseling and other support services for affected drivers. Among other things they are advised to do are to neither look at the body of the victim[r] nor learn much about their lives.[67][69][70] Bruno Kall, a German psychiatrist who specialises in treating traumatised drivers, says when a driver makes eye contact, "[he] then believes that he was chosen by the suicide victim."[31] In 2013, according to Deutsche Bahn, 30 train drivers had to leave that job due to traumatic events.[71] Since 2014, German drivers who cannot work due to witnessing a rail suicide are paid full salaries.[72]
In Britain Samaritans reports that most of the costs associated with suicides are sick leave and replacement employees for drivers and others affected.[53] One participant in the British study that interviewed survivors and those who had seriously considered suicide by rail ultimately chose another method because of concerns about the driver's feelings: "... that's making somebody else complicit, so that's almost making them feel as if they'd killed me."[44]
Effect on others
In addition to the train driver, a rail suicide can traumatise a greater number of bystanders who witness the body.[73] Staff based in the station may similarly not want to work at the station, or in the industry, anymore. Passengers may decline to take the train anywhere again. Communities around stations known for a suicide or suicides may see their reputations suffer to the point that people do not want to live there.[54] It was reported in 2000 that housing prices along the Chūō Line near Tokyo had declined at a greater rate than other areas of Japan due to the high number of suicides along it.[58]
Demographics
Rail suicides, like suicides in general and those using similarly violent methods, are mostly attempted and completed by men.[s] A 2013 U.S. Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) study using psychiatric autopsies found that the median age of the 55 suicides studied over a three-year period was 40.[75][t] The 2008 Queensland study found a peak among men in the 15–24 age group, who accounted for nearly a third of its suicides.[12] The 2006 German study of 10 years of rail suicides also found a greater portion of them under 65 as compared to the overall suicide rate. It also found that while rail suicides over 65 declined as the overall suicide rate did, younger rail suicides remained constant enough for the rail suicide rate to remain relatively stable compared to the overall suicide rate, accounting for an increasing portion of all suicides during the latter portion of the study period when the overall rate went down.[34]
The suicides the FRA studied differed from suicides in general in showing a higher rate of diagnosed mental illness—96%—in rail suicides,[76] a finding comparable to one reported in an earlier Dutch study in which two-thirds of the suicides studied were psychiatric inpatients.[77][u] Comorbidity was reported in 73% of cases, 63% had a family history of mental illness, and 53% had been prescribed medication. Chronic physical illnesses were also reported in 51%. Almost all had recently experienced, or were experiencing, a stressful event such as legal difficulties and/or the end of a relationship.[76][80]
Many were also reported to have been abusing drugs or alcohol during the time prior to their suicide, and autopsies showed that half had recently consumed those substances at the time of their suicides (with all but one of those who had been drinking having a blood alcohol content (BAC) over 0.08%, high enough to be considered legally intoxicated (five had recently been arrested on drunken-driving charges). The 2008 Queensland study found as well that, in cases where a toxicology report had been done as part of the autopsy, half of the 15–24-aged males in their peak demographic had been drinking before the suicide.[12] The 2020 Polish study looking at alcohol use and rail suicide found statistical significance among men, with younger victims more likely to have been drinking before the suicide than older ones. However, the older victims who had been drinking showed higher BACs at the time of their deaths, suggesting a correlation between greater suicide risk and longterm alcohol abuse.[41]
Interviewers in the FRA study also asked the relatives of the suicides if they knew whether the suicide had access to a firearm and ammunition, the most common method of suicide in the U.S., accounting for half of all cases. They learned that 22% of the cases did. While the authors noted that it was unusual for gun owners who kill themselves to use other means, since that was lower than the share of American households with firearms they theorized that rail may be more attractive to suicides for whom guns are not available.[81] In Switzerland, a 2013 study analyzed the effect on suicide rates among young men of "Army XXI", a reform of the country's army a decade earlier which, while not intended to do so, reduced the amount of firearms, a commoner method of suicide there than elsewhere in Europe, among the population.[v] It found that while the rate of firearm suicides declined significantly along with the overall suicide rate, the rate of rail suicide increased among young men while other violent methods did not, partly offsetting the decline in the overall rate.[82]
A 2018 study of suicides on the Melbourne rail system in the Australian state of Victoria, which has the highest rate of rail suicide of any state in that country, found two factors which distinguished rail suicides from all suicides. First, they were three times as likely to never have been married. Second, they were more likely to live in areas where a large segment of the population commuted to their jobs via rail,[74] offering support for Durkheim's theory that suicides lean toward using a method familiar to them from their everyday life. The researchers speculated that perhaps married people are more likely to have children and commute to work by car.[83]
Another Dutch study, in 2024, employed the psychiatric-autopsy technique to study 39 rail suicides over a four-year period. They were found to be predominantly under the age of 30, at a proportion twice that of the general suicide rate for that age group in the Netherlands. Many were well educated and lived with others, either friends or family, in neighborhoods within walking distance of where they took their lives.[84]
Epidemiology
Australia
In Queensland, rail suicides accounted for 2% of all suicides in the period 1990-2004.[85]
Canada
As of 1996, 3% of suicides in Canada were committed on railways.[86]
Europe
Data gathered to 2014 showed that there were about 3,000 suicides and 800 trespass-related injuries on the European railways each year.[3]
ERA[87][88] | AT | BE | BG | CH | CZ | DE | DK | EE | EL | ES | FI | FR | HR | HU | IE | IT | LT | LU | LV | NL | NO | PL | PT | RO | SE | SI | SK |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rail suicides in 2007 | 13 | 94 | 39 | 0 | 150 | 706 | 32 | 0 | 4 | 188 | 54 | 344 | 111 | 5 | 138 | 0 | 10 | 193 | 8 | 28 | 52 | 24 | 78 | 14 | 48 | ||
Rail suicides in 2008 | 93 | 27 | 0 | 160 | 714 | 24 | 1 | 1 | 174 | 52 | 289 | 111 | 7 | 137 | 0 | 9 | 164 | 7 | 29 | 50 | 29 | 71 | 20 | 58 | |||
Rail suicides in 2009 | 101 | 69 | 19 | 0 | 185 | 875 | 32 | 0 | 3 | 163 | 62 | 337 | 139 | 2 | 111 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 197 | 8 | 25 | 69 | 25 | 67 | 10 | 56 | |
Rail suicides in 2010 | 90 | 84 | 18 | 0 | 198 | 899 | 23 | 0 | 2 | 124 | 44 | 328 | 121 | 6 | 109 | 4 | 3 | 13 | 201 | 7 | 47 | 51 | 23 | 68 | 15 | 48 | |
Rail suicides in 2011 | 87 | 98 | 27 | 103 | 235 | 853 | 20 | 0 | 4 | 128 | 64 | 332 | 28 | 155 | 6 | 140 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 215 | 11 | 28 | 42 | 76 | 62 | 25 | 40 |
Rail suicides in 2012 | 80 | 102 | 33 | 140 | 224 | 872 | 32 | 5 | 1 | 138 | 32 | 356 | 24 | 148 | 5 | 124 | 13 | 5 | 7 | 202 | 8 | 80 | 58 | 57 | 82 | 16 | 38 |
Rail suicides in 2013 | 99 | 94 | 17 | 140 | 207 | 834 | 23 | 1 | 5 | 118 | 55 | 291 | 15 | 79 | 3 | 134 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 220 | 10 | 71 | 47 | 66 | 90 | 13 | 55 |
Rail suicides in 2014 | 92 | 97 | 29 | 151 | 279 | 781 | 21 | 5 | 4 | 139 | 64 | 298 | 28 | 79 | 5 | 143 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 192 | 15 | 71 | 44 | 80 | 77 | 18 | 44 |
ERA data for 2021[89] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rail suicides | 75 | 88 | 11 | 127 | 161 | 678 | 19 | 9 | 1 | 71 | 35 | 243 | 19 | 121 | 4 | 132 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 186 | 10 | 138 | 33 | 42 | 83 | 24 | 52 |
Rail suicide attempts | 11 | 13 | 1 | 12 | 16 | 89 | 22 | 1 | 0 | 14 | 19 | 35 | 4 | 45 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 1 | 13 | 5 | 15 | 7 | 6 | 2 |
Unauthorized persons killed | 6 | 5 | 11 | 4 | 11 | 64 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 2 | 22 | 3 | 27 | 1 | 42 | 8 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 99 | 9 | 54 | 4 | 0 | 15 |
Unauthorized persons seriously injured | 9 | 0 | 7 | 14 | 28 | 39 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 0 | 18 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 18 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 25 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 8 |
Germany
