Capital punishment by country
Capital Punishment In The World
Capital punishment has been used in almost every part of the globe, but in the last few decades many countries have abolished it. Usage of Capital Punishment is usually broken into the four categories set out below. Of the 193 independent states that are UN members (or have UN observer status):
- 41 (21%) maintain the death penalty in both law and practice.
- 95 (49%) have abolished it.
- 8 (4%) retain it for crimes committed in exceptional circumstances (such as in time of war).
- 49 (25%) permit its use for ordinary crimes, but have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions, or it is under a moratorium.
The information above is accurate as of 14 Feb 2011 when Gabon announced the abolition of capital punishment.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Death_Penalty_World_Map.svg/800px-Death_Penalty_World_Map.svg.png)
- 2010 - The following 23 countries carried out executions in 2010: Bahrain(1), Bangladesh (9+), Belarus (2), Botswana (1), China (2000+), Egypt (4), Equitorial Guinea (4), Iran (252+), Iraq (1+), Japan (2), Libya (18+), Malaysia (1+), North Korea (60+), Palestinian Authority (5), Saudi Arabia (27+), Singapore (1+), Somalia (8+), Sudan (6+), Syria (17+), Taiwan (4), USA (46), Vietnam (1+), Yemen (53+) [2].
- 2011 - As of 30 Mar 2011 executions have been reported in the following 8 countries during 2011: Bangladesh, China, Iran, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, UAE, USA.
- Child Execution - Since 2009 Iran and Saudi Arabia have executed offenders who were under the age of 18 at the time the crime was committed,[3]
- Public Execution - Since 2009 public executions have reportedly been carried out by the governments of Iran, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Syria, and Yemen.
- Extrajudicial Execution- In some countries the practice of extrajudicial execution sporadically or systematically outside their own formal legal frameworks occurs. Information on this is not covered in this article.
The continental tables below contain the ten unrecognized states with de facto control over their territory which are not included in the above numbers. Of these 3 maintain the death penalty in law and practice (Palestinian Authority, Somaliland, & Taiwan), 2 have abolished the death penalty (Kosovo, & Sahrawi Rep.), and the remaining 5 have never used capital punishment since declaring independence and are considered de facto abolitionist (Abkhazia, Northern Cyprus, Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, & Transnistria).[4]
Africa
Of the 53 independent states in Africa that are UN members:
- 13 (25%) maintain the death penalty in both law and practice.
- 16 (30%) have abolished it.
- 0 (0%) retain it for crimes committed in exceptional circumstances (such as in time of war).
- 24 (45%) permit its use for ordinary crimes, but have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions, or it is under a moratorium.
Of the 2 African limited recognition states not included in the above numbers - Somaliland maintains the death penalty in law and practice and Sahrawi Rep has abolished it.
The information above is accurate as of 14 Feb 2011 when Gabon announced the abolition of capital punishment.[1]
- Libya is Africa`s leading executioner. There have been recent moves toward abolitionism with 4 states prohibiting the death penalty in the last few years Rwanda (2007), Burundi (2009), Togo (2009), and Gabon (2010). Following the Jasmine Revolution of 2011 Tunisia is moving towards abolition.
Executions in 2010: Botswana (1), Egypt (4), Equatorial Guinea (4), Libya (18+), Somalia (8+), Sudan (6+)[5].
Note: The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon.
Key | Country | Year of Last Execution | Executions 2010 | Year Abolished | Notes | |
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1993 | n/a | Treason; espionage; attempts to change the regime or actions aimed at incitement; destruction of territory; sabotage to public and economic utilities; massacres and slaughters; participation in armed bands or in insurrectionary movements; counterfeiting; Terrorisme; acts of torture or cruelty; kidnapping; aggravated theft, currently under a moratorium.
A project of abolition is being tabled in Parliament in Algeria by Louisa Hanoune and Ahmed Ouyahia since the summer of 2008. | |||
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None since independence | 1992 | Abolished in 1992 by Constitution. | |||
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1987 | n/a | Armed robbery;[6] Murder;[7] traffickers involved in "labor exploitation"[8] | |||
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2010 [9] | 1 | n/a | Murder; treason; attempt on the life of the head of state; mutiny; desertion in the face of the enemy | ||
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1988 | n/a | Treason[10] | |||
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2000[11] | 2009[12] | ||||
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1997[13] | n/a | Secession; espionage; incitement to war[14] | |||
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None since independence | 1981 | Last execution when a colony of Portugal was 1835. Abolished in 1981 by Constitution. | |||
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1981 | n/a | Treason; espionage; charlatanism; witchcraft; assassination; murder[15] | |||
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2003 [16] | n/a | Murder | |||
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1997[17] | n/a | ||||
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2003 [18] | n/a | ||||
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1982 | n/a | ||||
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None since independence[19] | 2000 | ||||
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None since independence | 1995 | ||||
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2010 [20] | 4 | n/a | Rape, if accompanied by kidnapping of the victim; murder; treason; organized drug trafficking | ||
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2010[21] | 4 | n/a | |||
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None since independence | n/a | Last execution when part of Ethiopia was 1989. | |||
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2007 [22] | n/a | Murder, Treason, armed conspiracy, genocide, outrages against the constitution | |||
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1981[23] | 2010[24] | Abolition was made in Feb 2010, according to Hands Off Cain press release of 15 Feb 2011 | |||
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1981 | n/a | Treason. Abolished 1993 but was reinstated by Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council in August 1995[25] | |||
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1993 | n/a | Murder; treason; armed robbery[25] | |||
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1986 | 1993 | Abolished 1993 by constitution. | |||
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2001[26] | n/a | Murder | |||
