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Elon Musk
Musk in 2008.
Born (1971-06-28) June 28, 1971 (age 53)
Pretoria, South Africa[1]
CitizenshipUnited States[2]
EducationB.S. in Physics and B.A. Economics from University of Pennsylvania
Occupation(s)Engineer, inventor, entrepreneur
Known forCo-founder of Zip2, PayPal, SpaceX, Tesla Motors
TitleCEO and CTO of SpaceX,
Chairman of SolarCity,
CEO of Tesla Motors
Political partyIndependent[3]
Spouse(s)Justine Musk 2000–2008
Talulah Riley 2010–2012
ChildrenFive sons

Elon Musk (born June 28, 1971) is a South African-born American business magnate, engineer and inventor. He is best known for co-founding SpaceX, Tesla Motors and X.com, which later became Paypal after acquiring the service. He is currently the CEO and Chief Designer of SpaceX, CEO and Product Architect of Tesla Motors and Chairman of SolarCity. While at those companies, Musk co-designed the first viable electric car of the modern era[5], the Tesla Roadster, a private successor to the Space Shuttle, Falcon 9/Dragon, and the world's largest Internet payment system, PayPal.

Early life

Elon Musk was born in Pretoria, South Africa, the son of a Canadian-American mother and a South African father. His maternal grandfather was from Minnesota, and had moved to Saskatchewan, where Musk's mother was born. His father is an engineer and his mother is an author, nutritionist and model, appearing on the cover of New York Magazine in 2011 and a Time Magazine supplement in 2010[6].

Musk bought his first computer at age 10 and taught himself how to program;[7] by the age of 12 he sold his first commercial software for about $500, a space game called Blastar.[7]

After matriculating at Pretoria Boys High School he left home in 1988 at the age of 17, without his parents' support and in part because of the prospect of compulsory service in the South African military: "I don't have an issue with serving in the military per se, but serving in the South African army suppressing black people just didn't seem like a really good way to spend time".[7] He wanted to move to the US, saying: "It is where great things are possible".[8]

In 1992, after spending two years at Queen's University, Elon left Canada, pursuing business and physics at the University of Pennsylvania on a full scholarship. From the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School, he received an undergraduate degree, and stayed on another year to finish a second bachelor's degree in physics.[9] His undergraduate degrees behind him, and drawing inspiration from innovators such as Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla,[10] Musk then considered three areas he wanted to get into that were "important problems that would most affect the future of humanity", as he said later, "One was the Internet, one was clean energy, and one was space".[7]

Career

In 1995, Musk went on to a graduate program in applied physics and materials science at Stanford. He stayed two days before dropping out to start Zip2, which provided online content publishing software for news organizations, with his brother Kimbal Musk. In 1999, Compaq's AltaVista division acquired Zip2 for US$307 million in cash and US$34 million in stock options.[11]

PayPal

In March 1999, Musk co-founded X.com, an online financial services and e-mail payment company. One year later, in a 50/50 merger[12], X.com acquired Confinity[13], operator of the then largest auction payments service PayPal. Musk was a principal architect behind the purchase, which hinged on his belief in the emerging online-transfer, or “P2P” technology.[13] Musk believed that the Confinity sub-brand would become the necessary vehicle to incorporate and develop a person-to-person payment platform within X.com.[13] The combined company at first adopted X.com as the corporate name, but in February 2001, X.com changed its legal name to PayPal Inc. Musk was instrumental in the new PayPal’s focus on a global payment system and departure from the core financial offerings of X.com.[14]

PayPal’s early growth was due in large part to a successful viral growth campaign created by Musk.[15] In October 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay for US$1.5 billion in stock.[16] Before its sale, Musk, the company's largest shareholder, owned 11.7% of PayPal's shares.[17]

SpaceX

Musk with President Obama at the Falcon 9 launch site in 2010

In June 2002, Musk founded his third company, Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX),[18] of which he is currently the CEO and CTO. SpaceX develops and manufactures space launch vehicles with a focus on advancing the state of rocket technology. The company's first two launch vehicles are the Falcon 1 and Falcon 9 rockets and its first spacecraft is Dragon[19].