As according to STABAG (German: Statistik der Bahnbetriebsunfälle und Gefährlichen Unregelmäßigkeiten) in the years 1991–2000, 8653 (91.0%) rail suicide cases were fatal from total of 9510 incidences occurred on the German railway net.[90] A fatal suicide meant a death within 30 days.[90] Fatal rail suicides were ca. 7% of all fatal suicides committed in Germany in this time period.[90] Of the 5731 suicidal acts in the time period 1997–2002, 66% occurred on open tracks and 34% in station areas.[91] The data of 4127 suicial acts from the time period 2002-2006 showed that 32.2% of subjects were jumping, 32.6% lying and 34.2% wandering. Wandering included standing, and lying on the tracks included suicide by train decapitation. Jumping in front of the train had the highest chance of survival, while lying on the tracks most often resulted in death. However, suicidal behavior is not always detectable post mortem.[2]
Location | Jumping in front of the train | Lying on the track | Wandering along the track |
---|---|---|---|
open tracks (total 607) | 143 | 231 | 233 |
station (total 386) | 180 | 96 | 110 |
The Netherlands
In the Netherlands, approximately 10–14% of all suicides are by rail.[92][93] Every year, roughly 200 suicides and 50 suicide attempts occur on Dutch railways.[93]
Japan
In 1999, about 5% of total 33048 suicides in Japan were on train tracks.[58] Shin-Koiwa Station in Tokyo has a very high frequency of suicides.[94] There have been 13 incidents between 2011 and 2013 at this station.[94]
United Kingdom
In 2014, there were 279 suicides on the national rail network per year.[52] It was an increase of 11 on the previous year and 55 on 2011. Additionally, annually around 50 suicides on the London Underground were reported for 2014.[52] There were more men among the victims than women, aged mostly between 30 and 55, mostly lower income persons.[52] Suicides on the railways represent around 4% of the total.[52]
ERA data for 2020[89] for the railway network | |
---|---|
Rail suicides | 251 |
Rail suicide attempts | 35 |
Unauthorized persons killed | 8 |
Unauthorized persons seriously injured | 2 |
United States
The U.S. FRA reports that there are 300 to 500 suicides by train each year.[95] Those statistics have several caveats. First, they only represent the heavy surface rail system, as mass transit systems such as the New York City Subway are not required to report to the FRA.[80] Second, until 2011 even those railroads were not required to report suicides to the FRA (although some did) as they were seen as voluntary acts that resulted from intent rather than indicating possible shortcomings in safety measures.[67] They were also formerly instructed to report any deaths, from whatever cause, that occurred more than 24 hours after the incident as injuries, not fatalities. A Northwestern University economist notes that studies in both the US and UK have found, based on behaviour, that a substantial portion of trespass fatalities may actually have been suicides.[96]
About 70 passenger rail systems in larger metropolitan areas, such as light rail, hybrid rail, streetcars, and cable car systems, report their incidents to a different regulatory authority, the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), requiring that researchers combine statistics from that agency with those kept by the FRA to get an accurate count.[97] More than twice as many rail-related pedestrian fatalities in the US result from trespass incidents than in Europe.[98] Since the railroads were required to report them, only 30% of those have been suicides, but that portion may actually be more than 50% due to deficiencies in reporting by the FRA and the railroads.[99]
2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower estimate of the total number of fatal incidents | 276 | 314 | 276 | 328 | 275 | 219 |
In 2015, 328 fatal suicides and 30 suicide-related injuries were recorded on the US rail system.[100]
Prevention
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Woodside_LIRR_Suicide_Lights_at_end_of_Platform.jpg/220px-Woodside_LIRR_Suicide_Lights_at_end_of_Platform.jpg)
Data from 2008-2018 may indicate that 30% of railway suicides in the Netherlands, approximately 85 suicides per year, could have been prevented by measures taken by ProRail, such as restricting access.[51]
The U.S. FRA found that railways do not always publicise their suicide prevention efforts, although many have them. This can be both out of concern that doing so will alert possible suicides to the possibility of rail as a method, and fear that the public will be averse to rail travel if they associate it with the possibility of suicide. Those railways that do often put it in the context of promoting greater mental health awareness. In a report on suicide countermeasures, researchers for the agency suggested that if all the railways were more open about their efforts, they could learn from each other and improve their practices.[101]
Journalistic practices
In the early 21st century researchers and government bodies began to focus on how coverage of suicides, generally, in the media might lead others to attempt it. Media reporting has been linked to increased rail suicide attempts through the Werther effect.[42]
The catalyst was an effort in Austria, where a 1984–87 increase in suicides on the Vienna U-Bahn received sensationalistic coverage in the city's tabloid newspapers. After discussions with the newspapers' reporters and editors about how that might have been encouraging more suicides and attempts, the outlets agreed to sharply curtail their coverage, after which the suicide rate on the U-Bahn dropped significantly. From that experience, guidelines for reporting on suicide in a way less likely to inspire others to attempts were developed, both generally and specific to rail suicides.[102]
Over 20 years later, a celebrity rail suicide also became an opportunity to examine and critique the role media coverage plays in suicide prevention. After the 2009 suicide of Robert Enke, a German association football goalkeeper considered a contender for the starting position on the the national team in the next year's World Cup, suicides, particularly rail suicides, were reported to have significantly increased across the country.[23] The Federal Statistical Office of Germany would not release data at the time, but after it did researchers later found that in the wake of Enke's death rates of rail suicide had increased much more than the overall suicide rate, in some cases more than doubling, not only in Germany but in some nearby countries.[103]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Enke_Traueraktion_erster_Todestag.jpg/220px-Enke_Traueraktion_erster_Todestag.jpg)
Media coverage of Enke's death and its aftermath was intense, Süddeutsche Zeitung noted. Accounts of his suicide included details such as exactly where he had parked his car near the level crossing at which an express train struck him, the location of the crossing, and that he had stood in its path. In its wake fans and journalists debated whether a football setback with the national team was to blame, or Enke's despondency over the death of his young daughter from a heart defect three years earlier. Fans were shown grieving and leaving flowers at Niedersachsenstadion, where his club at the time of his death, Hannover 96, played its home games. Enke's former club, FC Barcelona, observed a moment of silence, as did several international matches in the days afterward. His memorial service at the stadium was broadcast live on several TV networks. All these could, the newspaper observed, quoting several researchers, encourage others with suicidal ideations to make them a reality.[23]
In 2013 the John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center published a report for the FRA on nearly 1,200 news articles it found online about rail suicides and trespass incidents in the U.S. over the course of a year. It found several common practices that had been found to increase suicide contagion Some were common to all reporting on suicides, such as the use of "suicide" in the headline, comments about an increase in such suicides, identifying the incident as a suicide without an official finding from police or coroners, and the depiction of grieving friends and families or memorials, the latter of which can suggest to a person considering suicide that they will stir similar emotions in their survivors.[104] But some others were specific to rail suicides, and the Volpe Center has posted guidelines on its website. Articles about rail suicides and trespasses should not:
- give specific information (including a map) about where the suicide or trespass fatality occurred (i.e., distances to nearby stations or crossings, since that might lead someone to begin planning their own suicide at the same location);
- describe exactly how the suicide occurred (i.e., whether the victim jumped, stood or lay on the tracks) and what they had been doing just prior to the suicide (which also might make it easier for a potential suicide to formulate their own plans);
- show a picture of a train (again allowing a potential suicide to begin visualising the process);
- show pictures of police officers and/or railworkers standing near tracks (which can have the same effect as showing grieving loved ones).