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1987 | n/a | Murder, armed robbery,[27] treason. On August 3, 2009, the death sentences of all 4,000 death row inmates were commuted to life imprisonment, and government studies were ordered to determine if the death penalty has any impact on crime. | |||
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1984 | n/a | ||||
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1995[25] | n/a | Armed robbery, terrorism, hijacking. On 16 September 2005, Liberia acceded to the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, abolishing the death penalty, but re-introduced elements of it in July, 2008.[28] | |||
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2010 [29] | 18+ | n/a | Libya executed more people (18) in 2010 than any other African state. Current laws allow capital punishment for high treason; attempt to forcibly change the form of government; premeditated murder[30] | ||
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None since independence | n/a | Last execution when a colony of France was in 1958. | |||
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1992[31] | n/a | ||||
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1980 | n/a | ||||
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1987 | n/a | Sodomy;[32] apostasy[33] (no recorded executions). | |||
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1987 | 1995 | ||||
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1993 | n/a | Terrorism.[27] An abolition law project is being presented to the Parliament of Morocco in spring 2007. (see Human rights in Morocco#Capital punishment) | |||
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1986 | 1990 | Abolished Nov 1990 by Constitution. | |||
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None since independence | 1990 | Last execution when occupied by South Africa was in 1988. Abolished Mar 1990 by Constitution. | |||
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1976 | n/a | ||||
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2002 [34] | n/a | Sodomy,[35] kidnapping. Each of the 36 states has its own laws. In the north of the country, Sharia (Islamic law) is used. In Imo State, a bill that provided capital punishment for kidnapping was signed into law. | |||
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1998 | 2007[36] | Since some of the perpetrators of the Rwandan genocide fled to countries that refuse to extradite suspects to countries that use capital punishment, the Rwandan parliament voted to abolish capital punishment in 2007. | |||
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None since independence | 1991 | The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic outlaws the death penalty: Article 13 from the 1991 revision reads "The death penalty is banned" (translated into English from the Arabic.)[37] | |||
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None since independence | 1990 | Abolished Sep 1990 by Constitution. | |||
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1967 | 2004 | ||||
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None since independence | 1993 | Abolished Jun 1993 by Constitution. | |||
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1998 | n/a | Treason;[38] Murder; aggravated robbery. Under the Special Court for Sierra Leone the death penalty is not a punishment for war crimes | |||
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2011 [39] | 8+ | n/a | Somalia is the only African state that continues to carry out public executions. The Transitional Federal Government laws allow for execution (in the limited area of the country it controls) for murder and adultery. | ||
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2006 | n/a | ||||
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1989 | 1995[40] | The last execution by the South African government was on 14 November 1989. An execution occurred in the internationally unrecognised "homeland" of Venda in 1991.[13] Capital punishment was declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court on 6 June 1995 in the case of S v Makwanyane and Another. In 1997 the Criminal Law Amendment Act formally removed the invalidated provisions from the statute-book, and made provision for the resentencing of prisoners previously sentenced to death.[41] On 25 May 2005 the Constitutional Court ordered that all remaining death sentences in the country be set aside and the prisoners resentenced as soon as possible.[42] | |||
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2010 [43] | 6+ | n/a | Sodomy;[44] Waging war against the state;[45] apostasy;[33] prostitution; treason; acts that may endanger the independence or unity of the state; murder; armed robbery; weapons possession and smuggling | ||
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1983[46] | n/a | Murder;[47] treason | |||
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1994 | n/a | Murder; treason | |||
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1978[48] | 2009[49] | ||||
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1991 | n/a | Death penalty for murder; violence and aggression; attacks against the internal security of the state; attacks against the external security of the state.
Following the Jasmine Revolution the new interim government announced on 01 Feb 2011 that it would ratify the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, including the Second Optional Protocol regarding the abolition of the death penalty.[50] | |||
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2005[51] | n/a | On June 14, 2005 the Constitutional court ruled that although the death penalty was constitutional, its use as a mandatory punishment for certain crimes was not.[52] | |||
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1997 | n/a | Murder; aggravated robbery; high treason. President Levy Mwanawasa stated in 2004 that "For as long as I remain President, I will not execute a death warrant."[31] | |||
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2003[53] | n/a | Current capital crimes are drug trafficking; treason; murder; mutiny.[54] |
The Americas
Of the 35 independent states in the Americas that are UN members:
- 3 (9%) maintain the death penalty in both law and practice.
- 15 (43%) have abolished it.
- 4 (11%) retain it for crimes committed in exceptional circumstances (such as in time of war).
- 13 (37%) permit its use for ordinary crimes, but have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions, or it is under a moratorium.
The information above is accurate as of 2010 when both Guatemala and the Bahamas became de facto abolitionist states by not having carried out executions for ten years.
- The United States carries out more executions than any other liberal democracy (as defined by Freedom House) in the world. The only other countries in the Americas which practice capital punishment are Cuba and St. Kitts.
Executions in 2010: United States (46)[55].
Note: The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon.