On 23 December 2008, SpaceX was awarded a $1.6 billion NASA contract for 12 flights of their Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station, replacing the Space Shuttle after it retired in 2011. Initially, Falcon 9/Dragon will replace the cargo transport function of the Shuttle and astronaut transport will be handled by the Soyuz. However, SpaceX has designed Falcon 9/Dragon with astronaut transport in mind and the Augustine commission has recommended that astronaut transport be handled by commercial companies like SpaceX.[20]

Musk views space exploration as an important step in expanding—if not preserving—the consciousness of human life.[21] Musk has said that multiplanetary life may serve as a hedge against threats to the survival of the human species. "An asteroid or a super volcano could destroy us, and we face risks the dinosaurs never saw: An engineered virus, inadvertent creation of a micro black hole, catastrophic global warming or some as-yet-unknown technology could spell the end of us. Humankind evolved over millions of years, but in the last sixty years atomic weaponry created the potential to extinguish ourselves. Sooner or later, we must expand life beyond this green and blue ball—or go extinct." Musk's goal is to reduce the cost of human spaceflight by a factor of 100. He founded SpaceX with $100 million of his early fortune. He remains chief executive officer and chief technology officer of the Hawthorne, Calif.-based company.

In seven years, SpaceX has designed the family of Falcon launch vehicles and the Dragon multi-purpose spacecraft from the ground-up. In September 2009, SpaceX's Falcon 1 rocket became the first privately funded liquid-fueled vehicle to put a satellite into Earth orbit. NASA selected SpaceX to be part of the first program that entrusts private companies to deliver cargo to the International Space Station. This contract, which has a minimum value of $1.6 billion and a maximum value of $3.1 billion, has become a cornerstone of the Space Station's continued access to cargo delivery and return. In addition to these services, SpaceX's goals include simultaneously lowering the price of orbital spaceflight and improving reliability, both by an order of magnitude, while creating the first fully reusable orbital launch vehicle. In the coming years, Musk will focus on delivering astronauts to the International Space Station, but has stated his personal goal of eventually enabling human exploration and settlement of Mars. In a 2011 interview, he said he hopes to send humans to Mars' surface within 10–20 years.[22]. On May 25, 2012, the SpaceX Dragon vehicle docked with the ISS, making history as the first commercial company to launch and dock a vehicle to the International Space Station.

Tesla Motors

Musk is also co-founder and head of product design at Tesla Motors, where he led development of the Tesla Roadster, the first production electric sports car. Musk's interest in electric vehicles extends long before the creation of Tesla. He originally went to Silicon Valley to do a PhD in Applied Physics and Materials Science at Stanford, where his goal was to create ultracapacitors with enough energy to power electric cars.

Musk provided almost all of the capital for Tesla's first two funding rounds and continued to invest in every subsequent financing round. As a result of the financial crisis in 2008 and a forced layoff at Tesla,[23] Musk agreed to assume the additional responsibility of CEO.

Tesla Motors previously built an electric sports car, the Tesla Roadster, and has shipped over 2,200 vehicles to 31 countries. Tesla expects to be in production with its four-door Model S sedan by July 2012 and unveiled its third product the Model X, aimed at the SUV/minivan market, on February 9, 2012. Model X is scheduled to begin production in late 2013.

In addition to its own cars, Tesla sells electric powertrain systems to Daimler for the Smart EV and Mercedes A Class, and to Toyota for the upcoming electric RAV4. Musk was also able to bring in both companies as long term investors in Tesla.

