List of living languages in Europe
 | It has been suggested that this article be merged into Languages of Europe. (Discuss) Proposed since July 2007. |
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2006) |
- Only living languages are listed - that is, languages that are currently spoken as a native tongue. The only exception to this rule is Latin, which is listed because it has official status in the Vatican.
- Only indigenous languages are listed. So Hindi in the United Kingdom or Turkish in Germany are not rendered in this list.
- The languages of the Roma (Gypsies) and Travellers are usually considered to be indigenous or at least listed as such, which is why they are rendered in this list.
- Sign languages are fully fledged forms of communication, with complex grammars and extensive lexicons, which is why sign languages are also included in this list.
- Note that the given numbers of speakers (or users in the case of sign languages) only concern the named countries; speakers who live outside of Europe or who are not indigenous in the countries where they live (e.g. Italian speakers in the United Kingdom) are not rendered.
- Concerning the borders of Europe:
- The generally accepted borders of Europe are: the Denmark Strait, between Iceland and Greenland, in the Northwest; the Ural Mountains in the East; the Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea in the Southeast; and the Mediterranean Sea and the Straits of Gibraltar in the South.
- This list diverts from those borders in the following cases:
- Armenia and Cyprus geographically belong to Asia, but are often, for cultural reasons, considered a part of Europe. In this list they are treated as a part of Europe.
- In the South-west this list includes Ceuta and Melilla (the Spanish exclaves in Morocco), as well as the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Madeira.
Alphabetic list of living, indigenous languages in Europe
A
- Abaza (Abaza) - North Caucasian, Northwest Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 35,000 speakers
- Abkhaz (Absua) - North Caucasian, Northwest Caucasian
- Aghul (Agul) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 17,500 speakers
- Akhvakh (Axvax) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 3,500 speakers
- Albanian (Shqip) - Indo-European, Illyrian
- Albania: official language - 3,185,000 speakers
- Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 2,500 speakers
- Greece: minority language, not recognised - 150,000 speakers
- Italy: minority language, not recognised - 280,000 speakers
- Kosovo: coofficial with Serbian - 1,485,000 speakers
- Montenegro: minority language, recognised - 53,000 speakers
- Republic of Macedonia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Macedonian in West Macedonia - 620,000 speakers
- Romania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 4,000 speakers
- Serbia: minority language, recognised - 63,000 speakers
- Turkey: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 65,000 speakers
- Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Albanian Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Albania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,000 users
- Andi (Qwannab) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
- Anglo-Romani (Romanichal) - Indo-European, Germanic (?)
- United Kingdom: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 90,000 to 145,000 speakers
- Aragonese (Aragonés) - Indo-European, Romance
- Spain: minority language, recognised - 10,000 speakers
- Archi (Arči) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
- Armenian (Hayeren) - Indo-European, Armenian
- Armenia: official language - 3,235,000 speakers
- Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised (in the de facto independent republic of Nagorno Karabakh Armenian is the official language) - 120,000 speakers
- Bulgaria: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 27,000 speakers
- Cyprus: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
- Georgia: minority language, recognised - 448,000 speakers
- Greece: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 20,000 speakers
- Hungary: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 4,000 speakers
- Poland: non-territorial minority language, extinct in Poland since the 18th Century (Current minority of 8,000 Armenians in Poland, speak Polish)
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 532,000 speakers
- Turkey: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 70,000 speakers
- Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 65,000 speakers
- Armenian Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Armenia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,000 users
- Aromanian (Armâneashti) - Indo-European, Romance
- Albania: minority language, not recognised - 50,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 350,000)
- Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 2,500 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 18,000)
- Greece: minority language, not recognised - 200,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 700,000)
- Republic of Macedonia: minority language, recognised - 8,500 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 50,000)
- Romania: minority language, not recognised - 120,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 150,000)
- Serbia: minority language, not recognised - 54,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 40,000)
- Asturian (Asturianu) - Indo-European, Romance
- Spain: minority language, recognised - 690,000 speakers
- Austrian Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Austria: non-territorial minority language, recognised since 2005 - 7,500 users
- Avar (Avar Mac’) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 44,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 556,000 speakers
- Azerbaijani (Azərbaycan) - Altaic, Turkic
- Azerbaijan: official language - 8,400,000 speakers
- Georgia: minority language, recognised - 284,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 670,000 speakers
- Turkey: minority language, not recognised - ~800,000 speakers
B
- Bagvalal (Kvanada) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers
- Balkan Romani (Romani) - Indo-European, Indo-Arian
- Albania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
- Bulgaria: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 188,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 549,000)
- France: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 10,500 speakers
- Germany: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 3,500 speakers
- Greece: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 40,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 84,000)
- Hungary: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 130,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 234,000)
- Italy: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Kosovo: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 74,000 speakers
- Moldova: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 12,000 speakers
- Montenegro: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
- Republic of Macedonia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 25,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 43,000)