Key | Country | Year Last Execution | Executions 2010 | Year Abolished | Notes |
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1991 | n/a | Murder | ||
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1916 | 2009 | Constitution states "The penalty of death for political offences, all kinds of torture, and flogging, are forever abolished."[56] The Military Code of Justice (including the death penalty) was abolished on 6 August 2008 and into law six months later.[57] | ||
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2000 | n/a | Treason; Piracy; Murder | ||
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1984[13] | n/a | Murder; Treason. Presently under review before the IACHR despite strong national support.[58][59] | ||
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1985 [13] | n/a | Murder, except where extenuating circumstances can be proved[60] | ||
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1974 | 2009 | Abolished for civil crimes 1997. Constitution states "All persons have the right to life. The death penalty does not exist" (Article 15). | ||
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1876 | n/a | The last execution happened in 1876 in Pilar, Alagoas, when a slave was convicted of murder and hanged. Brazil has always maintained the death penalty as part of it`s military code but capital punishment for civil offenses was abolished after Brazil became a republic in 1889, then reinstated and abolished again twice (1938–53 and 1969–78).[61][62][63][64] Only one person was ever sentenced to death during the Republican period, in 1969, and the execution was not carried out.[65]
The current Constitution of Brazil (1988) expressly forbids the use of capital punishment by the civil penal justice system.[66] For more information see Capital punishment in Brazil. | ||
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1962 | 1998 | Abolished in 1976 for other crimes Abolished 1998 for military [67] For more information see Capital punishment in Canada | ||
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1985 | n/a | Was been completely abolished from civil justice in 2001. | ||
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1909 | 1910 | Abolished in 1910 (by Constitutional reform) Prohibited by the Colombian Constitution of 1991: "The right to life is inviolable. There will be no death penalty." | ||
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1859[68] | 1877 | Abolished 1877 by Constitution. | ||
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2003 [69] | n/a | In 2008 all but three of the existing death sentences were commuted to prison sentences.[70] | ||
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1986 | n/a | |||
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1966 | 1966 | Abolished in 1966 by Constitution. | ||
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1884 | 1906 | Abolished 1906 (by Constitution) For more information see Capital punishment in Ecuador. | ||
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1973 | n/a | May be imposed only in cases provided by military laws during a state of international war.[71] Abolished for other crimes 1983. | ||
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1978 | n/a | |||
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2000[72] | n/a | |||
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1972 | 1987 | Abolished 1987 by Constitution. | ||
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1997 | n/a | terrorist acts;[73] Murder; mass murder; rape; willful murder; treason; torture. The constitution states that it is not a mandatory punishment. | ||
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1940 | 1956 | Abolished 1956 by Constitution. | ||
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1988[74] | n/a | Murder[75] | ||
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1961 | 2005 | Death penalty abolished by Constitution in 1917 except for military crimes, 2005 all crimes. Since the kidnap and murder of 14-year-old Fernando Martí in July 2008 at the hands of an organized group of criminals that included police officers, there had been social pressure to reinstate capital punishment (including from the Green Party) and the issue was brought up in Congress, but Congress refused to reinstate it. In 2009 the Green Party used its pro-death penalty position in an ineffective attempt to garner-up votes on the cheap. Additionally, as Mexico is a member of the Organization of American States (OAS), it is prohibited from reinstating the death penalty after it had been abolished.[76][77] | ||
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1930 | 1979 | Abolished 1979 by Constitution | ||
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None since independence | 1903 | Abolished 1903 by Constitution. | ||
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1928 | 1992 | Abolished 1992 (by Constitution) | ||
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1979 | n/a | Treason,Terrorism,Espionage,Genocide,Mutiny,Desertion in times of war.[71] Abolished for other crimes 1979. | ||
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2008 [78] | n/a | Murder | ||
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1995 | n/a | Murder; Treason | ||
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1995 | n/a | Murder; Treason | ||
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1982 | n/a | The last execution in 1982, was arbitrary, by military firing squad and without due process. The perpetrators are presently being tried. The death penalty is de facto, but not de jure abolished by signing the treaty of San Jose in 1987. Aggravated or premeditated murder; treason[79] For more information see Capital punishment in Suriname | ||
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1999 | n/a | Murder; Treason[80] | ||
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2011 [81] | 46 | n/a | Capital punishment was suspended in the United States from 1972 through 1976. Currently Federal law provides the death penalty for many homicide-related crimes; espionage; treason;[82] As of 2011, 34 of the 50 US states still exercise the death penalty. The 16 states who have abolished capital punishment are (with abolition date): Michigan (1846), Wisconsin (1853), Maine (1887), Minnesota (1911), Hawaii (1948), Alaska (1957), Vermont (1964), Iowa (1965), West Virginia (1965), North Dakota (1973), Rhode Island (1979), Massachusetts (1984 - de facto judicial abolition, retains statute), New York (2004 - de facto judicial abolition, retains statute), New Jersey (2007), New Mexico (2009), and Illinois (2011).[83] As of 01 Apr 2011 bills proposing death penalty abolition are being considered by the legislatures of Connecticut, Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas - bills proposing the reinstatement of the death penalty are being considered by the legislatures of Hawaii, Illinois, Massachusetts,and New Jersey.[84] Oregon is the only state to have re-introduced the death penalty which occurred in 1978 after abolition in 1964. Of the US non-state entities US Samoa still has capital punishment as a local statute.[85] The remaining non-state entities have abolished the death penalty, Puerto Rico (1929), Washington DC (1981), Mariana Is (never a local statute), Guam, US Virgin Is. In practice the death penalty is used only for murder; conspiracy to commit murder. Sentences of death may be handed down by a jury or a judge (upon a bench trial or a guilty plea). For more information see Capital punishment in the United States. | |
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1905 | 1907 | Abolished 1907 (by Constitution) | ||
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None since independence | 1863 | Abolished in 1863 by Constitution |
Asia-Pacific
Of the 55 independent states in the Asia-Pacific region that are UN members:
- 24 (44%) maintain the death penalty in both law and practice.
- 18 (33%) have abolished it.
- 2 (4%) retain it for crimes committed in exceptional circumstances (such as in time of war).