The study also found that only 5% of the news articles surveyed included information on how those contemplating suicide could get help.[105]
The FRA noted in 2019 that a few U.S. railroads had published guidelines for reporting on suicides, but most had not. While it understood that concerns about triggering copycat suicides were legitimate, it said "the ideal strategy is not to refrain from talking for fear of making the problem worse, but rather to learn how to discuss the topic responsibly."[106]
Suicide prevention signs
Beginning in 1916 in Japan, suicide prevention activist Nobu Jo placed large, well-lit signs at train stations and bridges They advised suicidal visitors to stop, to wait, and to visit Jo's home or office, if they were feeling desperate. Jo believed that many suicidal people in the city experienced stress, poor health, poverty, and social isolation, and that these underlying issues might be resolved or relieved without loss of life..[107]
One of the preventive measures taken in the Netherlands was to place suicide prevention signs in high-risk locations, mentioning the suicide prevention hotline (113 Zelfmoordpreventie ).[108] That information may be of limited utility in prevention, at least in the US. Research by the FRA found that only 20 percent of rail suicides had their cell phone on them at the time, suggesting that it might be better to have a dedicated telephone at crossings and stations, although that risks being damaged by vandals. Signs with the dedicated 988 number (the North American version of 113) may still be of some efficacy in prevention as a significant portion of suicides had visited the station before, giving them the chance to call the hotline before their attempt.[18]
In 2010, Caltrain placed signs with a helpline number along some of the stretch the FRA had studied after the Palo Alto cluster, a 16-kilometre (10 mi) section between Menlo Park and Mountain View. The signs were located not only at stations and crossings but also along fences and at gates to the right-of-way, no more than 0.1 miles (160 m) apart.[109]
Access restriction
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Struikelmatten.jpg/220px-Struikelmatten.jpg)
Physical barriers reducing the number of trespassers and suicides are barrier fences, intermediate fencing between tracks, anti-trespass panels and platform screen doors.[110] In Sweden, the number of suicides at stations could be reduced by 62.5 per cent through mid-track fencing.[111] Sometimes vegetation along the tracks can obscure the view of the train driver and the removal of this is also advocated.[3] On the London Underground the presence of a platform drainage pit has been shown to halve the number of deaths from suicide attempts.[3] The pit increases the clearance between the train and the ground, probably allowing a casualty to fall away from the train's wheels.[112] In South Korea, platform screen doors reduced the number of suicides by 89 per cent.[113]
Access restrictions such as these are primarily effective on metro or subway systems, with underground or elevated tracks in urban and suburban areas. On surface rail systems with long intercity lines it is seen as expensive and impractical to fence off the entire line. There is also doubt about their efficacy in the face of a suicide's resolve. "If someone is determined, what can you do? Absolutely nothing", says one American drivers' union official.[67] Barrier skeptics also argue that those unable to attempt a rail suicide will instead choose another method. Suicidologists say this common belief is not true, that the personal crisis that leads someone to attempt suicide may pass in a short time if they can be prevented.[21]
Other methods are also available to restrict and discourage access to tracks. Railways can plant vegetation along the edge of their rights-of-way that is dense and difficult to pass through, and may also have thorns or barbs that discourage even that attempt. Tracks that pass through cuts in the land also have steep sides that cannot be descended easily from adjacent lands.[114]
CCTV cameras
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Security_camera%2C_metro_station_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn.jpg/220px-Security_camera%2C_metro_station_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn.jpg)
CCTV cameras can be used to identify risk factors for suicide like certain behavior and face expression, to understand a suicide after an attempt for forensic needs, and to automatically intervene using computer vision.[115] In Australia, human-monitored CCTV was found to reduce the number of suicides in metro stations.[116] Computer vision enhanced CCTV sending alerts to staff are a matter of research.[117] Lancaster University together with the company Purple Transform has been awarded £50,000 by Innovate UK's UK Research and Innovation to conduct a project entitled 'Suicide Avoidance via Intelligent Video Examination' (SAIVE) project. The goal is to investigate feasibility of AI surveillance systems for preventing rail suicides.[118]
A program begun by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) in response to suicides on its subway system trains station staff to be alert for behavioral indicators of a possible suicide, whether seen in person or on camera. Some signs include wandering around without boarding any trains, crying, loitering at the end of the platform, removing clothing or not wearing shoes, or wearing hospital gowns. When they see these and report them to transit control, the next train to reach the station is given "slow orders", so it enters at a pace no faster than a walk,[w] while staff approach the person and ask if they are considering suicide. Since its implementation in 2005, the rate of suicide on the subway has declined; the TTC believes it has prevented an average of five suicides a month.[21]
Some U.S. railways have begun considering the possibility of supplementing CCTV monitoring of their outdoor tracks with drones. Florida's Tri-Rail announced in 2019 it had purchased some and hoped to implement them the following year.[120] The Brunswick, Maine, police department was also preparing a drone program to watch over tracks in its jurisdiction.[121]
Blue light
In Japan, the use of calming blue lights on station platforms is estimated to have resulted in a 74–84 percent reduction in suicide attempts.[122][123] They are also often installed at crossings, which West Japan Railway Company (commonly known as "JR West") began doing in 2006.[124]
In fiction
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%281914%29%2C_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%281914%29%2C_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.jpg)
The title character of Leo Tolstoy's 1878 novel Anna Karenina, under the influence of morphine, trapped in a loveless marriage, believing her lover is himself having relationships with other women and may give into his family's plans to arrange a marriage to one of them, kneels on the tracks as a train approaches.[125][126] Similarly, Willa Cather's 1905 short story "Paul's Case" ends with its title character, having been unable to bring himself to shoot himself, walking onto a set of tracks and being struck by a train.[127]
In the 1944 film Double Indemnity, the two main characters, Walter Neff and Phyllis Dietrichson, conspire to kill her husband and collect the large insurance settlement enabled by the title by making his death appear to have been an accidental fall from a moving train. The insurance company, Neff's employer, declines to pay on the belief that the death was a suicide. Barton Keyes, the claims adjuster believes it to be murder, citing suicide statistics he is familiar with in a ten-volume set that break down suicides by every possible category. "[O]f all the cases on record", Keyes says, "there's not one single case of suicide by leap from the rear end of a moving train." He also notes that the train was traveling at 15 mph (24 km/h) when the fall occurred, too slow to cause serious injury or death to someone jumping or falling from it.[128]
The 1981 West German television series Tod eines Schülers ("Death of a Student") began with the title character jumping in front of an oncoming train. The scene was repeated at the beginning of every episode, as the story explored the aftermath of the suicide from different perspectives. Some research has suggested an increase in rail suicides took place for several months after the series aired.[23]