Musk is principally responsible for an overarching business strategy that aims to deliver affordable electric vehicles to mass-market consumers. His vision was to create the Tesla Roadster as a means to that end—a car aimed specifically at affluent early adopters, whose purchase of the sports car would subsidize the research and development costs of lower priced models of electric vehicles. From the start of Tesla, Musk has been a champion of the Model S, a four-door family sedan with an anticipated base price of half that of the Roadster. Musk has also favored building a sub-$30,000 subcompact and building and selling electric vehicle powertrain components so that other automakers can produce electric vehicles at affordable prices without having to develop the products in house.[24] Several mainstream publications have compared him with Henry Ford for his revolutionary work on advanced vehicle powertrains.[25]

He is reported to have a 29% stake in Tesla, which is currently valued above $1 billion, as of March 2012.[26][27]

SolarCity

Musk provided the initial concept for SolarCity, where he remains the largest shareholder and chairman of the board. SolarCity is the largest provider of solar power systems in the United States. His cousin Lyndon Rive is the CEO and co-founder.[28][29] The underlying motivation for funding both SolarCity and Tesla is to help combat global warming.[30]

Philanthropy

Musk is Chairman of the Musk Foundation, which focuses its philanthropic efforts on science education, pediatric health and clean energy. He is a trustee of the X Prize Foundation, promoting renewable energy technologies. He sits on the boards of The Space Foundation, The National Academies Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, The Planetary Society, and Stanford Engineering Advisory Board. Musk is also a member of the board of trustees of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).

In 2010, Musk began a multi-million dollar program through his foundation to donate solar power systems for critical needs in disaster areas. The first such solar power installation occurred on a hurricane response center in Alabama that had been neglected by state and federal aid. To make it clear that this was not serving Musk's commercial interests, SolarCity noted that it had no present or planned business activity in Alabama.[31]

In 2001, Musk had plans for a "Mars Oasis" project, which would land a miniature experimental greenhouse on Mars, containing food crops growing on Martian regolith.[32][33] He put this project on hold when he came to the conclusion that the fundamental problem preventing humanity from becoming a true spacefaring civilization was the lack of advancement in rocket technology. He has sought to address this by founding SpaceX to create revolutionary new interplanetary rockets.

His long term goal is to help humanity through SpaceX by creating a true spacefaring civilization.[34] Musk's philosophy and description of what is needed to solve the problem are provided in the IEEE podcast "Elon Musk: a founder of Paypal, Tesla Motors, and SpaceX"[35] and article "Risky Business."[33]

In April 2012 Musk joined The Giving Pledge, offering a moral commitment to donate the majority of his fortune to philanthropy.[36] Musk became a member of the campaign first popularized by Warren Buffett and Bill Gates with a class of 12 of America’s wealthiest families and individuals, which included Arthur Blank and Michael Moritz.[36]

Awards and recognition

Listed as one of Time Magazine's 100 people who most affect the world in 2010. Jon Favreau, director of the Iron Man movies, describes in his article how Musk was the inspiration for Favreau's film depiction of genius billionaire Tony Stark.[37]

The world governing body for aerospace records, Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, presented Musk in 2010 with the highest award in air & space, the FAI Gold Space Medal, for designing the first privately developed rocket to reach orbit. Prior awardees include Neil Armstrong, Burt Rutan of Scaled Composites and John Glenn.

Named as one of the 75 most influential people of the 21st century by Esquire magazine.[21]

In June 2011, Musk was awarded the $500,000 Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization[38]

In February 2011, Forbes listed Musk as one of "America's 20 Most Powerful CEOs 40 And Under".[39]

Recognized as a Living Legend in Aviation in 2010 by the Kitty Hawk Foundation for creating the successor to the Space Shuttle (Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft). Other awardees include Buzz Aldrin and Richard Branson.[40]

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics George Low award for the most outstanding contribution in the field of space transportation in 2007/2008. Musk was recognized for his design of the Falcon 1, the first privately developed liquid fuel rocket to reach orbit.[41]

National Space Society's Von Braun Trophy in 2008/2009, given for leadership of the most significant achievement in space. Prior recipients include Burt Rutan and Steve Squyres.[42]

