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History of Japan–Korea relations

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See also: Japan–Korea disputes
Korea-Japan relations or Japan–Korea relations
  Japan
  North Korea
  South Korea

In a modern context, Japan–Korea relations pertain to three states: Japan, North Korea, and South Korea. Japan and Korea have had cultural interactions for over a thousand years and direct political contact almost as long. In modern times Japan’s relations with North and South Korea have had a legacy of bitterness stemming from unresolved issues relating to Imperial Japan’s rule of Korea from 1910–1945.

Diplomatic relations between Japan and South Korea were established in 1965. In the early 2000s, the Japanese–South Korean relationship soured when the Japanese prime minister Junichiro Koizumi visited Yasukuni Shrine. Conflict continues over claims to the Liancourt Rocks, a group of small islets halfway between the two countries.

Bilaterally and through the Six-Party Talks, North Korea and Japan continue to discuss Japanese citizens abducted by North Korea during the 1970s and 1980s, although there are no diplomatic relations.

Historical background

The relationship between Korea and Japan is very complicated, because nothing has been conclusively agreed upon by historians. The differing interpretations of the same event will be divided for ease of understanding until the results of the joint history project between South Korea and Japan are used in both countries. One conclusion of the joint history project was that Japan's interpretation of the 4th century was incorrect regarding Korea and Japan.[1] Currently, South Korea and Japan are trying to re-visit the joint history project which was halted due to differing focus points[2] "After conducting research for three years since 2002, scholars of the two countries announced their first report on three categories - the ancient, medieval, and modern times. At that time, Seoul demanded that the research institute’s findings be reflected in the textbooks of the two nations, but Japan rejected this request." Japan's refusal to use the research finding of the joint historians in Japanese schools caused South Korea to wonder why they were spending so much money researching history which wasn't going to be used in Japan. This event caused South Korea to halted the project in 2005.[3][4]


Further information: [[:History of Japan#Yayoi period|History of Japan § Yayoi period]], and [[:History of Korea]]

Relations between Japan and Korea go back at least two millennia. BC 3rd century, from Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla and Gaya in Korean Peninsula, people started to move into Japanese Archipelago.[5] Chinese culture, including writing, migrated from China via Korea to Japan in these early years. And burial mounds of Korea built in the 5th and 6th have a relationship with the kofun of Japan.[6]. There are indications of cross-border political influence, but with varying accounts as to which direction the political influence flowed. Buddhism was introduced to Japan from Baekje of Korea, but the subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism was primarily influenced by China.

Korea

Japan has official contact with the Chinese in the 7th or 8th century,[7] so after a mere 300 years China not Korea influences Japanese buddhism[8]

In addition to Buddhisms introduction to Japan by Korea, many other advanced concepts were transmitted to Japan by Korea.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][18][19] The archaeological record, and ancient Chinese sources, indicate that the various tribes and chiefdoms of Japan did not begin to coalesce into states until 300 AD, when large tombs began to appear. Some describe the "mysterious century" as a time of internecine warfare as various chiefdoms competed for hegemony on Kyūshū and Honshū.[20] Even more complicating is the Nihon Shoki referencing the Japanese king to of Korean origin as rulers of sovereign Japan.[21][22][23] Due to this conflicting information, nothing can be concluded from the book of Song or Nihon Shoki. A different take on the "mysterious century" is that Japan was not a Kingdom yet and it is not until after this time when more Koreans arrive that Japan starts to develop.[24]