After disrupting his class reunion at the beginning of the film, Yongho, the middle-aged protagonist of the 1999 South Korean film Peppermint Candy, climbs onto a nearby trestle where he refuses a fellow attendee's entreaties to come down. As a train approaches, he does not get out of the way and is last shown screaming "I want to go back!"; it is implied that he lets the train hit him. The film uses this as a departure point to show scenes from the previous 20 years of his life in reverse chronological order. Every different time period is preceded by a view of Yongho from the train, the footage running backward so he appears further away each time.[129]
The 2008 British film Three and Out tells the story of Paul Callow, a driver on the London Underground who, after accidentally running over two people with his train, learns of a supposed rule that if his train strikes a third person within the month, he can retire and collect £10,000 in a lump sum payment. He then stops a man, Tommy Cassidy from jumping off the Holborn Viaduct and says he will pay him if he jumps in front of his train. Over a last weekend Paul promises Tommy, the latter attempts a reconciliation with his family as Paul begins to have second thoughts. Tommy insists the two follow through, and Paul ultimately does. Calling attention to the trauma suffered by drivers when their trains strike someone on the tracks, the Underground's driver's union, the Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen, denounced the film and staged protests against it. Management publicly defended its cooperation with the filmmakers but privately the Underground's managing director Tim O'Toole had second thoughts in an internal memo, suggesting that it may have been a mistake to work with a film that "does not reflect reality and is in poor taste in attempting to make a suicide event 'funny'". Three and Out failed at the box office.[130]
Films have depicted suicide on urban mass rail transit as well. In Oliver Stone's 2010 Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps, Louis Zabel jumps off a New York City subway platform into the path of an oncoming train after the trading firm he owns has suffered a catastrophic loss in value.[131] The 2001 Japanese horror film Suicide Club begins with a scene where a group of 54 schoolgirls holding hands before they jump off a station platform into the path of an oncoming train, drenching the horrified other waiting passengers with their blood and beginning an epidemic of mass suicides around the country which a police detective attempts to solve. The scene is echoed in 2023's Bird Box Barcelona, where passengers on an underground platform, under the influence of mysterious unseen creatures, descend to the tracks and walk into the path of an oncoming train.[132]
See also
Notes
- ^ Lying on the tracks includes suicide by train decapitation as well as hara kiri by train.[6] In suicide by train decapitation, victims lie on the tracks in front of approaching trains, with the neck placed on a rail and run over by a train wheel;[7] in hara kiri, the train wheel runs over the abdomen.[6]
- ^ An extremely rare method, as the scene from Double Indemnity discussed below in the "in fiction" section notes. But British cricketer Robert Minton chose to jump from a passenger compartment in 1928.[10]
- ^ One suicide in Australia rode a bicycle into the train.[12]
- ^ Similarly, researchers in an earlier study of German rail suicides found that only a third occurred at stations.[25]
- ^ A German driver who had experienced several suicides and began paying attention to the tracks ahead of his train as a result said, anecdotally, that tracks going through undeveloped land offered more risk of a suicide than those in residential areas, His experience otherwise comported with researchers' findings.[31]
- ^ The researchers suggested that at earlier stages of rail development there might be a measurable effect as had been noted in the late 19th century.[5]
- ^ Population density had an even stronger effect in narrowing the gap, but as it cannot be controlled the researchers recommended targeting train traffic intensity for preventive measures instead.[5]
- ^ The authors qualified this finding by noting that in urban areas tracks may be less accessible.[36]
- ^ This is consistent with an earlier German study based on online questionnaires completed by police officers which found two-thirds of suicides occurring at stations.[37]
- ^ The earlier German study based on police officers' experiences (referenced in the previous endnote) found 70% of those suicides who jumped from the platform as the train entered the station did so from the end where it arrived, reinforcing a 1994 study of suicides on the London Underground that found most occurred from the first third of the platform.[37]
- ^ During the five years from which the data were drawn, rail suicides declined, but jumping at a greater rate.[2]
- ^ Two informants both recalled aborting suicide attempts at train stations after becoming aware of the presence of children.[44]
- ^ In 2014, UK railways reported £34m of annual loss due to rail suicides.[52]
- ^ This can be considered by suicides themselves. In December 2018, music journalist David Cavanagh wrote in a suicide note prior to jumping into the path of a train at a British station that he had originally planned to take his own life that way before Christmas, but chose to do it afterwards instead to avoid inconveniencing holiday travellers.[55]
- ^ In case of driverless trains, a witnessing passenger presses the emergency button to stop the train.[62]
- ^ In some cases, a collision with a pedestrian is not noticed by the train driver and the train continues to travel to the next station with human remains still visible at its front.[63][64] In such cases, the driver might be held accountable for violation of instruction and face consequences.[63][65][64]
- ^ A German graduate student found that PTSD among train drivers who had experienced suicides was twice as common as those in other professions who had also witnessed deaths in the course of their work, such as bank clerks who had been held hostage during a robbery.[61]
- ^ One German driver recalled hearing from colleagues that they draw the blinds when they see a person on the tracks ahead.[31]
- ^ An Australian study noted, however, that women who attempt rail suicide are more likely to die.[74]
- ^ The suicides skewed younger, but after a chi-squared test the authors discounted that as an artifact created by the low sample size.[75]
- ^ A later German study that chose rail suicides to better homogenize its analysis of predictors of suicides among psychiatric inpatients suggested that the regular sound of trains passing near facilities may help suggest the idea.[78] In 2010 a Dutch paper further reported that inpatients chose rail suicide twice as often as outpatients;[79] similarly the 2008 Queensland study noted that ten of the suicides were completed by mental inpatients who had absconded from their institutions ("Suicide in this group of people should constitute a very preventable outcome") and that in 22 cases a mental institution was within 500 m (1,600 ft) of the location of the suicide.[12] This has led to recommendations that psychiatric facilities be located 3–5 kilometres (1.9–3.1 mi) from the nearest accessible train station,[19] and that patients suffering depressive disorders not be allowed easy access to rail.[79]
- ^ It halved the overall size of the army, lowered the discharge age and raised the fee for purchasing the military-issue weapon upon discharge.[82]
- ^ In the U.S., Caltrain has a similar policy.[119]
References
- ^ "Glossary for transport statistics — 5th edition — 2019". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f Dinkel, Andreas; Baumert, Jens; Erazo, Natalia; Ladwig, Karl-Heinz (2011). "Jumping, lying, wandering: Analysis of suicidal behaviour patterns in 1,004 suicidal acts on the German railway net". J. Psychiatr. Res. 45 (1): 121–125. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.05.005. PMID 20541771. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Havârneanu, GM; Burkhardt, JM; Paran, F (August 2015). "A systematic review of the literature on safety measures to prevent railway suicides and trespassing accidents". Accident Analysis and Prevention. 81: 30–50. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2015.04.012. PMID 25939134.