National Wildlife Federation 2008 National Conservation Achievement award for Tesla Motors and SolarCity. Other 2008 awardees include journalist Thomas Friedman, U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy and Florida Governor Charlie Crist.[43]

The Aviation Week 2008 Laureate for the most significant achievement worldwide in the space industry.[44]

R&D Magazine Innovator of the Year for 2007 for SpaceX, Tesla and SolarCity.[45]

Automotive Executive of the Year (worldwide) in 2010 for demonstrating technology leadership and innovation via Tesla Motors. Prior awardees include Bill Ford Jr, Bob Lutz, Dieter Zetsche and Lee Iacocca. Musk is the youngest ever recipient of this award.[46]

Inc Magazine Entrepreneur of the Year award for 2007 for his work on Tesla and SpaceX.[47]

2007 Index Design award for his design of the Tesla Roadster.[48]

Global Green 2006 product design award for his design of the Tesla Roadster, presented by Mikhail Gorbachev.[49]

Honorary doctorate in design from the Art Center College of Design [50]

Musk is a Director of the Planetary Society, a Trustee of The X-Prize Foundation and a member of the Stanford University Engineering Advisory Board. He has previously served as a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board.[51]

In a 2010 Space Foundation survey, Musk was ranked as the #10 (tied with rocketry pioneer and scientist Wernher von Braun) most popular space hero.[52]

In 2010, Musk was elected to the board of trustees of the California Institute of Technology.[53]

In 2011, Musk was honored as a Legendary Leader at the Churchill Club Awards.[54]

Interests

Musk has described himself as a workaholic who routinely invests 100 hours per week in running Tesla Motors and SpaceX, often flying in a fuel-efficient corporate jet.[55]

The SpaceX factory was used as a shooting location for Iron Man 2 and Musk has a cameo in the movie.[56] In addition, Jon Favreau, director of the Iron Man movies, describes in his article how Musk was the inspiration for Favreau's film depiction of genius billionaire Tony Stark.[37]

Musk previously owned and later sold a McLaren F1 sports car and a Czech made jet trainer aircraft Aero L-39.[57] The 1994 model Dassault Falcon 900 aircraft used in the film Thank You for Smoking is registered to Musk (N900SX). Musk executive-produced the film and had a small cameo role as the pilot.[58]

Family

Musk lives in Bel-Air, California. He recently ended a four year relationship with his second wife, British actress Talulah Riley.[59] Musk has five sons with his first wife, the Canadian-born author Justine Musk, whom he met while both were students at Queen's University and whom he married in 2000.[60]

Musk's sister Tosca is the founder of Musk Entertainment and producer of various movies.[61][62] Musk himself was the executive producer of her first movie, called Puzzled.[63] His brother Kimbal is the CEO of a social search company OneRiot and owner of The Kitchen restaurant in Boulder, Colorado.[64]

Controversies

In October 2008, after Musk had confirmed an earlier report[65] that Tesla Motors had only $9 million in cash,[66] he was reported to have hired an outside IT contractor to go through all of the company's email and instant messages, then had a forensic investigator lift fingerprints from a printout discarded near a copier used to leak the email. The email implicated employee Peng Zhou as the source of the company's reported financial status. Zhou had sought to frame other employees at Tesla by claiming in his leaked emails that he was a four-year employee. Musk offered Zhou the option of apologizing to the company and resigning, which he did, rather than face prosecution.[67]