- 11 (20%) permit its use for ordinary crimes, but have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions, or it is under a moratorium.
Of the 2 Asian limited recognition states not included in the above numbers - both the Taiwan and the Palestinian Authority maintain the death penalty in law and practice.
The information above is accurate as of 14 Jan 2010 when Mongolia announced a moratorium on capital punishment.
- Asia has the worlds four leading practioners of capital punishment - China, Iran, North Korea and Yemen.
Executions in 2010: Bahrain (1), Bangladesh (9+), China (2000+), Iran (252+), Iraq (1+), Japan (2), Saudi Arabia (27+), Singapore (1+), Palestinian Authority (5), Syria (17+), Taiwan (4), Malaysia (1+), North Korea (60+), Yemen (53+), Vietnam (1+)[86].
Note: The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon.
Key | Country | Year of Last Execution | Executions 2010 | Year Abolished | Notes |
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2008 [87] | n/a | Current laws allow capital punishment for apostasy,[88] and murder. | ||
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1967[89] | 1985 | Queensland 1922, Tasmania 1968, the Northern Territory and the Capital Territory 1973, Victoria: 1975, South Australia 1976, Western Australia 1984, New South Wales 1985. For more information see Capital punishment in Australia. | ||
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2010 [90] | 1+ | n/a | Premeditated murder; plotting to topple the regime; collaborating with a foreign hostile country; threatening the life of the Emir; defiance of military orders in time of war or martial law | |
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2011 [91] | 9+ | n/a | Murder;[92] drug offences;[93] Trafficking in children for immoral or illegal purposes; trafficking in women for purposes of prostitution[94] | |
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1974[31] | 2004 | |||
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None since independence | n/a | Last execution when a protectorate of Britain was in 1957. Murder; unlawful possession of firearms and explosives; possession of heroin or morphine of more than 15 grams, cocaine of more than 30 grams, cannabis of more than 500 grams, syabu or methamphetamine of more than 50 grams, or opium of more than 1.2 kg[95] | ||
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1989 | 1989 | Abolished in 1989 by Constitution. | ||
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2011 [96] | 2000+ | n/a | China carries out far more executions than all of the rest of the world combined, and is notable as the only country in the world that regularly executes thousands of people every year.[97] On 25 Feb 2011 China's newly revised Criminal Law reduced the number of crimes punishable by death by 13 to 55.[98] Among these are embezzlement; rape of children; fraud; bombing; people trafficking; piracy; rape; corruption; arson; murder; poaching; endangerment of national security; terrorism[99] (see Capital punishment in the People's Republic of China)
Hong Kong and Macau, have separate legal systems and have abolished the death penalty. In Hong Kong it was abolished in 1993 by the then British colonial government, and last used in 1966 (see Capital punishment in Hong Kong). In Macau it was last used in 19th Century and abolished in 1976 when Portugal abolished the death penalty on all it`s territories (see Capital punishment in Macau). | |
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None since independence | n/a | Last execution when a colony of Britain was in 1964. Only for crimes under the Republic of Fiji Military Forces Act. Abolished for other crimes 1979. | ||
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2004[100] | n/a | Murder; instigating a child's suicide; treason; acts of terrorism; a second conviction for drug trafficking. For more information see Capital punishment in India | ||
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2008 [101] | n/a | Murder; Drug trafficking;[102] Terrorism;[103]
Capital punishment is regulated by state Law No. 2/1964, which stipulates that death sentences should be carried out by firing squad.[104] | ||
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2011[105] | 252+ | n/a | Iran is second only to China in the number of executions it carries out - regularly killing hundreds every year (many in public)[97] Currently the death penalty can be given for murder; armed robbery; drug trafficking; kidnapping; rape; paedophilia; homosexuality; espionage; terrorism; apostasy; prostitution. | |
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2010[106] | 1+ | n/a | Murder; endangering national security; distributing drugs; rape; attacks on transport convoys; financing and execution of terrorism.[107] Suspended in June 2003 after 2003 invasion; reinstated August 2004.[108] | |
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1962 | n/a | Crimes against humanity,[109] high treason, genocide, crimes against the Jewish people, terrorism. Only two executions: accused traitor Meir Tobiansky (posthumously acquitted) and high-ranking Nazi Adolf Eichmann. Abolished for other crimes 1954. | ||
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2010 [110] | 2 | n/a | Prosecutors push for the death penalty only in the case of multiple murders, or single murder with aggravating circumstances.[111] Judges usually impose death penalty in case of multiple homicides. Between 1946 and 2003 766 people were sentenced to death, 608 of whom were executed. For 40 months from 1989 to 1993 successive ministers of justice refused to authorise executions, which amounted to an informal moratorium. (See Capital punishment in Japan) | |
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2006 [112] | n/a | Murder[113] | ||
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2011[114] | 60+ | n/a | North Korea performs public executions. Current laws allow the death penalty for prostitution;[115] “drug transactions”; plots against national sovereignty; terrorism; treason against the Motherland by citizens; treason against the people; murder[116] | |
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1997[117] | n/a | Murder.[118] There has been an unofficial moratorium on executions since President Kim Dae-jung took office in February 1998.[119] However, a man was recently sentenced to death, a sentence which had not been carried out as of April 2009 [120] | ||
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None since independence | 1979 | |||
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2007 [121] | n/a | Drug trafficking; rape; murder | ||
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None since independence | 2007 | Kyrgyz authorities had extended a moratorium on executions each year since 1998. Abolished by constitution in 2007[122][123] | ||
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1989 | n/a | Drugs trafficking[124] | ||
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2004 [125] | n/a | Murder[126] | ||
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2010[127] | 1+ | n/a | Mandatory for trafficking in dangerous drugs; discharging a firearm in the commission of a scheduled offence; accomplices in case of discharge of firearm; offences against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong’s person; murder. Discretionary for kidnapping; consorting with a person carrying or having possession of arms or explosives; waging or attempting to wage war or abetting the waging of war against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, a Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri[128] | |