Japan learns about the concept of writing from Korea and does not have a writing system of their own until the 8th century.[25] For this reason Japan must rely on Korean and Chinese text prior to the 8th century regarding Japan's history. The problem with this was that Korea and China did not make Japan the focus of their text and Japanese history must be patched together by various texts from Korea and China or rely on post 8 century Japanese writing which is hundreds of years after the fact. According to the history records in Japan(Nihon Shoki) and Korea(Samguk Sagi), Korean prince was sent to Japan as a hostages[22]. Whether this people were hostages or family members visiting Japan is debated. Due to the confusion on the exact nature of this relationship of whether the Koreans were family to the Imperial line or hostages and the fact that the Nihon Shoki is a compilation of myths make it difficult to evaluate. In Japan the hostage interpretation is dominant. Other historians like the ones who collaborated in the works for "Paekche of Korea and the origin of Yamato Japan" and Jonathan W Best who helped translate what was left of the Baekjae annals[26] have noted that these princes set up school and took control of the Japanese Navy during the war with Koguryeo as evidence of them being diplomats with some kind of familial tie to the Japanese imperial family and not hostages. In addition, the translation of these documents are difficult because in the past the term "Wa" was derogatory meaning "midget pirate" or "dwarf pirate". It is difficult to assess what is truly being stated; this could have been a derogatory statement between 2 warring nations. Nothing definitive can be concluded.

There is no evidence of Japan ever having been sophisticated enough to control any part of Korea during the time of Jingu.[27][28] However there is archaeological evidence of Koreans going to Japan during this time, According to the book "Korea and Japan in East Asian History",[29] such as finding horse sculptures, Shinju-kyo, painting and iron-ware made in China.[30] The question that always comes up within the Korean community is, 'Why would a Japanese culture that doesn't have Korean ceramic ability or horses yet have horse sculptures in their tombs?'. According to the book "Paekchae of Korea and the origin of Yamato Japan”, "The prince of Silla was the ancestor to the Japanese Emperor. The translation of "Nihon Shoki Vol.6" was added and Amenohiboko is described in Nihon Shoki as a maternal predecessor of Empress Jingū, whose controversial legend says that she defeated Silla in the 5th Century. This is highly inconsistent, as Jingū is said to have lived in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and she is supposed to have died in 269 AD which would make her 300 to 400 years old. This conflicting information makes it difficult to understand these records.

According to the Book of Song, a Chinese emperor appointed five kings of Wa to the position of ruler of Silla in 421,[31] but what is confusing is that the Japanese ruler gave a remote region to an immigration of Silla　according to the Nihon Shoki[32]. In addition, the book of Song and the book of Sui cannot be possible because many of the states considered to be Japan's vassal such as Chinhan and Mahan did not exist in the same time period as the vassal king of Yamato. In addition, the Book of Song was incomplete with missing volumes and filled in centuries later in a biased manner for political reasons.　Also, Silla did not have official contact with the Song/Sui until the 6th century making this 4th to 5th century statement impossible. "As Egami (1964) notes, it may look very strange that the names of six or seven states listed in the self-claimed titles included Chin-han and Ma-han which had preceded, respectively, the states of Silla and Paekche. Perhaps the King of Wa had included the names of six or seven south Korean states in his title merely to boast of the extent of his rule. But Wa Kings could not have included the names of nonexistent states." Other historians[who?] also dispute Japan's theory, claiming there is no evidence of Japanese rule in Gaya or any other part of Korea.[27][28] Another problem with the book of Song and book of Sui is that many of the volumes of the books were missing and re-written later in a biased manner. It is difficult to make any sense of what the relationship was like in the past. Japan of the Kofun period was very receptive to the Chinese culture and Korean culture.[33] Chinese and Korean immigrants played an important role in introducing elements of both to early Japan.[22][34]

The special burial customs of the Goguryeo culture had an important influence on other cultures in Japan.[35] Decorated tombs and painted tumuli which date from the fifth century and later found in Japan are generally accepted as Northeast of China and Northern part of Korean peninsula exports to Japan.[36] The Takamatsuzuka Tomb even has paintings of a woman dressed in distinctive clothes, similar to wall paintings from Goguryeo and Tang Dynasty China.[37][38] In addition, Chinese astrology was being introduced during this time.