- ^ Clarke, M. (February 1994). "Railway suicide in England and Wales, 1850–1949". Soc.Sci.Med. 38 (3): 401–407. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90439-1. PMID 8153743. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d e van Houwelingen, Cornelis A.J.; Baumert, J.; Kerkhof, A.; Beersma, D.; Ladwig, K. (2013). "Train suicide mortality and availability of trains: A tale of two countries" (PDF). Psychiatry Res. 209 (3): 466–470. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.026. PMID 23380544. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
- ^ a b De-Giorgio, F.; Martinotti, G.; Spagnolo, A.; Vetrugno, G. (2018). "A case of railway-related suicidal death due to falling on the rails in a weird position: an alternative form of Hara-Kiri?" (PDF). Romanian Journal of Legal Medicine. 26 (3): 246–248.
- ^ Woolery, Samantha; Prahlow, Joseph A. (December 2021). "Train-related suicidal decapitation". Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology. 17 (4): 730–733. doi:10.1007/s12024-021-00396-8. ISSN 1556-2891. PMID 34106423. S2CID 235373955.
- ^ Symonds, R. L. (August 1985). "Psychiatric aspects of railway fatalities". Psychological Medicine. 15 (3): 609–621. doi:10.1017/S0033291700031469. ISSN 1469-8978. PMID 4048320.
- ^ Guggenheim, F.G.; Weisman, A.D. (1972). "Suicide in the subway: Publicly witnessed attempts of 50 cases". J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 155 (6): 404–409. doi:10.1097/00005053-197212000-00003. PMID 4636818. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
- ^ Firth, David (2011). Silence Of The Heart: Cricket Suicides. Random House. pp. 75–76. ISBN 9781780573939.
- ^ Schmidtke, A. (1994). "Suicidal behaviour on railways in the FRG". Soc. Sci. Med. 38 (3): 419–426. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90441-3. PMID 8153745. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g De Leo, Diego; Krysinska, Karolina (2008). "Suicidal Behaviour by Train Collision in Queensland, 1990–2004". Aus. N. Z. J. Psych. 42 (9): 772–779. doi:10.1080/00048670802277263. PMID 18696281. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
- ^ "U.K. police: Rail crash may have been suicide". NBC News. 7 November 2004. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
- ^ a b c "IMPLEMENTATION GUIDANCE FOR CSIs ANNEX I OF DIRECTIVE (EU) 2016/798" (PDF). era.europa.eu. ERA. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
- ^ "Train Kills 2 Girls (Published 1993)". The New York Times. 3 December 1993. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
- ^ "1 killed, 1 hurt by train 'in joint suicide bid' - English". ANSA.it. 16 November 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
- ^ "Teens' double suicide rocks Philadelphia suburb of Norwood". Harrisburg Patriot-News. March 4, 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
- ^ a b c Berman et al. 2013, p. 18.
- ^ a b c Moritz, S.; Nguyen, C.; Jelinek, L.; Borsutzky, S.; Scheunemann, J.; Hergerl, U.; Püschel, K.; Gallinat, J. (30 January 2023). "Behavioral and location-related antecedents of train suicides". Suicide Life-Threat. Behav. 2 (53): 303–311. doi:10.1111/sltb.12941. PMID 36714989.
- ^ Rabban, Joseph; Adler, Jonathan; Rosen, Carlo; Blair, Jeffrey; Sheridan, Robert (September 1997). "Electrical injury from subway third rails: serious injury associated with intermediate voltage contact". Burns. 23 (6): 515–518. doi:10.1016/S0305-4179(97)00033-8. PMID 9429035. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Giese, Rachel (10 August 2010). "Priority One: suicides on the subway tracks—how many, how often and how to stop them". Toronto Life. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
- ^ a b Mondal, Shatanik; Basu, Rivu; Paul, Abhishek; Malick, Suresh Chandra; saha, Partha; Bhattacharya, Somdipta (2017). "Suicidal Attempts And Deaths (Behavior) In Kolkata Metro; A Record Based Descriptive Study" (PDF). Suicidology Online. ISSN 2078-5488. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
- ^ a b c d Cadenbach, Christoph (18 February 2010). "Der Enke-Effekt" [The Enke Effect]. SZ (in German). Retrieved 12 May 2024.
- ^ "Teen Train Suicide Cluster Shakes Affluent California Town". ABC News. 21 October 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ^ a b Erazo, N.; Baumert, J.; Ladwig, K-H. (2004). "Regionale und örtliche Verteilungsmuster von Bahnsuiziden" [Regional and local clusters of railway suicides]. Die Nervenarzt (in German). 75 (11): 1099–1106. doi:10.1007/s00115-004-1703-x. PMID 15549217. Retrieved 30 March 2004.
- ^ Botha, Elmasu & Leitzell 2010, pp. 31–39.
- ^ a b c Mishara, Brian; Bardon, Cécile (2013). Railway Suicides in Canada and Around the World: Agendas for Prevention and Research (PDF). International Railway Safety Conference. Vancouver: International Railway Safety Council.
- ^ Botha, Elmasu & Leitzell 2010, pp. 25–30.
- ^ Sherry 2016, p. 16.
- ^ a b Strale, Mathieu; Krysinska, Karolina; Van Overmeiren, Gaetan; Andriessen, Karl (2018). "Suicide on the Railways in Belgium: A Typology of Locations and Potential for Prevention". Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 15 (10). MDPI: 2074. doi:10.3390/ijerph15102074. PMC 6209948. PMID 30248897.
- ^ a b c d e Goos, Hauke (14 February 2018). "Rail Suicide: A Train Driver Struggles with Lives Taken". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
- ^ van Houwelingen, Cornelis A.J.; Kerkhof, Ad J.F.C.; Beersma, Domien G.M. (December 2010). "Train suicides in The Netherlands". J.Affect.Disord. 127 (1–3): 281–286. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.005. PMID 20580436. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
- ^ Strauss, Markus; Klimek, Peter; Sonneck, Gernot; Niederkrotenthaler, Thomas (2017). "Suicides on the Austrian railway network: hotspot analysis and effect of proximity to psychiatric institutions". R. Soc. Open Sci. 4 (3): 160711. Bibcode:2017RSOS....460711S. doi:10.1098/rsos.160711. PMC 5383816. PMID 28405359.