- Romania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 100,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 245,000)
- Serbia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 20,000 speakers
- Turkey: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 25,000 speakers
- Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers
- Balkar (Balkarlar) - Altaic, Turkic
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Kabardian in the autonomous republic of Kabardino-Balkaria - 85,000 speakers
- Baltic Romani (Romá) - Indo-European, Indo-Arian
- Belarus: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 22,500 speakers
- Estonia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 500 speakers
- Latvia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 8,000 speakers
- Lithuania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
- Poland: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 30,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 20,000 speakers
- Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 9,000 speakers
- Barranquenho - Indo-European, Romance
- Portugal - minority language, not recognised
- Bashkir (Başqort) - Altaic, Turkic
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Bashkortostan - 972,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 1,375,000)
- Basque (Euskara) - isolate
- France: minority language, not recognised - 90,000 speakers
- Spain: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Spanish in the autonomous community of the Basque Country, and in 61 municipalities in the autonomous community of Navarre - 580,000 speakers
- Bats (Batsba Motjiti) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Georgia: minority language, not recognised - 3,400 speakers
- Belgian-French Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Belgium: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 4,000 users
- Belarusian (Belaruskaja) - Indo-European, Slavic
- Belarus: coofficial with Russian - 7,878,000 speakers
- Latvia: minority language, recognised - 105,000 speakers
- Lithuania: minority language, recognised - 63,000 speakers
- Poland: minority language, recognised - 230,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 1,210,000 speakers
- Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 440,000 speakers
- Bezhta (Bežƛʼa) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
- Bohtan (Bohtan) - Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
- Georgia: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 100 speakers
- Bosnian (Bosanski) - Indo-European, Slavic
- Albania: minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: official language - 1,810,000 speakers
- Croatia: minority language, not recognised - 40,000 speakers
- Kosovo: minority language, not recognised - 15,000 speakers
- Montenegro: minority language, not recognised - 102,000 speakers
- Romania: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
- Serbia: minority language, not recognised - 134,000 speakers
- Slovenia: minority language, not recognised - 26,000 speakers
- Turkey: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 70,000 speakers
- Botlikh (Botlix) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Breton (Brezhoneg) - Indo-European, Celtic
- France: minority language, not recognised - 515,000 speakers
- British Sign Language - deaf sign language
- United Kingdom: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 40,000 users
- Budukh (Budux) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
- Bulgarian (Bălgarski) - Indo-European, Slavic
- Bulgaria: official language - 7,671,000 speakers
- Greece: minority language (Pomak), not recognised - 30,000 speakers
- Hungary: minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 8,000)
- Moldova: minority language, recognised - 262,000 speakers
- Romania: minority language, not recognised - 500 speakers
- Serbia: minority language, recognised - 16,000 speakers
- Turkey: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 270,000 speakers
- Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 234,000 speakers
- Bulgarian Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Bulgaria: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 8,500 users
C
- Cappadocian (Kapadokiká) - Indo-European, Greek
- Greece: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, but surely in the hundreds (long thought to be extinct)
- Carpathian Romani (Romungro) - Indo-European, Indo-Arian
- Czech Republic: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 100,000 speakers
- Hungary: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
- Poland: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
- Romania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Slovakia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 350,000 speakers
- Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers
- Catalan (Català) - Indo-European, Romance
- Andorra: coofficial with French - 31,000 speakers
- France: minority language, not recognised - 102,000 speakers
- Italy: minority language, not recognised - 17,000 speakers
- Spain: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Spanish in the autonomous communities of Catalonia, Valencia, and the Balearic Islands - 6,079,000 speakers
- Catalonian Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Chamalal (Čamalal) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Champenois - Indo-European, Romance
- Chechen (Noxçiyn Mott) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Chechnya - 957,000 speakers
- Chuvash (Čövaš Čəlχi) - Altaic, Turkic
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Chuvashia - 1,640,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 1,804,000)
- Circassian (Adəgăbză) - North Caucasian, Northwest Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised; the Circassian dialect Adyghe is coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Adygea; the Circassian dialect Cherkess is coofficial with Russian and Karachay in the autonomous republic of Karachay-Cherkessia - 174,000 speakers
- Cornish (Kernewek) - Indo-European, Celtic
- United Kingdom: minority language, recognised - about 3,500 speakers
- Corsican (Corsu) - Indo-European, Romance
- Crimean Tatar (Qırımtatar tili, Qırım tili) - Altaic, Turkic
- Belarus: minority language, extinct in Belarus since the end of the 18th Century (there still is a minority of 5,000 Tatars in Belarus, but they speak Belarusian now)
- Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers
- Lithuania: minority language, extinct in Lithuania since the end of the 18th Century (there still is a minority of 4,000 Tatars in Lithuania, but they speak Lithuanian now)
- Poland: minority language, extinct in Poland since the end of the 18th Century (there still is a minority of 5,000 Tatars in Poland, but they speak Polish now)
- Romania: minority language, recognised - 28,000 speakers
- Turkey: minority language, not recognised - 250,000 speakers (including Asia Minor)
- Ukraine: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Ukrainian in the autonomous republic of the Crimea - 272,000 speakers
- Croatian (Hrvatski) - Indo-European, Slavic
- Austria: minority language, recognised - 45,000 speakers