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None since independence | n/a | Last execution when a colony of Britain was in 1952. Murder[129] | ||
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None since independence | 1986 | Abolished in 1986 by Constitution | ||
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2008 | n/a | Terrorist acts committed for political purposes; terrorist acts against representatives of a foreign State for political purposes; sabotage; premeditated murder committed with aggravating circumstances; rape with aggravating circumstances; armed robbery.[130] According to Amnesty International, executions were carried out in secret and there are no official statistics[131] On January 14, 2010, President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj announced that he would, henceforth, systematically use his prerogative to pardon all persons sentenced to death. He stated that most countries in the world had abolished the death penalty, and that Mongolia should follow their example; he suggested that it be replaced with a thirty year prison sentence[132]. As of Jan 2011 a bill to ratify the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), aiming at the abolition of the death penalty, is awaiting a final vote in the State Great Khural (parliament)[133]. | ||
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None since independence | 1986 | Abolished in 1986 by Constitution | ||
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1993 | n/a | High treason[134] | ||
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None since independence | n/a | Treason; Piracy; Murder | ||
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1979 | 1997 | Abolished 1997 by Constitution. | ||
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1957 | 2007 | Abolished in New Zealand in 1989. In 2007 the Cook Islands became the last of New Zealand`s overseas territories to abolished capital punishment. For more information see Capital punishment in New Zealand | ||
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2001[135] | n/a | Murder; Drug trafficking[136] | ||
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2008 [137] | n/a | Murder;. (See Capital punishment in Pakistan) | ||
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None since independence | 1994 | |||
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2010[138] | 5 | n/a | The Palestinian Authority performs public executions. Current laws allow the death penalty for murder, rape, collaborating with Israeli forces.[139][140] There are a total of 17 offenses in the West Bank and 15 in the Gaza Strip for which the death penalty can be imposed under the Palestinian Penal Code.[5] There had been an unofficial moratorium since 2002 after President Yasser Arafat stopped authorising executions. The Hamas Islamic court has sentenced people to death for murder.[6] | |
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None since independence[141] | n/a | Last execution when a colony of Britain was in Nov 1954. Treason; Piracy; Attempted piracy; willful murder. | ||
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2000 | 2006 | Abolished in 1987 under the present constitution, re-introduced in 1993, re-abolished on 24 June 2006 under Republic Act No. 9346. | ||
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2003[142] | n/a | Espionage;[143] Threat to national security;[144] Apostasy[33](no recorded executions) | ||
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None since independence | 2004[145] | |||
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2011 [146] | 27+ | n/a | Saudi Arabia performs public executions. Current laws allow the death penalty for many violent and nonviolent offenses, including murder; apostasy; drug offenses; witchcraft; sexual misconduct.[147] Method most often used is beheading by a sword | |
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2010 [148] | 1+ | n/a | Murder; kidnapping; treason; certain firearm offenses; trafficking in more than 15 grams of heroin or morphine, 30 grams of cocaine or 500 grams of cannabis[149] (see capital punishment in Singapore) | |
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None since independence | 1978 | |||
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1976 | n/a | Murder; perjury causing an innocent person to be executed; rape; drug trafficking. Moratorium since 1976. | ||
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2010 [150] | 17+ | n/a | Syria performs public executions. Current laws allow the death penalty for treason; murder; political acts such as bearing arms against Syria in the ranks of the enemy, desertion of the armed forces to the enemy and acts of incitement under martial law or in wartime; violent robbery; rape; verbal opposition to the government; membership of the Muslim Brotherhood | |
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2011 [151] | 4 | n/a | Between 2004-2010 death sentences were not carried out Capital punishment in the Republic of China. Executions resumed in 2010. On March 4, 2011, five people executed. | |
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2004 | n/a | Murder with aggravating circumstances; rape with aggravating circumstances; terrorism; biocide; genocide.[152] Moratorium introduced 30 April 2004 by President Emomalii Rahmon | ||
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2009[153] | n/a | Regicide; sedition or rebellion; offences committed against the external security of Thailand; murder or attempted murder of a foreign head of state; bribery; arson; rape; murder with intent; kidnapping; robbery resulting in death. For a full list see here (PDF) | ||
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None since independence | 2002[154]. | Death penalty suspended following UN administration in 1999 when still a province of Indonesia. Capital Punishment abolished by constitution 2002 [155]. | ||
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1982[156] | n/a | Treason, Murder; For more information see Capital punishment in Tonga | ||
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1997 | 1999 | Abolished 1999 by Constitution. | ||
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None since independence | 1978 | |||
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2011[157] | n/a | Murder; Drug offences;[158] Rape; treason; aggravated robbery; terrorism | ||
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2005[159] | 2008 | President Islam Karimov signed a decree on 1 August 2005 that replaced the death penalty with life imprisonment on 1 January 2008[160][161] | ||
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None since independence | 1980 | |||
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2010[162] | 1+ | n/a | Treason; taking action to overthrow the government; espionage; rebellion; banditry; terrorism; sabotage; hijacking; destruction of national security projects; undermining peace; war crimes; crimes against humanity; manufacturing, concealing and trafficking in narcotic substances; murder; rape; robbery; embezzlement; fraud[163] | |
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2010 [164] | 53+ | n/a | Yemen performs public executions. Current laws allow the death penalty for murder;[165] Adultery;[166] homosexuality;[167][168] Apostasy[33] (no recorded executions) |
Europe
Of the 50 independent states in Europe that are UN members or have UN Observer status:
- 1 (2%) maintains the death penalty in both law and practice.