- ^ a b Baumert, K.; Erazo, N.; Ladwig, K.H. (2006). "Ten-year incidence and time trends of railway suicides in Germany from 1991 to 2000". Eur. J. Public Health. 16 (2): 173–178. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cki060. PMID 16093307. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
- ^ a b Uittenbogaard, Adrian; Ceccato, Vania (2015). "Temporal and spatial patterns of suicides in Stockholm's subway stations". Accid. Anal. Prev. 81: 96–106. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2015.03.043. PMID 25958035. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
- ^ a b Strale, Mathieu; Krysinska, Karolina; Van Overmeiren, Gaëtan; Andriessen, Karl (2016). "Geographic distribution of suicide and railway suicide in Belgium, 2008–2013: a principal component analysis". Int. J. Inj. Control Saf. Promot. 24 (2): 232–244. doi:10.1080/17457300.2016.1166140. PMID 27094517. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
- ^ a b c Lukaschek, Karoline; Baumert, Jens; Ladwig, Karl-Heinz (2011). "Behaviour patterns preceding a railway suicide: Explorative study of German Federal Police officers' experiences". BMC Public Health. 11: 620. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-620. PMC 3199597. PMID 21816069.
- ^ a b c d Ratnayake, Ruwan; Links, Paul; Eynan, Rahel (2007). "Suicidal Behaviour on Subway Systems: A Review of the Epidemiology". J. Urban Health. 84 (6): 766–781. doi:10.1007/s11524-007-9211-5. PMC 2232036. PMID 17828459.
- ^ Lukaschek, Karoline; Baumert, Jens; Erazo, Natalia; Ladwig, Karl-Heinz (2014). "Stable time patterns of railway suicides in Germany: comparative analysis of 7,187 cases across two observation periods (1995–1998; 2005–2008)". BMC Public Health. 14: 124. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-124. PMC 3933256. PMID 24498876.
- ^ Erazo, N.; Baumert, J.; Ladwig, K-H. (2004). "Sex-specific time patterns of suicidal acts on the German railway system. An analysis of 4003 cases". J. Affect. Disord. 83 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2004.04.012. PMID 15546640. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
- ^ a b Lasota, Dorota; Al-Wathinani, Ahmed; Krajewksi, Paweł; Mirowska-Guzel, Dagmara; Goniewicz, Krzysztof; Hertelendy, Attila J.; Alhazmi, Riyadh A.; Pawłwoski, Witold; Khorram-Menesh, Amir; Goniewicz, Mariusz (2020). "Alcohol and the Risk of Railway Suicide". Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 17 (19): 7003. doi:10.3390/ijerph17197003. PMC 7578964. PMID 32987939.
- ^ a b Mishara, BL; Bardon, C (15 March 2016). "Systematic review of research on railway and urban transit system suicides". J. Affect. Disord. 193: 215–26. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.042. PMID 26773913.
- ^ O'Donnell, Ian; Farmer, Richard; Catalán, José (1996). "Explaining suicide: the views of survivors of serious suicide attempts". Br. J. Psychiatry. 168 (6): 780–786. doi:10.1192/bjp.168.6.780. PMID 8773824. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Marsh, Ian; Marzano, Lisa; Mosse, David; Mackenzie, Jay-Marie (2021). "First-person accounts of the processes and planning involved in a suicide attempt on the railway" (PDF). B.J. Psych.Open. 7 (1): e39. doi:10.1192/bjo.2020.173. PMC 8058816. PMID 33468276. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
- ^ Erazo, N.; Baumert, J.; Ladwig, K.-H. (1 November 2004). "Regionale und örtliche Verteilungsmuster von Bahnsuiziden". Der Nervenarzt (in German). 75 (11): 1099–1106. doi:10.1007/s00115-004-1703-x. ISSN 1433-0407. PMID 15549217.
- ^ a b Singen (D), Max Dohner (2 April 2015). "Suizidversuch - Er warf sich wegen Depressionen vor den Zug – und überlebte" [Suicide attempt - He threw himself in front of the train because of depression - and survived]. St. Galler Tagblatt (in German). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
- ^ Erazo, N.; Baumert, J.J.; Ladwig, K.-H. (2005). "Factors associated with failed and completed railway suicides". J. Affect. Disord. 88 (2): 137–143. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.06.008. PMID 16099053. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
- ^ Kadotani, Hiroshi; Nagai, Yumiko; Sozu, Takashi (January 2014). "Railway suicide attempts are associated with amount of sunlight in recent days". Journal of Affective Disorders. 152–154: 162–168. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.08.040. ISSN 1573-2517. PMID 24075246.
- ^ "European Union Agency for Railways Moving Europe towards a sustainable and safe railway system without frontiers" (PDF). www.era.europa.eu. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
- ^ Andriessen, Karl; Krysinska, Karolina (2012). "Railway Suicide in Belgium 1998–2009: Incidence and Prevention". Crisis. 33 (1): 39–45. doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000105. PMID 21945845. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
- ^ a b van Houwelingen, Cornelis A. J.; Di Bucchianico, Alessandro; Beersma, Domien G. M.; Kerkhof, Ad J. F. M. (September 2022). "Railway Suicide in The Netherlands Lower Than Expected: Are Preventive Measures Effective?". Crisis. 43 (5): 368–374. doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000792. PMC 9578363. PMID 34003022.
- ^ a b c d e "Rail 759: The tragic toll on the railways – Christian Wolmar". 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
- ^ a b "Written evidence submitted by Samaritans (RLS0015)". U.K. Parliament. October 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
- ^ a b "Railway Suicide Prevention". Rail Delivery Group. 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
- ^ Davidson, Tom (25 April 2019). "Top music journalist 'delayed suicide to not disrupt people going home for Christmas'". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
- ^ Joiner, Thomas (2024). The Varieties of Suicidal Experience: A New Theory of Suicidal Violence. NYU Press. p. 17. ISBN 9781479823475. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
- ^ French, Howard W. (6 June 2000). "Kunitachi City Journal; Japanese Trains Try to Shed a Gruesome Appeal". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
- ^ a b c "Families fined for suicides in Japan". The Irish Times. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
- ^ Brasor, Masako; Tsubutsu, Masako (18 October 2013). "Blood on the tracks: Who pays for deadly railway accidents?". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020.
- ^ "'Gefährlicher Eingriff in den Bahnverkehr' bei Metzingen: Frau wegen Suizidversuch angeklagt - Angeklagte kann sich kaum erinnern" ['Dangerous interference with rail traffic' near Metzingen: Woman accused of attempted suicide - defendant can barely remember]. Südwest Presse (in German). 13 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
- ^ a b c d Weber, Christian (2 February 2012). "Die Opfer der Lebensmüden" [The Victims of Those Tired of Life]. Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 27 May 2024.
- ^ Tristan Kirk; John Dunne (19 June 2020). "DLR safety questioned after banker killed by train". Evening Standard. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ a b "Shinkansen bullet train hits person in Fukuoka Pref.; body parts found". Mainichi Daily News. 15 June 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ a b "Schock in Köln: ICE fährt mit Leichenteilen am Rumpf in Bahnhof ein" [Shock in Cologne: ICE arrives at the station with body parts on the outside]. Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Retrieved 26 May 2024.