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: minority language, recognised; official language in the Croatian cantons of the Muslim-Croat Federation - 700,000 speakers
- Croatia: official language - 3,750,000 speakers
- Hungary: minority language, recognised - 25,000 speakers
- Italy: minority language, not recognised - 2,500 speakers
- Montenegro: minority language, not recognised - 8,000 speakers
- Romania: minority language, recognised - 15,000 speakers
- Serbia: minority language, not recognised - 27,000 speakers
- Slovakia: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
- Slovenia: minority language, not recognised - 54,000 speakers
- Croatian Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Croatia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 4,000 users
- Cypriot Arabic (Sanna) - Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
- Cyprus: minority language, recognised - 1,300 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 6,000, the so-called Cypriot Maronites)
- Czech (Česky) - Indo-European, Slavic
- Austria: minority language, recognised - 20,000 speakers
- Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 9,000 speakers
- Czech Republic: official language - 9,450,000 speakers
- Poland: minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
- Serbia: minority language, recognised - 2,000 speakers
- Slovakia: minority language, recognised - 50,000 speakers
- Ukraine: minority language, not recognised - 21,000 speakers
- Czecho-Slovakian Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Czech Republic: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 9,500 users
- Slovakia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 users
D
- Dalecarlian (Dalska, Dalmaal, Elfdalian) - Indo-European, Germanic
- Sweden: minority language, recognized - 1,500 speakers
- Danish (Dansk) - Indo-European, Germanic
- Denmark: official language - 5,020,000 speakers
- Faroe Islands: coofficial with Faroese (though with a lower status) - 1,000 speakers
- Germany: minority language, recognised - 10,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 45,000)
- Danish Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Denmark: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 3,500 users
- Dargwa (Dargva) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 370,000 speakers
- Dgèrnésiais - Indo-European, Romance
- Guernsey: minority language, recognised - 6,000 speakers
- Domari (Domari) - Indo-European, Indo-Arian
- Turkey: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 20,000 speakers
- Dutch (Nederlands) - Indo-European, Germanic
- Belgium: Official language in Flanders and Brussels, other official languages of Belgium are French and German, but these are not official in Flanders - 5,570,000 speakers
- France: minority language, not recognised - 60,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 75,000)
- Netherlands: official language - 16,300,000 speakers
- Dutch Sign Language - deaf sign language (also known as Sign Language of the Netherlands)
- Netherlands: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 15,000 users
E
- English (English) - Indo-European, Germanic
- Gibraltar: official language - 29,000 speakers
- Guernsey: co-official with French (though with a higher status) - 45,000 speakers
- Isle of Man: co-official with Manx (though with a higher status) - 75,000 speakers
- Jersey: official language (with French), recognised - 89,000 speakers
- Malta: co-official with Maltese - 402,000 speakers
- Ireland: secondary language - 3,451,000 speakers
- United Kingdom: official language - 51,685,000 speakers[1]
- Erzya (Eržaň Keľ) - Uralic, Mordvinic
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Moksha in the autonomous republic of Mordovia - 413,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 570,000)
- Esperanto (Esperanto) - artificial language (now spoken as a mother tongue)
- France: minority language, not recognised - 200 to 2,000 speakers
- Estonian (Eesti keel) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
- Estonia: official language - 1,036,000 speakers
- Finland: minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers
- Latvia: minority language, recognised - 3,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 53,000 speakers
- Estonian Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Estonia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 4,500 users
F
- Faroese (Føroyskt) - Indo-European, Germanic
- Faroe Islands: coofficial with Danish (though with a higher status) - 44,000 speakers
- Finnish (Suomi) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
- Estonia: minority language, recognised - 9,000 speakers
- Finland: coofficial with Swedish - 4,649,000 speakers
- Norway: minority language, recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - no speakers (there are speakers of Ingrian, which is considered a Finnish dialect by the Russian government)
- Sweden: minority language, recognised - over 200,000 speakers
- Finnish Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Finland: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 5,000 users
- Flemish Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Belgium: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Franco-Provençal (Franco-Provençal) - Indo-European, Romance
- France: minority language, not recognised - 90,000 speakers
- Italy: minority language, recognised - 91,000 speakers
- Switzerland: minority language, not recognised - 30,000 speakers
- French (Français) - Indo-European, Romance
- Andorra: minority language - 2,400 speakers
- Belgium: coofficial with Dutch and German - 4,000,000 speakers
- France: official language - 48,950,000 speakers
- Guernsey: coofficial with English (though with a lower status) - about 6,000 speakers
- Italy: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Italian in the autonomous Aosta Valley region - 44,000 speakers
- Jersey: official language Jersey Legal French - 15,000 speakers
- Luxembourg: coofficial with German and Luxembourgish - 13,000 speakers
- Monaco: official language - 20,000 speakers
- Switzerland: coofficial with German, Italian, and Romansh - 1,295,000 speakers
- French Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Friulian (Furlan) - Indo-European, Romance
- Italy: minority language, some recognition - 547,000 speakers
G
- Gagauz (Gagauz) - Altaic, Turkic
- Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 20,000 speakers
- Greece: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
- Moldova: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Moldovan in the autonomous republic of Gagauzia - 169,000 speakers
- Republic of Macedonia: minority language, not recognised - 2,000 to 8,000 speakers
- Romania: minority language, not recognised - 8,000 speakers
- Turkey: minority language, not recognised - 9,000 speakers
- Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 156,000 speakers
- Galician (Galego) - Indo-European, Romance
- Georgian (Kartuli) - South Caucasian
- Armenia: minority language, not recognised - 1,300 speakers
- Azerbaijan: minority language, recognised - 14,000 speakers
- Georgia: official language - 3,000,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 130,000 speakers
- German (Deutsch) - Indo-European, Germanic
- Austria: official language - 7,550,000 speakers