According to the Book of Song, of the Liu Song Dynasty, the Emperor of China bestowed military sovereignty over Silla, Imna, Gaya, Chinhan, and Mahan on King Sai of Wa. However, this theory is widely rejected even in Japan as there is no evidence of Japanese rule in Gaya or any other part of Korea.[27][28] After the death of King Kō of Wa, his younger brother Bu acceeded to the throne; King Bu requested to have Baekje added to the list of protectorates included in the official title bestowed upon the King of Wa by mandate of the Emperor of China, but his title was only renewed as "Supervisor of All Military Affairs of the Six Countries of Wa, Silla, Imna, Gara, Chinhan, and Mahan, Great General Who Keeps Peace in the East, King of the Country of Wa."[39] This entire statement is impossible because Chinhan and Mahan did not exist in the same time period as Silla, Baekje when the vassal Kings of Yamato were supposed to rule. As Egami wrote in 1964 "But Wa Kings could not have included the names of nonexistent states." In addition, Silla did not have official contact with the Song/Sui until the 6th century making this 4th to 5th century claim not possible. Due to the lack of evidence, and the confusion of whether the Wa were the descendants of Koreans, again no certain information is discernible. Chinese chronicles note that horses were absent from the islands of Japan; they are first noted in the chronicles during the reign of Nintoku, most likely imported by Chinese and Korean immigrants.[21][22] According to some accounts, the horse was one of the treasures presented when the king of Silla surrendered to Empress Jingū in the Nihon Shoki.[40] Other accounts contend that there is no evidence of this from Silla, and the king who supposedly surrendered dates to the 5th century, thus making Empress Jingu more than 200 years old. The Nihon Shoki states that the father of Empress Jingu was Emperor Kaika's grandchild, and her mother was from the Katuragi clan.[41] In addition, the Nihon Shoki states that a Korean from Silla, Amenohiboko, was an ancestor of Jingu so both the Nihon Shoki and the Chinese chronicles relating to Japan are difficult to interpret. In addition, there is no evidence of Japanese war with Korea or any Japanese presence in Korea at this time[27][28] and the Japanese did not have actual knowledge about horses until well after this time.[27][28]

Burial Mounds

Keyhole kofuns were also recently discovered in the Gaya confederacy region of the Korean peninsula. This has caused scholars to begin examining the shared relationship between the Yamato and Baekje during the 3rd and the 7th centuries AD, including the method of tomb construction. The tombs in the southern part of Korea and Japan appear to have a relationship.[42] However, all the kofun-style tombs discovered in Korea have been dated as younger than those found in Japan. leading Japanese scholars[who?] to insist that those found in Korea were either built by Japanese immigrants or influenced by culture brought by them, but the advanced artifacts found in Japan's tombs are Korean. For example, horse sculptures, clothes and the earrings discovered in Silla and Kaya tombs are very similar to Japanese earrings dated to the Kofun period. "The ultimate source of such elaborate techniques as granulation is probably the Greek and Etruscan goldsmiths of western Asia and Europe, whose skills were transmitted to northern China and later to Korea. The resemblance of earrings found in Japan in the Kofun period (ca. 3rd century—538 A.D.) to those from Silla and Kaya tombs suggests that such articles are imported from Korea."[43][44] In 660, Baekje was attacked by Silla and Tang Dynasty China and fell. former generals of Baekje including Gwisil Boksin asked Japan to return Prince Buyeo Pung and provide military aid. Prince Buyeo Pung took control of the Japanese navy and sailed to Korea. In 663, Japan, supporting Baekje, was defeated by the allied forces of Tang dynasty China and Shill in Korean Peninsula (the Battle of Baekgang), and the restoration of Baekje ended up in failure. Japan took in numerous Baekje refugees who would later set up schools and transfer the advance technologies from the mainlands. Hostility between Japan and Silla escalated. Empress Jitō honored King Zenko by giving him the hereditary title of Kudara no Konikishi and allowed him to pass on his royal lineage to future generations. Archaeological evidence suggests that Gaya polities were the main exporter of technology and culture to Kyushu at that time. Theory of a Japanese outpost is widely rejected even in Japan as there was no Japanese dynasty at the time which had a strong enough military power to conquer Gaya or any other part of Korea.[45][46][47] The technology of Gaya was much more advanced than that of the Japanese dynasties of the time.[45][46][47]