On May 26, 2009, former Tesla Motors CEO Martin Eberhard filed suit in San Mateo County, California, against Tesla Motors and Musk for slander, libel, and breach of contract. The case hinged on the question of who could rightly be called a "founder" of Tesla.[68] On July 29, 2009, a San Mateo County Superior Court judge struck down a claim by Eberhard, who asked to be declared one of only two founders of the company.[68] Tesla said in a statement that the ruling is "consistent with Tesla's belief in a team of founders, including the company's current CEO and Product Architect Elon Musk, and Chief Technology Officer JB Straubel, who were both fundamental to the creation of Tesla from inception."[69] In early August, Eberhard withdrew the case.[70] The parties reached a final settlement on September 21. The terms of the settlement are confidential, but the agreement includes a provision that the parties will consider Eberhard, Musk, JB Straubel, Marc Tarpenning, and Ian Wright to be the five co-founders.[71]

References

  1. ^ Elon Musk (American entrepreneur) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  2. ^ a b Elon Musk - Forbes
  3. ^ Elon Musk Campaign Contributions and Donations - Huffington Post
  4. ^ Ray, Doug, "Tesla Motors execs’ low salaries contrast with big three automakers; CEO accepts $1 per year", Peninsula Press (CA), 17 Feb 2011.]
  5. ^ Top Five Experts on Renewable Energy | ValueWalk
  6. ^ Maye Musk
  7. ^ a b c d Belfiore, Michael (2007). "Chapter 7: "Orbit on a Shoestring"". Rocketeers. HarperCollins. pp. 166–195. ISBN 978-0-06-114902-3.
  8. ^ Halvorson, Todd (2005-01-29). "Elon Musk Unveiled". Florida Today. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
  9. ^ Friedman, Josh (2003-04-22), Entrepreneur Tries His Midas Touch in Space, Los Angeles Times
  10. ^ Inspirations with Elon Musk. "OnInnovation". Retrieved 2010-06-24.
  11. ^ Junnarkar, Sandeep (February 16, 1999). "Compaq buys Zip2". CNet News.com.com.
  12. ^ Lee Hower's answer to What did Reid Hoffman do at PayPal? - Quora
  13. ^ a b c "Elon Musk Biography". Advameg, Inc. August 23, 2005.
  14. ^ Ptacek, Megan (October 11, 2000). "X.com Scraps Bank Strategy To Focus on PayPal System". American Banker.
  15. ^ Friedman, Josh (April 22, 2003). "Entrepreneur Tries His Midas Touch in Space". Los Angeles Times.
  16. ^ "SEC 10-K" (PDF). EBay. December 31, 2002.
  17. ^ "SEC 10-K". Paypal. December 31, 2001.
  18. ^ Wayne, Leslie (2006-02-05). "A Bold Plan to Go Where Men Have Gone Before". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
  19. ^ url=http://www.spacex.com>
  20. ^ Hinton, Christopher (August 13, 2009). "NASA committee seeks more private industry involvement". Marketwatch.
  21. ^ a b "75 most influential people: Elon Musk". Esquire. October 1, 2008.
  22. ^ "Elon Musk: I'll Put a Man on Mars in 10 Years". Market Watch. New York: The Wall Street Journal. 2011-04-22. Archived from the original on 2011-12-01. Retrieved 2011-12-01.
  23. ^ Morrison, Chris (October 15, 2008). "Musk steps in as CEO". New York Times.
  24. ^ Musk, Elon (August 2, 2006). "The Secret Tesla Motors Master Plan (just between you and me)". Tesla Motors.
  25. ^ Hamilton, Tyler (12 October 2009). "Tesla CEO following in Henry Ford's tracks". Toronto Star.
  26. ^ "Tesla Should Be Profitable in 2013, CEO Musk Says - Video". Bloomberg.
  27. ^ How Elon Musk Became A Billionaire Twice Over - Forbes
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  30. ^ The unveiling of the Tesla Motors Electric Car. "Autoblog.com" via YouTube. Retrieved 2006-07-26.
  31. ^ "Elon Musk and SolarCity Donate Solar Power Project to Coastal Response Center in Alabama". Enhanced Online News. Business Wire.