- ^ "Minister calls for probe into fatal Kyushu shinkansen incident". The Japan Times. 15 June 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ Reinken, Volker (8 August 2019). "Traumatisierte Lokführer: 'Auch wenn sie die Augen schließen, spüren sie den Aufprall'" [Traumatized train drivers: "Even if they close their eyes, they feel the impact"]. Die Zeit (Interview) (in German). Interviewed by Wlada Kolosova. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Hindash, Saed (18 June 2009). "Death By Train". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ Carey, Nick (9 August 2007). "Rail suicides anything but painless for train crews". Reuters. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ a b Lucas, Philip (16 September 2011). "Last train out: The puzzle and the pain of suicide by rail". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ a b Smothers, Ronald (15 October 2003). "Death Shares Commuter Tracks; New Jersey Suicides Illustrate Morbid Lure of the Rails". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ "DB zum Gespräch der GDL: Gewerkschaft verzichtet weiter ohne Not auf Beschäftigungssicherung für alle". Deutsche Bahn (in German). No. Presseinformation. 10 January 2014.
- ^ Ahrends, Martin (23 February 2015). "Tabuthema Suizid - Man darf nicht sterben wollen" [The suicide taboo: One must not want to die]. Deutschlandfunk Kultur (in German). Retrieved 27 May 2024.
- ^ Ladwig, K.-H. (2004). "Patterns of suicidal behaviour in a metro subway system: A study of 306 cases injured by the Munich subway, 1980-1999". Eur. Journ. Public Health. 14 (3): 291–295. doi:10.1093/eurpub/14.3.291. PMID 15369036.
- ^ a b Too et al. 2017, p. 14.
- ^ a b Berman et al. 2013, pp. 11–12.
- ^ a b Berman et al. 2013, pp. 14–16.
- ^ van Houwelingen, Cornelis; Kerkhof, Ad (2008). "Mental healthcare status and psychiatric diagnoses of train suicides". J. Affect. Disord. 107 (1–3): 281–284. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.08.024. PMID 17913238. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
- ^ Lukaschek, Karoline; Baumert, Jens; Krawitz, Marion; Erazo, Natalia; Förstl, Hans; Ladwig, Karl-Heinz (2018). "Determinants of completed railway suicides by psychiatric in-patients: case–control study". B. Journ. Psych. 205 (5): 398–406. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.139352. PMID 25257065. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
- ^ a b Huisman, Annemiek; van Houwelingen, Cornelis A.J.; Kerkhof, Ad J.F.M. (2010). "Psychopathology and suicide method in mental health care". J. Affect. Disord. 1 (1–2): 94–99. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.05.024. PMID 19539376. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
- ^ a b Halsey III, Ashley (7 August 2018). "'Suicide by train' is in decline, but deaths of people who trespassed on railroad tracks increased in 2017". The Washington Post. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
- ^ Berman et al. 2013, pp. 19–20.
- ^ a b Reisch, Thomas; Steffen, Timur; Habenstein, Astrid; Tschacher, Wolfgang (2013). "Change in Suicide Rates in Switzerland Before and After Firearm Restriction Resulting From the 2003 "Army XXI" Reform". Am. J. Psychiatry. 170 (9): 977–984. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12091256. PMID 23897090. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
- ^ Too et al. 2017, p. 22.
- ^ Balt, Elias; Mérelle, Saskia; Popma, Arne; Creemers, Daan; Heesen, Karlijn; van Eijk, Nikki; van den Brand, Isa; Gilissen, Renske (2024). "Sociodemographic and psychosocial risk factors of railway suicide: a mixed-methods study combining data of all suicide decedents in the Netherlands with data from a psychosocial autopsy study". BMC Public Health. 24 (1): 607. doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18120-w. PMC 10895750. PMID 38408949.
- ^ De Leo, Diego; Krysinska, Karolina (September 2008). "Suicidal Behaviour by Train Collision in Queensland, 1990–2004". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 42 (9): 772–779. doi:10.1080/00048670802277263. ISSN 0004-8674. PMID 18696281.
- ^ Mishara, Brian L.; Bardon, Cécile (January 2017). "Characteristics of railway suicides in Canada and comparison with accidental railway fatalities: Implications for prevention". Safety Science. 91: 251–259. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2016.06.017.
- ^ "Railway safety performance in the european union" (PDF). 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ^ Railway safety performance in the European Union 2016. Publications Office of the European Union. 2016. ISBN 978-92-9205-049-8. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ^ a b "ERADIS - European Railway Agency Database of Interoperability and Safety - Home". eradis.era.europa.eu. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
- ^ a b c Baumert, J.; Erazo, N.; Ladwig, K. H. (2006). "Ten-year incidence and time trends of railway suicides in Germany from 1991 to 2000". European Journal of Public Health. 16 (2): 173–178. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cki060. PMID 16093307.
- ^ Erazo, N.; Baumert, J.; Ladwig, K.-H. (1 November 2004). "Regionale und örtliche Verteilungsmuster von Bahnsuiziden". Der Nervenarzt. 75 (11): 1099–1106. doi:10.1007/s00115-004-1703-x. PMID 15549217.
- ^ Wasserman, Danuta (2016). Suicide: An Unnecessary Death. Oxford University Press. p. 358. ISBN 9780198717393.
- ^ a b Karl Andriessen; Karolina Krysinska; Onja Grad, eds. (December 9, 2019). "41". Postvention in Action: The International Handbook of Suicide Bereavement Support. Hogrefe Publishing Group. p. 368. ISBN 9781616764937.
- ^ a b "Inside Tokyo's Infamous Suicide Train Station". Kotaku. 21 May 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
- ^ Noah Bierman (9 February 2010). "Striving to prevent suicide by train". Boston.com. Boston Globe.
- ^ Savage, Ian (2007). "Trespassing on the Railroad" (PDF). Research in Transportation Economics: Railroad Economics. 20 (1). Amsterdam: Elsevier: 199–224. doi:10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20008-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 18, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2023.
- ^ Topel 2019, p. 12.
- ^ Topel 2019, p. 3.
- ^ Topel, Kurt (2022). "Do U.S. Rail Safety Statistics Undercount Suicides?". Transportation Research Record. 2676 (9): 397–406. doi:10.1177/03611981221086938. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
- ^ a b "Rail Suicide Prevention Resource Page". Rail Suicide Prevention Resource Page, VolpeCenter. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
- ^ Gabree, Hiltunen & Ranalli 2019, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Sonneck, G.; Etzersdorfer, E.; Nagel-Küss, S. (1994). "Imitative suicide on the Viennese subway". Soc. Sci. Med. 38 (3): 453–457. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90447-2. PMID 8153751. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
- ^ Koburger, Nicole; Mergl, Roland; Rummel-Kluge, Christine; Ibelshäuser, Angela; Meise, Ullrich; Postuvan, Vita; Roskar, Saska; Székely, András; Tóth, Monika Ditta; van der Feltz-Cornelis, Christina; Hegerl, Ulrich (2015). "Celebrity suicide on the railway network: Can one case trigger international effects?". J. Affect. Disord. 185: 38–46. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.06.037. PMID 26143403. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
- ^ Gabree, Scott H.; Mejia, Bianka (March 2017). Reporting of suicide and trespass incidents by online media in the United States (Report). Federal Railroad Administration. DOT/FRA/ORD-17/02. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
- ^ "Media Reporting of Railway Suicides". John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center. 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
- ^ Gabree, Hiltunen & Ranalli 2019, p. 21.