- Belgium: coofficial with French and Dutch - 86,000 speakers
- Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 200 speakers
- Croatia: minority language, recognised - 2,000 speakers
- Czech Republic: minority language, not recognised - 50,000 speakers
- Denmark: minority language, recognised - 4,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 20,000)
- Estonia: minority language, recognised - 1,500 speakers
- France: minority language, some recognition - 1,300,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 1,880,000)
- Germany: official language - 74,931,000 speakers
- Hungary: minority language, recognised - 250,000 speakers
- Italy: minority language, recognised; co-official with Italian and Ladin in the autonomous region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol - 322,000 speakers
- Latvia: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
- Liechtenstein: official language - 30,000 speakers
- Lithuania: minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Luxembourg: coofficial with French and Luxembourgish - 9,000 speakers
- Moldova: minority language, not recognised - 3,800 speakers
- Poland: minority language, some recognition - 500,000 speakers
- Romania: minority language, recognised - 28,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 543,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 954,000, including Siberia)
- Serbia: minority language, recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Slovakia: minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers
- Slovenia: minority language, not recognised - 1,500 speakers
- Switzerland: coofficial with French, Italian, and Romansh - 4,441,000 speakers
- Ukraine: minority language, not recognised - 38,500 speakers
- German Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Germany: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 50,000 users
- Ghodoberi (Ğodoberi) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
- Greek (Élliniká ) - Indo-European, Greek
- Albania: minority language, recognised - 65,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 175,000)
- Bulgaria: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 11,000 speakers
- Cyprus: coofficial with Turkish - 762,000 speakers ( see )
- France: minority language, extinct on Corsica since 1982 (there still is a minority of 1,000 Greeks on Corsica, but they speak French and Corsican now)
- Germany: minority language, recognised - 372,000 speakers
- Greece: official language - 10,552,000 speakers ( see )
- Hungary: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers
- Italy: minority language, not recognised - 22,500 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 30,000)
- Romania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Turkey: minority language, not recognised - 4,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 6,000)
- Greek Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Greece: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 43,000 users
- Gutnish (Gutnisko) - Indo-European, Germanic
- Sweden: minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
H
- Hinukh (Hinux) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 200 speakers
- Hungarian (Magyar) - Uralic, Ugric
- Austria: minority language, recognised - 70,000 speakers
- Croatia: minority language, recognised - 20,000 speakers
- Hungary: official language - 10,100,000 speakers
- Romania: minority language, recognised - 1,500,000 speakers
- Serbia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Serbian in the province of Vojvodina - 286,000 speakers
- Slovakia: minority language, recognised - 600,000 speakers
- Slovenia: minority language, recognised, official language in areas with Hungarian majority - 9,000 speakers
- Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 187,000 speakers
- Hungarian Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Hungary: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 60,000 users
- Hunzib (Gunzib) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers
I
- Iberian Romani (Caló) - Indo-European, Romance
- Icelandic Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Iceland: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 300 users
- Ingrian (Inkerin Kieli) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
- Estonia: minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 27,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 47,000)
- Ingush (Ğalğaj) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Ingushetia - 238,000 speakers
- Irish (Gaeilge) - Indo-European, Celtic
- Ireland: first official language of the state - 1,650,000 speakers
- United Kingdom: recognised, co-official language in Northern Ireland along with English - 165,000 speakers
- Irish Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Ireland: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 3,300 users
- United Kingdom: used in Northern Ireland by a large minority of the deaf community. (NB Northern Irish Sign Language and British sign language also used.)
- Istriot (Istriot) - Indo-European, Romance
- Croatia: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
- Istro-Romanian (Vlăşeşte) - Indo-European, Romance
- Croatia: minority language, not recognised - 500 to 1,000 speakers
- Italian (Italiano) - Indo-European, Romance
- Croatia: minority language, recognised - 30,000 speakers
- France: minority language, not recognised - 95,000 speakers
- Italy: official language - 55,133,000 speakers
- San Marino: official language - 24,500 speakers
- Slovenia: minority language, recognised - 4,000 speakers
- Switzerland: coofficial with German, French, and Romansh - 525,000 speakers
- Vatican City: coofficial with Latin (though with a higher status) - 500 speakers
- Italian Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Italy: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 55,000 users
- San Marino: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - number of users unknown, but very small
- Italkian (Italkian) - Indo-European, Romance
- Italy: non-territorial minority language, hast útstoarn, not recognised - minder as 100 speakers
- Izhorian (Ižoran Keeli) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 302 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 820; data from 1989)
J
- Jakati (Jakati) - Indo-European, Indo-Arian
- Russian Federation: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 50,000 speakers
- Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 60,000 speakers
- Juhuri (Juhuri) - Indo-European, Iranian
- Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 24,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 7,000 speakers
K
- Kabardian (K’èbèrdeibzè) - North Caucasian, Northwest Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Balkar in the autonomous republic of Kabardino-Balkaria - 385,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 397,000)
- Kalmyk (Qalmaq) - Altaic, Mongolian
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Kalmykia - 162,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 174,000)
- Kalo Finnish Romani (Fíntikka Rómma) - Indo-European, Indo-Arian
- Karachay (Qaraçay) - Altaic, Turkic