  32. ^ McKnight, John Carter (September 25, 2001). "Elon Musk, Life to Mars Foundation". Mars Now, a weekly column. Space Frontier Foundation.
  33. ^ a b Musk, Elon (June 2009). "Risky Business". IEEE Spectrum.
  34. ^ Elon Musk (September 8, 2006). "SpaceX wins NASA competition to replace Space Shuttle". SpaceX.
  35. ^ Perry, Tekla. "Elon Musk: a founder of Paypal, Tesla Motors, and SpaceX" (Podcast). IEEE Spectrum.
  36. ^ a b Kroll, Luisa (April 19, 2012). "The Giving Pledge Signs On 12 More Wealthy Americans Including Tesla's Elon Musk And Home Depot's Arthur Blank". Forbes.
  37. ^ a b "The 2010 Time 100". Time. April 29, 2010.
  38. ^ Dula, Art (2011-06-16). "Heinlein Prize Honors Elon Musk of SpaceX". The Heinlein Prize.
  39. ^ Smith, Jacquelyn (2011-02-14). "America's 20 Most Powerful CEOs 40 And Under". Forbes. Retrieved 2011-02-18. To make this list, you had to be the chief executive of one of the 20 biggest publicly traded companies in the U.S. (as of Feb. 11, by market capitalization) with a CEO aged 40 or under.
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  41. ^ "SPACEX SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCHES FALCON 1 TO ORBIT". Space Exploration Technologies Corp. 2008.
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  43. ^ "Connie Awards". National Wildlife Federation. 2008.
  44. ^ Michels, Jennifer (March 4, 2009). "Aviation Week Reveals Laureate Award Winners". Aviation Week.
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  50. ^ url=http://www.cumulusassociation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=781&Itemid=103
  51. ^ "Priorities in Space Science Enabled by Nuclear Power And Propulsion". The National Academies Press. 2006.
  52. ^ "Space Foundation Survey Reveals Broad Range of Space Heroes".
  53. ^ "Caltech Elects Two Innovators to Board of Trustees".
  54. ^ "2011 Churchill Club Awards".
  55. ^ Robinson, Aaron (September 9, 2009). "Ampere Man" (PDF). Wheels Magazine. pp. 68–73.
  56. ^ "Youtube video". May 11, 2010.
  57. ^ Wayne, Leslie (February 5, 2006). "A Bold Plan to Go Where Men Have Gone Before". The New York Times.
  58. ^ Thank You For Smoking (2005) - Full cast and crew at IMDb
  59. ^ "Millionaire PayPal founder Elon Musk divorces actress wife Talulah Riley...and announces split via Twitter". Daily Mail. London. 20 January 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
  60. ^ April 30, 2010 (2010-04-30). "Tesla Motors IPO faces new risk: CEO's divorce trial". VentureBeat. Retrieved 2011-09-24. {{cite web}}: Text "Owen Thomas" ignored (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  61. ^ "Tosca Musk". Musk entertainment.
  62. ^ Tosca Musk at IMDb
  63. ^ Elon Musk at IMDb
  64. ^ Kimbal Musk ‹ The Kitchen Community
  65. ^ Thomas, Owen (October 30, 2008). "Tesla Motors has $9 million in the bank, may not deliver cars". Valleywag.
  66. ^ Thomas, Owen (October 31, 2008). "Tesla CEO admits his carmaker's running out of cash". Valleywag.
  67. ^ Farago, Robert (November 3, 2008). "Tesla Death Watch 35: Musk Outs Zhou". The Truth About Cars.
  68. ^ a b "Martin Eberhard lawsuit as filed in San Mateo County, CA (146 pages)". May 26, 2009.
  69. ^ "Judge Strikes Claim on Who Can Be Declared a Founder of Tesla Motors" (Press release). Tesla Motors. July 29, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
  70. ^ Squatriglia, Chuck (August 19, 2009). "Eberhard Says 'Uncle' in Tesla Lawsuit | Autopia". Wired.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
  71. ^ LaMonica, Martin (September 21, 2009). "Tesla Motors founders: Now there are five". CNet. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
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