Japan restricting access to Gosashi tomb

In 1976 Japan stopped all foreign archaeologists from studying the Gosashi tomb, which is supposedly the resting place of Emperor Jingu. In 2008, Japan allowed controlled, limited access to foreign archaeologists, but the international community still has many unanswered questions. National Geographic News reported that Japan "has kept access to the tombs restricted, prompting rumors that officials fear excavation would reveal bloodline links between the "pure" imperial family and Korea"[48] Due to the limited access of Japanese Imperial lineage, the information available makes current interpretations inconclusive. According to the Shoku Nihongi (続日本紀), Takano no Niigasa, background of the naturalized clansmen Yamatouji, was a 10th-generation descendant of King Muryeong of Baekje who was chosen as a empress for Emperor Kōnin and subsequently became the mother of Emperor Kammu.[49][50] The reason for international interest in the Gosashi tomb by national geographics is to find out the the unanswered questions regarding Japans Imperial family, such was the whether the first Emperor of Japan's linage is from Korea on both the paternal and maternal side and not just Emperor Kammu generations later. Emperor Kanmu has severed diplomatic relations with Silla in 799.[51]

Japan

By the time of the Three Kingdoms period in Korea, Baekje and Silla sent their princes as hostages to the Yamato court in exchange for military support to continue their already-begun military campaigns[52][53]. The last king of Baekje, Uija, formed an alliance with Japan and made Prince Buyeo Pung and King Zenko stay there as their hostages. In 660, Baekje was attacked by Silla and Tang Dynasty China and fell. former generals of Baekje including Gwisil Boksin asked Japan to return Prince Buyeo Pung and provide military aid. In 663, Japan, supporting Baekje, was defeated the allied forces of Tang dynasty China and Shill in Korean Peninsula (the Battle of Baekgang), and the restoration of Baekje ended up in failure. Japan took in numerous Baekje refugees after its fall, but at the same time hostility between Japan and Silla escalated. Empress Jitō honored King Zenko by giving him the hereditary title of Kudara no Konikishi and allowed him to pass on his royal lineage to future generations. According to the Shoku Nihongi (続日本紀), Takano no Niigasa, background of the naturalized clansmen Yamatouji, was a 10th-generation descendant of King Muryeong of Baekje who was chosen as a concubine for Emperor Kōnin and subsequently became the mother of Emperor Kammu.[49][50] Emperor kanmu has severed diplomatic relations with Silla in 799.[54]From the early 9th–11th centuries The pirate of Silla repeatedly attacked North Kyushu region of Japan, and Japan-Korea relations has deteriorated.[55][56]

Early 13th- 15th Century

From the early 13th–15th centuries there were a series of skirmishes by pockets of Japanese pirates on the Korean coast. During the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), many Korean cultural heritages and technologies were destroyed and looted by the invading Japanese armies. Although Korean land forces lost most of their land battles (with only a handful of notable exceptions), the Korean Navy won almost all the naval battles with decisive defeats of the Japanese fleet by Admiral Yi Sun-sin (who never lost a battle; the only battle Korean fleets lost to the Japanese was not commanded by Admiral Yi) cut off Japanese supply lines and helped drive the invading forces out of Korea. With the erosion of Qing Chinese influences in the 19th century, Korea began to show greater independence, partly to avoid Western domination, but also to avoid Japanese control. Japan was rapidly modernizing in the second half of the 19th century and showing a keen interest in Korea, especially as it was the closest potential point of expansion directly on the Asian mainland. With the defeat of Qing forces in Korea in 1895, the murder of Empress Myeongseong by Japanese agents, and Japan’s subsequent defeat of Imperial Russia in 1905, Korea came firmly under Japanese influence. In 1910, with the signing of the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty, the last threads of Korean independence were severed and the Korean Empire was absorbed into the Empire of Japan.