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Cherkess dialect of Circassian in the autonomous republic of Karachay-Cherkessia - 159,000 speakers
- Karaim (Qaray) - Altaic, Turkic
- Lithuania: minority language, recognised - 535 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 3,400; data from 1979)
- Poland: minority language, extinct in Poland (there still is a minority of 200 Karaites in Poland, but they speak Polish now)
- Russian Federation: minority language, extinct in Russia (there still is a minority of 500 Karaites in Russia, but they speak Russian now)
- Ukraine: minority language, not recognised - 8 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 6,000; data from 1979)
- Karata (Kirdi) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Karelian (Karjalan Kielii) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
- Finland: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Karelia - 35,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 57,000)
- Kashubian (Kaszëbski) - Indo-European, Slavic
- Poland: minority language, not recognised - 3,500 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 200,000)
- Khalaj (Khalaj) - Indo-European, Iranian
- Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Khinalug (Xinalug) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 1,500 speakers
- Khwarshi (Xwarš) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
- Komi (Komi Kyv) - Uralic, Permic
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Komi - 262,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 342,000)
- Komi-Permyak (Komi-Permjacköj) - Uralic, Permic
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in Komi-Permyak Okrug - 116,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 151,000)
- Krymchak (Qırımçaklar) - Altaic, Turkic
- Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 250 speakers
- Kryts (Kryz) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers (data from 1975)
- Kumyk (Kumuklar) - Altaic, Turkic
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 282,000 speakers
- Kurdish (Kurmanji) - Indo-European, Iranian
- Armenia: minority language, recognised - 58,000 speakers
- Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 20,000 speakers
L
- Ladino (Sefardí) - Indo-European, Romance
- Albania: non-territorial minority language, possibly extinct in Albania, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, but very small
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: non-territorial minority language, possibly extinct in Bosnia and Herzegovina, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, but very small
- Bulgaria: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
- Greece: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers
- Kosovo: non-territorial minority language, probably extinct in Kosovo, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, but very small
- Macedonia: non-territorial minority language, possibly extinct in Macedonia, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, but very small
- Serbia: non-territorial minority language, probably extinct in Serbia, not recognised - probably no speakers remaining
- Spain: non-territorial minority language, probably extinct in Spain, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, but very small
- Turkey: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 8,000 speakers
- Lak (Lakku Maz) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 120,000 speakers
- Latin (Lingua Latina) - Indo-European, Italic
- Vatican City: coofficial with Italian (though with a lower status) - no native speakers
- Latvian (Latviešu) - Indo-European, Baltic
- Belarus: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
- Estonia: minority language, recognised - 3,000 speakers
- Latvia: official language - 1,400,000 speakers
- Lithuania: minority language, recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 29,000 speakers
- Latvian Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Latvia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,500 users
- Lezgian (Lezgi Č’al) - Northeast Caucasian
- Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 171,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 257,000 speakers
- Limburgish (Limburgs) - Indo-European, Germanic
- Belgium: minority language, not recognised - 585,000 speakers
- Netherlands: minority language, recognised - 830,000 speakers
- Lithuanian (Lietuviškai) - Indo-European, Baltic
- Belarus: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
- Latvia: minority language, recognised - 35,000 speakers
- Lithuania: official language - 2,965,000 speakers
- Poland: minority language, recognised - 30,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 70,000 speakers
- Lithuanian Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Lithuania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,500 users
- Livonian (Līvõ Kēļ) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
- Livvi (Livvi) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
- Finland: minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 40,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 70,000)
- Lomavren (Boša) - Indo-European, Armenian
- Armenia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 30,000 speakers
- Azerbaijan: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Lorrain language - Indo-European, Romance
- Low Saxon (Low German, Nedersassies, Plattdüütsch) - Indo-European, Germanic
- Denmark: minority language, not recognised - 1,500 speakers
- Germany: minority language, not recognised - 10,000,000 speakers
- Netherlands: minority language, recognised - 1,566,000 speakers
- Poland: minority language, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, at most a few thousands
- Ludic (Lyydi) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 18,000)
- Luxembourgish (Lëtzebuergesch) - Indo-European, Germanic
- Lyons Sign Language - deaf sign language
- France: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 users
M
- Macedonian (Makedonski) - Indo-European, Slavic
- Albania: minority language, recognised - 30,000 speakers
- Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 230,000 speakers
- Greece: minority language, not recognised - 105,000 speakers
- Hungary: minority language, not recognised - 4,000 speakers
- Republic of Macedonia: official language - 1,194,000 speakers
- Serbia: minority language, not recognised - 14,000 speakers
- Maghrebi Arabic (Maghribi) - Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
- Spain: minority language, not recognised - 26,000 speakers
- Maltese Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Malta: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 350 users
- Manx (Gaelg) - Indo-European, Celtic
- Mari (Marij Jəlme) - Uralic, Cheremissic
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Mari El - 594,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 661,000)
- Megleno-Romanian (Vlaheshte) - Indo-European, Romance
- Greece: minority language, not recognised - 12,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 15,000)
- Republic of Macedonia: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
- Romania: minority language, not recognised - 1,200 speakers
- Megrelian (Margaluri) - South Caucasian
- Georgia: minority language, not recognised - 500,000 speakers