- ^ "母たちの母 城 ノブ⑤自殺防止に「一寸待て」|福祉新聞" [Mother of Mothers Castle Nobu: "Wait a minute" to prevent suicide]. Fukushi Shimbun (in Japanese). 8 July 2013. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
- ^ "Meer maatregelen om zelfdoding op spoor te voorkomen". nos.nl (in Dutch). 11 May 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
- ^ Gabree, Hiltunen & Ramalli 2019, p. 12.
- ^ Andersson, Anna-Lena; Svensson, Kenneth (2023). "Suicide in the Transport System". The Vision Zero Handbook: Theory, Technology and Management for a Zero Casualty Policy. Springer International Publishing. pp. 1103–1115. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76505-7_42. ISBN 978-3-030-76504-0.
- ^ Fredin-Knutzén, Johan; Hadlaczky, Gergö; Andersson, Anna-Lena; Sokolowski, Marcus (1 December 2022). "A pilot study evaluating the effectiveness of preventing railway suicides by mid-track fencing, which restrict easy access to high-speed train tracks". Journal of Safety Research. 83: 232–237. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2022.08.019. ISSN 0022-4375. PMID 36481013.
- ^ T J Coats; D P Walter (9 October 1999). "Effect of station design on death in the London Underground: observational study". BMJ. 319 (7215): 957. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7215.957. PMC 28249. PMID 10514158.
- ^ Chung, Yong Woon; Kang, Sung Jin; Matsubayashi, Tetsuya; Sawada, Yasuyuki; Ueda, Michiko (April 2016). "The effectiveness of platform screen doors for the prevention of subway suicides in South Korea". Journal of Affective Disorders. 194: 80–83. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.026. ISSN 1573-2517. PMID 26803779.
- ^ Baree, Hiltunen & Ranalli 2019, p. 7.
- ^ Onie, Sandersan; Li, Xun; Liang, Morgan; Sowmya, Arcot; Larsen, Mark Erik (7 May 2021). "The Use of Closed-Circuit Television and Video in Suicide Prevention: Narrative Review and Future Directions". JMIR Mental Health. 8 (5): e27663. doi:10.2196/27663. ISSN 2368-7959. PMC 8140380. PMID 33960952.
- ^ Too, Lay San; Spittal, Matthew J.; Bugeja, Lyndal; Milner, Allison; Stevenson, Mark; McClure, Roderick (1 September 2015). "An investigation of neighborhood-level social, economic and physical factors for railway suicide in Victoria, Australia". Journal of Affective Disorders. 183: 142–148. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.006. hdl:11343/59171. ISSN 1573-2517. PMID 26005775.
- ^ Mukherjee, Anindya; Ghosh, Bavrabi (2017). "An Automated Approach to Prevent Suicide in Metro Stations". Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Frontiers in Intelligent Computing: Theory and Applications. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 515. Springer. pp. 753–765. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3153-3_75. ISBN 978-981-10-3152-6.
- ^ "Lancaster University partners with Purple Transform to develop AI solution to prevent suicides on railways". Lancaster University. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ Gabree, Hiltunen & Ranalli 2019, p. 16.
- ^ Pounds, Marcia Heroux (8 March 2019). "Tri-Rail has new drones to watch the railways for safety. When will they start flying?". Sun Sentinel. Fort Lauderdale, FL. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ^ Gabree, Hiltunen & Ranalli 2019, p. 15.
- ^ Matsubayashi, Tetsuya; Sawada, Yasuyuki; Ueda, Michiko (1 May 2013). "Does the installation of blue lights on train platforms prevent suicide? A before-and-after observational study from Japan". Journal of Affective Disorders. 147 (1): 385–388. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.018. ISSN 0165-0327. PMID 22980401.
- ^ Wasserman, Danuta (2021). "13". Oxford Textbook of Suicidology and Suicide Prevention. Oxford University Press. p. 728. ISBN 9780198834441.
- ^ Yasuyuki Sawada; Michiko Ueda; Tetsuya Matsubayashi (October 24, 2017). Economic Analysis of Suicide Prevention: Towards Evidence-Based Policy-Making. Springer Nature Singapore. p. 129. ISBN 9789811015007.
- ^ Emms, Stephen (2 February 2010). "Anna Karenina: great novel, shame about the ending". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ Kelly, Maura (6 February 2019). "What 'Anna Karenina' Taught Me About Living With Depression". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ Cather, Willa (May 1905). "Paul's Case". University of Nebraska. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ Fred MacMurray, Barbara Stanwyck, Edward G. Robinson and Richard Gaines (1944). Double Indemnity (Film). Los Angeles, California: Paramount Pictures. Event occurs at 1:04. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
I've got ten volumes on suicide alone. Suicide by race, by color, by occupation, by sex, by seasons of the year, by time of day. Suicide, how committed: by poisons, by firearms, by drowning, by leaps. Suicide by poison, subdivided by types of poison, such as corrosive, irritant, systemic, gaseous, narcotic, alkaloid, protein, and so forth. Suicide by leaps, subdivided by leaps from high places, under wheels of trains, under wheels of trucks, under the feet of horses, from steamboats. But Mr. Norton, of all the cases on record there's not one single case of suicide by leap from the rear end of a moving train.
- ^ Scott, A.O. (31 March 2001). "Film Festival Reviews; A Life Retreats from Tragedy to Happy Beginnings". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ Barkham, Patrick (22 April 2008). "Why train drivers aren't seeing the funny side of suicide". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
- ^ Ebert, Roger (22 September 2010). "Times change. Gordon Gekko is now the hero". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ Harvey, Dennis (11 July 2023). "'Bird Box Barcelona' Review: An Uninspired Sequel to the Netflix Hit". Variety. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
Works cited
- Berman, Alan; Sundararaman, Ramaya; Price, Andrea; Marshall, Karen; Martino, Michael; Doucette, Ann; Chase, Stephanie; Gabree, Scott (2013). Defining Characteristics of Intentional Fatalities on Railway Rights-of-Way in the United States, 2007–2010 (PDF) (Report). U.S. Federal Railroad Administration. DOT/FRA/ORD-13/25. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
- Botha, Jan L.; Elmasu, Kristina A.; Leitzell, Philip J. (2010). Suicides on Commuter Rail in California: Possible Patterns—A Case Study (PDF) (Report). Mineta Transportation Institute. CA-MTI-10-2926. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- Gabree, Scott; Hiltunen, Danielle; Ranalli, Emma (2019). Railroad Implemented Countermeasures to Prevent Suicide: Review of Public Information (PDF) (Report). U.S. Federal Railroad Administration. DOT/FRA/ORD-19/04. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
- Sherry, Patrick (2016). Remedial Actions to Prevent Suicides on Commuter and Metro Rail Systems (PDF) (Report). Mineta Transportation Institute. CA-MTI-14-1129. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- Too, Lay San; Bugeja, Lyndal; Millner, Allison; McClure, Roderick; Spittal, Matthew (2017). "Predictors of using trains as a suicide method: Findings from Victoria, Australia". Psychiatry Res. 253: 233–239. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.057. hdl:11343/129526. PMID 28395228. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- Topel, Kurt (January 2019). "A Literature Review of Rail Trespassing and Suicide Prevention Research" (PDF). Transportation Research Board. ISSN 0097-8515. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
External links
Media related to Suicide by train at Wikimedia Commons