- 46 (92%) have abolished it.
- 2 (4%) retain it for crimes committed in exceptional circumstances (such as in time of war).
- 1 (2%) permit its use for ordinary crimes, but have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions, or it is under a moratorium.
Of the 6 European limited recognition states not included in the above numbers - Kossovo has abolished capital punishment and the remaining 5 are considered de facto abolitionist -Abkhazia, Northern Cyprus, Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, & Transnistria.
The information above is accurate as of 2010 when the last Netherlands overseas territory announced the abolition of capital punishment.[169]
- Belarus is the only country in Europe to still carry out executions. 2009 is the only year in recorded history when Europe was completely free of executions.
Executions in 2010: Belarus (2)[170].
Note: The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon.
Key | Country | Year Last Execution | Executions 2010 | Year Abolished | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
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None since independence | n/a | |||
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1995[171] | 2007 | Ratification of Protocol No. 13 of ECHR took place on 6 February 2007, in effect by 1 June 2007.[172] | ||
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1943 | 1990 | Abolished 1990 by Constitution | ||
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None since independence | 1998 | Abolished in 1998 by Constitution | ||
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1950 | 1968 | Abolished in peacetime 1950. Completely abolished in 1968 by Constitution. | ||
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1993 | 1998 | |||
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2010 [173] | 2 | n/a | Belarus is the last remaining country in Europe to practice the death penalty. Current laws allow capital punishment for acts of aggression; murder of a representative of a foreign state or international organization with the intention to provoke international tension or war; international terrorism; genocide; crimes against the security of humanity; murder with aggravating circumstances; terrorism; terrorist acts; treason that results in loss of life; conspiracy to seize power; sabotage; murder of a police officer; use of weapons of mass destruction; and violations of the laws and customs of war[174] (see Capital punishment in Belarus) | |
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1950 | 1996 | Last execution for common law crimes was in 1863. Last execution for war crimes was in 1950. Abolished 1996 by Constitution. | ||
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None since independence | 1998 | Last execution when part of Yugoslavia was in 1975. Abolished 1998 by Constitution | ||
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1989 | 1998 | |||
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1962 | 2002 | Capital punishment for murder abolished in 1983. | ||
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None since independence | 1991 | Last execution when part of Yugoslavia was in 1973.[171] Abolished in 1990 for the Croatian Yugoslav Republic by the Constitution. Upon declaration of independence in 1991 Croatia removed itself from the jurisdiction of the Federal Yugoslav capital punishment statutes effectively achieving complete abolition. | ||
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None since independence | 1990 | Last execution when part of Czechoslovakia was in Jun 1989. For more info see Capital punishment in the Czech Republic.Abolished 1990 by Constitution | ||
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1950 | 1978 | Last execution for common law crimes 1892. Last execution for war crimes 1950. Capital punishment was retroactively carried out 1945-50 for crimes related to the German occupation in World War II, repealed in 1951 and confirmed in 1993. A similar rule was active 1952-1978 in the civil penalty law for war crimes committed under extreme circumstances. See Capital punishment in Denmark. | ||
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1991 | 1998 | |||
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1944 | 1972 | Last peacetime execution 1825. Last wartime execution 1944. Capital punishment was abolished on civilian crimes 1949 (all existing sentences commuted to life imprisonment) and on all crimes 1972. 1984 death penalty was outlawed in the Finnish Constitution. | ||
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1977 | 1981 | The death penalty was initially abolished by the Directory in 1795 but re-introduced by Napoleon in 1810. It was re-abolished in law in 1981 and by Constitution in 2007. For more info see Capital punishment in France | ||
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1995[171] | 2006 | The death penalty was abolished for most offenses in 1997, but the constitution stated that the Supreme Court had the power to impose the death penalty in exceptionally serious cases of "crimes against life". On 27 December 2006, President Mikheil Saakashvili signed into a law a new constitutional amendment totally abolishing the death penalty in all circumstances | ||
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1949 | 1949 | Last execution by FRG authorities 1949. US military authorities carried out an execution on FRG territory in 1956. The now defunct GDR`S last execution in East Germany was in 1981. Prohibited by the Basic Law since 1949. | ||
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1972 | 2001 | Abolished in 1994 (Law 2207/1994) except for high treason in time of war; abolished completely with the Constitutional amendment of 2001 | ||
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1988 | 1990 | Capital punishment was abolished in 1990 and the last execution was of Vadász Ernő on the 14th of July 1988 for murder. | ||
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None since independence | 1928 | Last execution when a colony of Denmark was in 1830. Abolished in 1928; reintroduction made unconstitutional in 1995 by unanimous vote of parliament | ||
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1954 | 1990 | 21st Amendment to the Constitution (2001) passed by national referendum made reintroduction unconstitutional without a further constitutional amendment (and referendum). Until 1990 it was still technically lawful to execute the murderer of a police officer; however, in practice this never occurred, likely due to widespread moral objection. | ||