- Mirandese (Mirandes) - Indo-European, Romance
- Portugal: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Portuguese in the municipality of Miranda do Douro - 15,000 speakers
- Moksha (Mokšaň Käľ) - Uralic, Mordvinic
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Erzya in the autonomous republic of Mordovia - 372,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 513,000 )
- Monastic Sign Language - auxiliary sign language
- Vatican City: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - number of users unknown
- Monégasque (Munegasc) - Indo-European, Romance (actually a dialect of Italian)
- Monaco: semi-official language - 5,700 speakers
- Montenegrin (Crnogorski) - Indo-European, Slavic
(generally considered to be Serbian)
- Montenegro: colloquial language, not official
N
- Nenets (Njenjocja Vada) - Uralic, Samoyedic
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets, and Taymyr Autonomous Okrugs - 26,300 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 35,000, including Siberia)
- Nogai (Nogaylar) - Altaic, Turkic
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 68,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 76,000)
- Northern Ireland Sign Language - deaf sign language
- United Kingdom: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,400 users
- North Frisian (Friisk) - Indo-European, Germanic
- Germany: minority language, recognised - 10,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 62,000)
- Norwegian (Norsk) - Indo-European, Germanic
- Norwegian Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Norway: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 4,000 users
O
- Occitan (Occitan) - Indo-European, Romance
- France: minority language, not recognised - 1,500,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 6,750,000)
- Italy: minority language, not recognised - 50,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 100,000)
- Monaco: minority language, not recognised - 4,500 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 6,000)
- Spain: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Spanish and Catalan in the comarca Val d'Aran - 3,400 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 5,500)
- Ossetic (Iron Avžag) - Indo-European, Iranian
- Georgia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Georgian in the de facto independent republic of South Ossetia - 164,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of North Ossetia - 407,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 472,000)
P
- Palityan (Palitjanski) - Indo-European, Slavic (possibly a dialect of Bulgarian)
- Romania: minority language, recognised - 12,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 25,000)
- Polari (Polari) - unclassified (probably only spoken as a second language)
- United Kingdom: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - number of speakers unknown
- Polish (Polski) - Indo-European, Slavic
- Belarus: minority language, recognised - 413,000 speakers
- Czech Republic: minority language, recognised - 50,000 speakers
- Hungary: minority language, not recognised - 21,000 speakers
- Ireland: minority language, pending recognition - 4,000-100,000 speakers (est)
- Lithuania: minority language, recognised - 255,000 speakers
- Latvia: minority language, recognised - 57,000 speakers
- Poland: official language - 35,370,000 speakers
- Romania: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 94,000 speakers
- Slovakia: minority language, recognised - 50,000 speakers
- Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 1,200,000 speakers
- Polish Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Poland: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 50,000 speakers
- Pontic (Pontiaká) - Indo-European, Greek
- Armenia: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
- Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 300 speakers
- Georgia: minority language, not recognised - 15,000 speakers
- Greece: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 325,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 65,000 speakers
- Ukraine: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
- Portuguese (Português) - Indo-European, Romance
- Portuguese Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Portugal: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 8,000 users
Q
- Quinqui (Quinqui) - unclassified
- Spain: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 40,000 speakers
R
- Romanian (Română) - Indo-European, Romance
- Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 500 speakers
- Hungary: minority language, recognised - 100,000 speakers
- Moldova: official language - 2,500,000 speakers (see also Moldovan language)
- Romania: official language - 19,988,000 speakers
- Serbia: minority language, recognised - 34,000 speakers
- Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 400,000 speakers
- Romanian Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Romania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 22,000 users
- Romano-Greek (Romani) - Indo-European, Greek (?)
- Greece: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Romano-Serbian (Romani) - Indo-European, Slavic (?)
- Serbia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 4,000 speakers
- Romansh (Rumantsch) - Indo-European, Romance
- Switzerland: coofficial with German, French, and Italian - 35,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 72,000)
- Russian (Russki) - Indo-European, Slavic
- Armenia: minority language, recognised - 14,660 speakers
- Azerbaijan: minority language, recognised - 141,000 speakers
- Belarus: coofficial with Belarusian - 1,129,000 speakers
- Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 18,000 speakers
- Estonia: minority language, recognised - 413,000 speakers
- Finland: minority language, recognised - 3,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 5,000, the so-called 'Old Russians' - not counting the 'New Russians', or new immigrants)
- Georgia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Georgian and Abkhaz in the de facto independent republic of Abkhazia; coofficial with Georgian and Ossetic in the de facto independent republic of South Ossetia - 372,000 speakers
- Latvia: minority language, recognised - 862,000 speakers
- Lithuania: minority language, recognised - 344,000 speakers
- Moldova: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Moldovan and Ukrainian in the de facto independent republic of Transnistria - 572,000 speakers
- Poland: minority language, recognised - 25,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: official language - 117,270,000 speakers
- Ukraine: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar in the autonomous republic of fan the Crimea - 11,335,000 speakers
- Russian Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Armenia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - number of users unknown, but very small
- Azerbaijan: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 users
- Belarus: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 9,400 users
- Bulgaria: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - number of users unknown, but small
- Estonia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 450 users