At the end of World War II Korea regained its independence after 35 years of Japanese rule. Per the Yalta Conference agreements, Soviet forces accepted surrender of Japanese forces in northern Korea above the 38th parallel, and U.S. forces south of that line. Korea was then divided into Soviet (North Korean) and U.S. (South Korean) spheres.

The diplomatic relationship between Japan and South Korea was established in 1965, when the Treaty on Basic Relations was signed; Japan subsequently recognized the Republic of Korea (the official name of South Korea) as the only legitimate government on the Korean Peninsula. As such, North Korea does not have official diplomatic ties with Japan.

See also

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References

  • - Japan
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  5. ^ 강성현 (2005). 21세기 한반도와 주변 4강대국. 가람기획. p. 156. ISBN 89-8435-224-1. 김달수의 《일본 열도에 흐르는 한국 혼》에 의하면 고대 한반도의 고구려․백제․신라․가야국으로부터 일본 열도로의 이동이 시작된 것은 기원전 3세기, 일본의 이른바 야요이(彌生)시대부터였다고 한다. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |꺾쇠표= ignored (help)
  6. ^ The Hankyoreh 2001.9.6 [1](in korean) "일본식 닮은 영산강가 5~6세기 고분" (Yeongsan River (영산강) kofuns were made in 5th and 6th centuries are similar to the Japanese style Kofun
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  9. ^ Brown, Delmer M., ed. (1993). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–149.
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  17. ^ Noma, Seiroku. The Arts of Japan: Late Medieval to Modern. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
  18. ^ a b "Japanese Art and Its Korean Secret". .kenyon.edu. 2003-04-06. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
  19. ^ "Japanese Royal Tomb Opened to Scholars for First Time". News.nationalgeographic.com. 2010-10-28. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
  20. ^ Farris (1998:7)
  21. ^ a b Coval, Dr John Carter and Alan, 1984, "Korean impact on Japanese culture: Japan's hidden History" Hollym International Corp., Elizabeth, New Jersey
  22. ^ a b c d Hong Wontack 1994 Paekchae of Korea and the origin of Yamato Japan, Seoul Kadura International
  23. ^ Nihon Shoki Vol.6
  24. ^ http://www.hongwontack.pe.kr/homepage4/data/45011.pdf
  25. ^ http://www.hongwontack.pe.kr/homepage4/data/45011.pdf
  26. ^ Best JW 2007 A History of the Early Korean Kingdom of Paekche, together with an annotated translation of The Paekche Annals of the Samguk sagi (Harvard East Asian Monographs Massachusetts, Harvard University, Asia studies
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  29. ^ "Hong Wontack 2005, KOREA AND JAPAN IN EAST ASIAN HISTORY Seoul, Kadura International"
  30. ^ Tenri University : Harness of the ancient Fujinoki burial mound exhumation (藤ノ木古墳出土の馬具 - 畏獣図像からその来歴を探る)
    "藤ノ木古墳の「鬼面」の手指は2体とも3本であり、足指については左畏獣が2本、右畏獣は3本あるように見える。この観察が正しければ、これらは中国の伝統的な畏獣であり、原則が崩れかける前段階すなわち北魏末期から東魏にかけて、北朝の領域で製作されたと考えられる。北斉までは下らず、6世紀前半の製作とみなすのが妥当であろう。" [5]
  31. ^ Book of Song [6]
  32. ^ In the article of 27 B.C. in "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan)
  33. ^ Imamura (1996)
  34. ^ Stearns (2001:56)
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  38. ^ MSN Encarta　http://jp.encarta.msn.com/media_262538992_761577854_-1_1/content.html. Archived 2009-10-31.