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1947 | 1994 | On 30 Nov 1786 the Duchy of Tuscany (then independent,now a part of Italy) became the first state in the modern era to completely abolish the death penalty. The short lived Roman Republic of Feb-Jul 1849 abolished the death penalty before being overthrown by French troops. When the Republic of Italy was formed in 1860 all the constituent states except Tuscany allowed capital punishment until it was abolished from the civil code in 1889 - although it was maintained under military and colonial law. In 1926 Mussolini reintroduced the death penalty into civil Italian law. It was re-abolished from the civil code except in time of war in 1948 (by the Constitution). Capital punishment was finally completely abolished by removing it from from the military penal code in 1994. Constitution amended in 2007 to make reintroduction unconstitutional without a further constitutional amendment.See Capital punishment in Italy | ||
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2003[175] | n/a | Currently capital punishment for terrorism and crimes in wartime.[176] Moratorium since 17 December 2003. Abolished on 30 July 2009 for other crimes[177] On 28 Mar 2011 the Presidential Commission for Human Rights in Astana asked the government to abolish capital punishment. [178]. | ||
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None since independence | 2008 | Prohibited by 2008 Constitution[179] | ||
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1996[171] | n/a | Murder with aggravating circumstances if committed during wartime.[180] Abolished for other crimes 1999. | ||
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1785 | 1987 | |||
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1995 | 1998 | |||
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1949 | 1979 | Abolished by Constitution 1979 | ||
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None since independence | 1991 | Last execution when a part of Yugoslavia was in 1988.[171] Abolished by Constitution 1991. | ||
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None since independence | 2000 | Last execution when a colony of Britain was in 1943. Capital punishment for murder abolished in 1971; part of the military code until 2000. | ||
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None since independence | 2005 | Last execution when a part of the USSR was in 1985[171]
. On 23 September 2005 the Moldovan Constitutional Court approved constitutional amendments that abolished the death penalty.[181] | ||
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1847 | 1962 | Abolished by Constitution 1962 | ||
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None since independence | 2006 | Last execution when a part of Yugoslavia was in 1992. Capital punishment abolished by Yugoslavia Federal Republic in 1995. When Montenegro declared independence in 2006 it became an abolitionist state. | ||
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1952 | 2010 | Last execution for peacetime offences 1860. Abolished for peacetime offences in 1870. Abolished in Netherlands by Constitution1982. Last Netherlands overseas territory to abolish was Netherlands Antilles in 2010.[169] | ||
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None since independence | n/a | |||
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1948 | 1979 | Abolished for peacetime offences in 1902, last execution for peacetime offences 1876. Last executions of wartime offenders conducted on 37 men convicted of treason in WWII in 1947-48. | ||
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1988 | 1997 | A criminal law reform including reintroduction of death penalty was proposed in 2004 by Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, but lost its first reading vote in the Sejm by 198 to 194 with 14 abstentions). It is said that this was only populism, as Poland was in the European Union and so this initiative hardly had a chance.[31] | ||
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1846 | 1976 | Capital Punishment was abolished for civil crimes in 1867. It was completely abolished for all crimes in 1911, but reinstated in 1916 for treasonous offenses in time of war. It was completely abolished again in 1976.[182] | ||
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1989 | 1990[183] | The last people to be convicted and executed in Romania were the former dictator Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife, Elena, following the Romanian Revolution of 1989. Their accusations ranged from crimes against humanity to high-treason. Abolished in 1990 by Constitution | ||
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1996 | n/a | There have been 3 brief periods when Russia has completely abolished the death penalty, 12 Mar 1917 to 12 Jul 1917 following the overthrow of the Tsar , 27 Oct 1917 to 16 Jun 1918 following the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks, and 1947-1950 after the end of the Second World War. Currently laws exist which allow capital punishment for murder with aggravating circumstances; attempted murder with aggravating circumstances; genocide; terrorism; torture or mayhem; treason; espionage; mutiny; desertion; sedition.[184] On 16 April 1997 Russia signed the Sixth Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, but has yet to ratify it. There has been a moratorium on executions since 1996; no executions in the Russian Federation since August 1996, except one in 1999 in the Chechen Republic. In November 2009, the Constitutional Court of Russia extended the moratorium pending ratification of the Sixth Protocol. | ||
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1468 | 1865 | Capital Punishment was abolished for civil crimes in 1848. The Death penalty was completely abolished for all crimes in 1865. | ||
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1992 | 2002 | Abolished in 1995 on the federal level (Serbia was the part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). Local (Serbian) legislation was adjusted in 2002[185] | ||
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None since independence | 1993 | Last execution when a part of Czechoslovakia was in 1989. Abolished 1990 by Constitution when still a constituent part of Czechoslovakia. Upon independence on 01 Jan 1993 Slovakia became a new abolitionist state. | ||
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None since independence | n/a | |||
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None since independence | 1991 | Last execution when a part of Yugoslavia was in 1959. Abolished in Slovenian Yugoslav Republic 1989 by Constitution. Upon declaration of independence in 1991 Slovenia removed itself from the jurisdiction of the Federal Yugoslav capital punishment statutes effectively achieving complete abolition. | ||
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1975 | 1995 | Abolished in 1978 by constitution except for military laws during wartime. Abolished from the military penal code in 1995.[186] | ||