- Georgia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,000 users
- Latvia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,000 users
- Lithuania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 350 users
- Moldova: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,800 users
- Russian Federation: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 140,000 users
- Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 11,000 users
- Ruthenian (Rusyn) - Indo-European, Slavic
- Croatia: minority language, recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Hungary: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
- Poland: minority language, not recognised - 65,000 speakers
- Romania: minority language, not recognised - 20,000 speakers
- Serbia: minority language, recognised - 25,000 speakers
- Slovakia: minority language, recognised - 128,000 speakers
- Ukraine: minority language, not recognised - 720,000 speakers
- Rutul (Rutul) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 20,000 speakers
S
- Sami (Sámegiella) - Uralic, Samic
- Finland: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Finnish in 3 municipalities (though with a lower status) - 2,550 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 4,700)
- Norway: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Norwegian in 6 municipalities - 16,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 43,000)
- Sweden: minority language, recognised - 5,900 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 15,000)
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 693 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 1,900; data from 1995)
- Sardinian (Sardu) - Indo-European, Romance
- Italy: minority language, not recognised - 1,300,000 speakers
- Sater Frisian (Seeltersk) - Indo-European, Germanic
- Germany: minority language, recognised - 2,250 speakers
- Scanian (Skånsk) - Indo-European, Germanic
- Scots (Scots) - Indo-European, Germanic
- Ireland: minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
- United Kingdom: minority language in both Northern Ireland and Scotland, recognised - 1,530,000 speakers
- Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) - Indo-European, Celtic
- United Kingdom: minority language, recognised; coofficial with English in the autonomous Western Isles - 59,000 speakers
- Serbian (Srpski) - Indo-European, Slavic
- Albania: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: official language, recognised - 1,440,000 speakers
- Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 9,000 speakers
- Croatia: minority language, recognised - 410,000 speakers
- Hungary: minority language, recognised - 10,000 speakers
- Kosovo: coofficial with Albanian - 169,000 speakers
- Montenegro: official language - 395,000 speakers
- Republic of Macedonia: minority language, recognised - 44,000 speakers
- Romania: minority language, recognised - 65,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Germany: minority language, not recognised - 750,000
- Switzerland: minority language, not recognised - 200,000
- Austria: minority language, not recognised - 340,000
- Serbia: official language - 6,655,000 speakers
- Slovenia: minority language, not recognised - 50,000 speakers
- Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Shelta (Sheldru) - Indo-European, Celtic (?)
- Ireland: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers
- United Kingdom: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 30,000 speakers
- Sinte (Sinti) - Indo-European, Indo-Arian
- Austria: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 500 speakers
- Belarus: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
- Croatia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 25,000 speakers
- Czech Republic: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,500 speakers
- France: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 30,000 speakers
- Germany: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 30,500 speakers
- Hungary: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
- Italy: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 14,000 speakers
- Kosovo: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 11,000 speakers
- Netherlands: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 1,000 speakers
- Poland: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Serbia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 20,000 speakers
- Slovenia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 2,500 speakers
- Switzerland: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 21,000 speakers
- Slovak (Slovenski) - Indo-European, Slavic
- Austria: minority language, recognised - 2,000 speakers
- Croatia: minority language, recognised - 4,000 speakers
- Czech Republic: minority language, recognised - 300,000 speakers
- Hungary: minority language, recognised - 12,000 speakers
- Poland: minority language, recognised - 38,000 speakers
- Romania: minority language, recognised - 34,000 speakers
- Serbia: minority language, recognised - 57,000 speakers
- Slovakia: official language - 3,990,000 speakers
- Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 12,000 speakers
- Slovenian (Slovensčina) - Indo-European, Slavic
- Sorbian (Serbski) - Indo-European, Slavic
- Germany: minority language, recognised - 69,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 205,000)
- Spanish (Español) - Indo-European, Romance
- Spanish Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Spain: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 20,000 users
- Swedish (Svenska) - Indo-European, Germanic
- Swedish Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Sweden: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 8,000 users
- Swiss-French Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Switzerland: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 1,000 users
- Swiss-German Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Switzerland: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 6,000 users
- Swiss-Italian Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Switzerland: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 200 users
T
- Tabasaran (Tabasaran Ĉ̣al) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 96,000 speakers
- Taleshi (Talysh) - Indo-European, Iranian
- Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 70,000 to 800,000 speakers
- Tat (Tat) - Indo-European, Iranian
- Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 11,000 speakers
- Tatar (Tatarça) - Altaic, Turkic
- Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 30,000 speakers
- Estonia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers
- Finland: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 900 speakers
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Tatarstan - 6,143,000 speakers (including 5,361,000 ethnic Tatars)
- Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 91,000 speakers
- Tavringer Romani (Rommani) - Indo-European, Germanic (?)
- Tindi (Tindal) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 6,700 speakers
- Traveller Danish (Rotwelsch) - Indo-European, Germanic (?)
- Denmark: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 15,000 to 20,000)
- Traveller Norwegian (Rodi) - Indo-European, Germanic (?)