  39. ^ Cite error: The named reference song was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  40. ^ Sakamoto (1967:338-339)
  41. ^ Nihon Shoki Vol.9 "気長足姫尊。稚日本根子彦大日日天皇之曾孫。気長宿禰王之女也。母曰葛城高顙媛。"
  42. ^ Yoshii, Hideo (unknown). "Keyhole-shaped tombs in Korean Peninsula" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-05-30. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  43. ^ "Korea, 1-500 A.D. in Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History". Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2000. Retrieved 2009-05-30.
  44. ^ Richard Rutt, James Hoare. Korea: a historical and cultural dictionary (474 page). Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-0464-7, 9780700704644. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  45. ^ a b Peakche Of Korea And The Origin Of Yamato Japan
  46. ^ a b Kenneth B. Lee (1997). "4. Korea and Early Japan, 200 B.C. -700 A.D.". Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 31 ~ 35p. ISBN 0-275-95823-X.
  47. ^ a b John Whitney Hall (1998). "5. Japan and the continent". The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 308 ~ 310p. ISBN 0-521-22352-0.
  48. ^ Japanese Royal Tomb Opened to Scholars for First Time　[7]
  49. ^ a b Watts, Jonathan (Dec 28, 2001). "The Emperor's New Roots". The Guardian. Retrieved 2012-06-11. "I, on my part, feel a certain kinship with Korea, given the fact that it is recorded in the Chronicles of Japan that the mother of Emperor Kammu was of the line of King Muryong of Paekche," [Emperor Akihito] told reporters.
  50. ^ a b Fujiwara no Tsugutada; Sugano no Mamichi (eds.), 壬午。葬於大枝山陵。皇太后姓和氏。諱新笠。贈正一位乙継之女也。母贈正一位大枝朝臣真妹。后先出自百済武寧王之子純陀太子。皇后容徳淑茂。夙著声誉。天宗高紹天皇竜潜之日。娉而納焉。生今上。早良親王。能登内親王。宝亀年中。改姓為高野朝臣。今上即位。尊為皇太夫人。九年追上尊号。曰皇太后。其百済遠祖都慕王者。 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help) Cite error: The named reference "Shoku Nihongi Vol 40" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  51. ^ Nihon Kōki (日本後紀) 延暦18年4月庚寅（16日）条（799）
  52. ^ Korean History Record Samguk Sagi : 三國史記 新羅本紀 : 元年 三月 與倭國通好 以奈勿王子未斯欣爲質 [8] ; King Asin of Baekje sent his son Jeonji in 397
  53. ^ Korean History Record Samguk Sagi : 三國史記 百済本紀 : 六年夏五月 王與倭國結好 以太子腆支爲質 秋七月大閱於漢水之南　[9] ：King Silseong of Silla sent his son Misaheun in 402.
  54. ^ Nihon Kōki (日本後紀) 延暦18年4月庚寅（16日）条（799）
  55. ^ Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku (日本三代実録, "The True History of Three Reigns of Japan") Vol.16
  56. ^ Nihongiryaku (日本紀略) 弘仁四年

Further reading

  • Cha, Victor D. (1999). Alignment despite Antagonism: the US-Korea-Japan Security Triangle (Stanford: Stanford University Press).
  • Dudden, Alexis (2008). Troubled Apologies Among Japan, Korea, and the United States (New York: Columbia University Press)
  • Lee, Chong-Sik (1985). Japan and Korea: The Political Dimension (Stanford: Stanford University Press).
  • Lee, Chong-Sik (1963). The Politics of Korean Nationalism (Berkeley: University of California Press).
  • Lind, Jennifer (2008). Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press).
  • Meyers, Ramon Hawley, et al. (1984). The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895-1945 (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
  • Morley, James (1965). Japan and Korea (New York: Walker, 1965).

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan–Korea_relations&oldid=510624501"