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1910 | 1973 | Peacetime offences 1921, Wartime offences 1973. Constitutionally prohibited since 1975. See also capital punishment in Sweden. | ||
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1944 | 1992 | Capital Punishment was abolished in 1874, but reinstated in 1879. It was practiced by a few cantons (nine executions up to 1940). Abolished by popular vote in 1938, except for wartime military crimes, for which it was abolished in 1992. | ||
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None since independence | n/a | Murder; attempt to murder a state or public official; armed rebellion; attempt to murder a magistrate or investigator; attempt to murder a law enforcement agent; genocide. Moratorium since 1 January 1999 | ||
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1984 | 2004 | Abolished in 2004 by Constitution | ||
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None since independence | n/a | Treason during wartime, acts of terrorism and piracy jure gentium (by the law of nations), and for repeated murders[187] | ||
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1997[188] | 2000 | Abolished February 2000 after the Constitutional Court ruled the death penalty unconstitutional in December 1999. New criminal code passed in April 2001. | ||
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1977[189] | 2006 [190] | Last execution in the UK was in 1964. The last execution on British Overseas Territory occurred in Bermuda in 1977. Abolished for murder in 1969 in Great Britain and 1973 in Northern Ireland. Abolished for all remaining offences (high treason, piracy with violence and offences under military jurisdiction) in UK in 1998. European Convention, Thirteenth Protocol ratified in 2003 confirming total abolition. See Capital punishment in the United Kingdom. The last British Territory or Dependency to completely abolish capital punishment was Jersey on 10 Dec 2006.[190] | ||
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1870 [191] | 1969 |
Abolition Chronology
The table below lists in chronological order the 95 independent states, that are either UN members or have UN observer status, that have completely abolished the death penalty. In the hundred years since Venezuela abolished capital punishment in 1863 only 10 more countries were able to maintain abolition - although more tried but failed to prevent re-instatement after an initial abolition. From the 1960`s there has been a growing momentum towards abolition worldwide. In the 1960`s 4 countries abolished (a record up to that time for any decade), in the 1970`s a limited momentum was achieved when 10 countries abolished, the 1980`s saw a further 8 countries abolish, but it was the fall of Communism in 1989 which turned the trickle into a torrent - no fewer than 34 countries abolished in the 1990`s, the individual years 1990 and 1998 are especially notable because 8 and 7 countries respectively abolished in those single years. This momentum is continuing as a further 26 countries abolished in the first decade of this century. Since 1985 there have been only two years when no country has abolished the death penalty, 1988 & 2003.
Note - Where a country has abolished, re-instated, and abolished again (eg Phillipines, Switzerland, Portugal) only the later abolition date is included. Countries who have abolished and since reinstated (eg Liberia) are not included. The ten limited recognition states are not included in this table, as they are not included in the statistics throughout this article (although they do appear in the continental tables above for information). Non-independent territories are considered to be under the jurisdiction of their parent country - which leads to unexpectedly late abolition dates for the UK, New Zealand and the Netherlands, where Jersey (UK), the Cook Is (NZ), and the Netherlands Antilles, were the last territories of those states to abolish capital punishment, and all were rather later than the more well known abolitions on the respective mainlands. Defunct countries such as the GDR (East Germany), which abolished capital punishment in 1987 but was dissolved in 1990, are also not included. References are in the continental tables above and not repeated here.
See also
References
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- ^ United Arab Emirates (UAE): Death penalty | Amnesty International
- ^ Uzbekistan: Further information on: Fear of imminent execution/torture and ill-treatment | Amnesty International
- ^ [4][dead link]
- ^ Presidential Decree on the abolition of the death penalty - Legislationline - free online legislation database
- ^ http://vietnamnet.vn/tinnhanh/201010/Tu-hinh-nguoi-bo-hiep-dam-3-con-ruot-938791/
- ^ Socialist Republic of Viet Nam: The death penalty - inhumane and ineffective | Amnesty International
- ^ http://deathpenaltynews.blogspot.com/2010/07/yemen-man-executed-by-firing-squad-for.html
- ^ Yemen: Further information on Imminent execution, Fuad 'Ali Mohsin al-Shahari\n\n | Amnesty International
- ^ Yemen: Further Information on: Death by stoning and flogging | Amnesty International
- ^ Egypt52
- ^ Sodomylaws.Org
- ^ a b http://www.thedailyherald.com/islands/1-news/1348-antilles-to-abolish-capital-punishment-.html
- ^ http://www.amnesty.org.au/images/uploads/adp/Death%20Sentences%20and%20Executions%202010.pdf
- ^ a b c d e f http://www.geocities.com/richard.clark32@btinternet.com/europe.html[dead link] Country][dead link]
- ^ Amnesty International
- ^ http://www.handsoffcain.info/archivio_news/201003.php?iddocumento=13303161&mover=0
- ^ Legislationline - free online legislation database
- ^ Document Information | Amnesty International
- ^ Kazakhstan Set To "Virtually" Abolish Death Penalty
- ^ Death Penalty is Abolished in Kazahkstan (source: kazahkstanlive.com, reproduced by santegidio.org)
- ^ http://www.handsoffcain.info/news/index.php?iddocumento=15304099#
- ^ Wikisource: Constitution of Kosovo
- ^ Legislationline - free online legislation database
- ^ http://www.tass.ru/eng/level2.html?NewsID=2446740&PageNum=0
- ^ http://en.www.mcu.es/patrimonio/MC/PatrimonioEur/Red/Portugal_Abolicion_penademuerte.html
- ^ Romanian constitution (In Romanian)
- ^ Legislationline - free online legislation database
- ^ www.glas-javnosti.rs
- ^ http://www.boe.es/aeboe/consultas/bases_datos/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1995-25714
- ^ TRNC Public Information Office
- ^ http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar99/eur50.htm
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Kingdom
- ^ a b http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Jersey
- ^ Cover story: He executed justice
External links
- Amnesty International
- The Death Penalty Worldwide
- Countries retaining death penalty fail to give details of executions - United Nations, 14 July 2005
- Death Penalty in Asia-Pacific
- Monthly updates of world-wide executions
- Hands Off Cain (results may vary)
- Abolition UK