- Norway: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Traveller Scottish (Cant) - unclassified
- United Kingdom: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 4,000 speakers
- Tsakhur (Caxur) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 13,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 7,000 speakers
- Tsakonian (Tsakōniká) - Indo-European, Greek
- Tsez (Cez mec) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 15,000 speakers
- Turkish (Türkçe) - Altaic, Turkic
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers
- Bulgaria: minority language, recognised - 765,000 speakers
- Cyprus: coofficial with Greek (the only official language in the de facto independent Turkish Republic of North Cyprus) - 183,000 speakers
- Georgia: minority language, not recognised - 25,000 speakers
- Greece: minority language, not recognised - 150,000 speakers
- Kosovo: minority language, recognised - 11,000 speakers
- Republic of Macedonia: minority language, recognised - 200,000 speakers
- Romania: minority language, recognised - 150,000 speakers
- Serbia: minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
- Turkey: official language - 70,000,000 speakers
- Turkish Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Turkey: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 70,000 users
- Turkmen (Türkmen) - Altaic, Turkic
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 10,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 17,000, the so-called Kuban Turkmens, north of the Caucasus Mountains)
- Tver Karelian (Karjalan Kieli) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 15,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 31,000)
U
- Udi (Udi) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
- Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 5,700 speakers
- Udmurt (Udmurt Kyl) - Uralic, Permic
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Udmurtia - 550,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 728,000)
- Ukrainian (Ukrayins’ka) - Indo-European, Slavic
- Belarus: minority language, recognised - 291,000 speakers
- Hungary: minority language, recognised - 300,000 speakers
- Moldova: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Moldovan in the de facto independent republic of Transnistria - 595,000 speakers
- Poland: minority language, recognised - 1,500,000 speakers
- Romania: minority language, recognised - 67,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 4,365,000 speakers
- Serbia: minority language, recognised - 23,000 speakers
- Slovakia: minority language, recognised - 100,000 speakers
- Ukraine: official language - 35,900,000 speakers
- Ukrainian Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 35,000 users
- Urum (Urum) - Altaic, Turkic
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers
- Ukraine: minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
V
- Valencian Sign Language (Llengua de Signes en la Comunitat Valenciana) - Signed language.
- Spanish Sign Language : territorial minority language in Valencian Country, legally granted - About 10,000 speakers (mostly as deaf persons)
- Veps (Vepsän Keľ) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
- Russian Federation: minority language, recognised - 7,200 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 14,000)
- Veneto (Vèneto) - Indo-European, Romance
- Vlakh Romani (Romanés) - Indo-European, Indo-Arian
- Albania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 60,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 75,000)
- Belgium: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 500 speakers
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 40,000 speakers
- Bulgaria: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 500 speakers
- France: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
- Germany: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 6,500 speakers
- Greece: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
- Hungary: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 to 20,000 speakers
- Italy: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 4,000 speakers
- Moldova: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Netherlands: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 1,000 speakers
- Norway: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 500 speakers
- Poland: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Portugal: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 500 speakers
- Romania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 200,000 to 250,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 1,250,000)
- Russian Federation: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 2,000 speakers
- Serbia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 22,000 speakers
- Slovakia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 500 speakers
- Sweden: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 1,500 speakers
- Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
- United Kingdom: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
- Võro-Seto (Võro-Seto) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
- Estonia: minority language, some recognition - 74,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
- Votic (Vaďďā Tšēli) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
- Russian Federation: minority language, not recognised - 15 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 62; data from 1989)
W
- Walloon (Wallon) - Indo-European, Romance
- Welsh (Cymraeg) - Indo-European, Celtic
- United Kingdom: minority language, recognised; coofficial with English in Wales - 750,000 speakers
- Welsh Romani (Romma) - Indo-European, Indo-Arian
- United Kingdom: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 30,000 speakers
- West Frisian (Frysk) - Indo-European, Germanic
- Netherlands: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Dutch in the province of Friesland (Fryslân) - 360,000 to 700,000 speakers
- Wymysorys (Wymysöryś) - Indo-European, Germanic
Y
- Yeniche (Yeniche) - Indo-European, Germanic (?)
- Austria: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 80,000 to 100,000 speakers
- France: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 10,000 to 33,000 speakers
- Germany: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 180,000 to 245,000 speakers
- Netherlands: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers
- Switzerland: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 90,000 to 120,000 speakers
- Yiddish (Jiddisj) - Indo-European, Germanic
- Armenia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
- Austria: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
- Azerbaijan: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 7,000 speakers
- Belarus: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 112,000 speakers
- Belgium: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 20,000 speakers
- Croatia: non-territorial minority language, possibly extinct in Croatia, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, but very small
- Czech Republic: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers
- Denmark: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 2,000 speakers
- Estonia: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 500 speakers
- Finland: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 500 speakers
- France: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 120,000 speakers
- Georgia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Germany: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 10,000 speakers
- Hungary: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 30,000 speakers
- Ireland: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, but very small
- Latvia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 20,000 speakers
- Lithuania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers
- Luxembourg: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, but very small
- Moldova: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 22,000 speakers
- Netherlands: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 2,000 speakers
- Norway: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 400 speakers
- Poland: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,500 speakers
- Romania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 15,000 speakers
- Russian Federation: non-territorial minority language, recognised; it is coofficial with Russian in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast - 245,000 speakers (including Siberia)
- Slovakia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 750 speakers
- Slovenia: non-territorial minority language, possibly extinct in Slovenia, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, but very small
- Sweden: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 5,000 speakers
- Switzerland: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 4,000 speakers
- Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 200,000 speakers
- United Kingdom: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 30,000 speakers
- Yugoslavian Sign Language - deaf sign language
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 4,000 users
- Croatia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 500 users
- Kosovo: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,600 users
- Montenegro: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 600 users
- Republic of Macedonia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,800 users
- Serbia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 10,000 users
- Slovenia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 2,000 users