Men's rights movement
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The men's rights movement (MRM), a subset of the larger men's movement, is focused on addressing discrimination against men in areas such as reproductive rights, divorce settlements, domestic violence laws, and sexual harassment laws.[1] It branched off from the men's liberation movement in the early 1970s, differing from that movement in its focus and rejection of pro-feminist principles.[1][2]
Issues commonly associated with the men's rights movement include marriage, cohabitation, parentage, job discrimination, divorce, support agreements, and child support.[3]
History
The men's rights movement emerged from the men's liberation movement which appeared in the first half of the 1970s when some men began to study feminist ideas and politics.[4][1] The leaders of the men's liberation movement acknowledged men's institutional power while critically examining the costs of traditional masculinity.[4] In the late 1970s, the men's liberation movement split into two separate strands with opposing views: The pro-feminist men's movement and an anti-feminist men's rights movement.[4] Men's rights activists have since then rejected feminist principles and focused on disadvantages and oppression of men that they have identified.[4][1] In the 1980s and 90s, men's rights activists opposed societal changes sought by feminists and defended the traditional gender order in the family, schools and the workplace.[5] Men's rights activists adopted the feminist rhetoric of "rights" and "equality" in their discourse, framing custody issues, for instance, as a matter of basic civil rights.[6][4][7][8] The plea for "equal rights for fathers" is frequently accompanied by a rhetoric of children's "needs" which helps deflect criticism that it is motivated by self-interest.[6]
The men's rights movement includes a wide variety of individuals and organizations, both united and divided in various ways on specific issues.[9] Some groups are formally organized or incorporated, while others are casual alliances or the work of a few individuals.[10]
One of the first major men's rights organizations was the Coalition of American Divorce Reform Elements, founded by Richard Doyle in 1971, from which the Men's Rights Association spun off in 1973.[1][11] Free Men Inc. was founded in 1977 in Columbia, Maryland, spawning several chapters over the following years, which eventually merged to form the National Coalition of Free Men[12] (now known as the National Coalition for Men). Men's Rights, Inc. was also formed in 1977.[13][12] Save Indian Family Foundation (SIFF) was founded in 2005 and in 2011 claimed to have approximately 4,000 registered members.[14] Presentations by men's rights supporters at the Canadian University of Toronto have been protested.[15][16]
Relation to feminism
The men's rights movement is considered to be a backlash or countermovement to feminism.[17][18][19][20][6] The men's rights movement consists of diverse points of view which reject feminist and profeminist ideas.[21] Men's rights activists believe that feminism has overshot its objective and harmed men.[17][22][4] They dispute that men as a group have institutional power and privilege[23][21] and believe that men are victimized and disadvantaged relative to women.[24][4][25]
Sarah Maddison provides a feminist analysis of "men's rights collective identity" in the Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies, suggesting that the men's rights activist sees himself and other men as an oppressed collective and feel this oppression originates from a society and government that has been "feminized" by the women's movement.[17] Warren Farrell and Herb Goldberg, for instance, believe that all men are disadvantaged, discriminated against and oppressed and argue that power is an illusion for most men since women are the actual bearers of power.[17] Men's rights groups generally reject the notion that feminism is interested in men's problems[21] and men's rights activists have viewed the women's movement as a plot to conceal discrimination against men.[4][26][24]
In a talk on feminism and men's rights issues titled "What's wrong with women's studies," Janice Fiamengo details problems with academic feminism. She notes that it is a "fundamental contradiction" to base a "scholarly" field on an "ideological agenda." She says that women's and gender studies attempts to advance the ideological world view of feminists by whatever mean's necessary and asserts that feminist women's studies promotes a "mean-spirited bias against men" in the humanities.[15] [16]
Conflict between feminism and the mens' rights movement
In response to lectures and discussions given by men's rights activists, feminists have resorted to law-breaking protests that have involved blocking doors, pulling fire alarms to cause disruption, violence, and clashing with police. They have tried to block young men from attending these events and have screamed obscenities at them. Feminist protesters consider discussion of men's issues to be hate speech and do not wish for discussions on this subject to be allowed on college campuses. In response to these actions, the mens' rights website A Voice for Men has described these protester's as "man hating bigots."[27][16]
In another incident, feminist protesters repeatedly tore down A Voice for Men website posters at Arizona state University. Commenting on this action, Amelia Lewis Professor of Constitutional Law James Weinstien said "To stop the message because they (feminists) disagree with it is the antithesis of free speech." In addition, Feminist "censors could very easily get their message across without suppressing the others' free speech rights."[28]
Issues
The men's rights movement is concerned with a wide variety of issues, some of which have spawned their own groups or movements, such as the fathers' rights movement, concerned specifically with divorce and child custody issues.[2]
Adoption
Fathers' rights activists seek a gender-neutral approach in which unwed men and women would have equal rights in adoption issues.[29]
Anti-dowry laws
Men's rights organizations such as Save Indian Family Foundation (SIFF) state that men are subject to dowry harassment when women misuse legislation meant to protect them from dowry death and bride burnings.[14] SIFF is one of the many men's rights organizations in India that focus on the perceived abuse of anti-dowry laws against men.[30] SIFF has stated that they feel that anti-dowry laws have regularly been used in efforts to settle petty disputes in marriage,[31] and that their helplines receive calls from many men who say that their wives have used false dowry claims to get them jailed.[32]
Child custody
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fathers_4_Justice_in_Peterborough.jpg/220px-Fathers_4_Justice_in_Peterborough.jpg)
Family law is an area of deep concern among men's rights groups. These issues vary from state to state and country to country. In India, father's rights have been a concern since 2000.[14] Many men feel that they are discriminated against and that they do not have the same contact rights or equitable shared parenting rights as their ex-spouse.[2][33] The United Kingdom and United States were cited, with several other unnamed countries, as affected regions where child custody issues have become complicated by higher divorce rates, less father-child time, while there has been greater expectations for fatherly involvement in their children's lives. Authors of Unfamiliar territory write, "The current struggles of the fathers' rights movement can be understood as part of this complex and painful renegotiation of intimate relations against a backdrop of changing lifestyles and expectations."[33] Father's rights activists seek to change the legal climate for men through changes in family law.[2] See Fathers' rights movement by country for more information about custody concerns.
Men's rights activists state that the divorce rate in India has sharply risen from less than 5% in 2000, which has over-burdened the Indian court system's abilities to keep pace with the number of child custody cases. They argue that men have been parted from their children, with some only allowed to visit their children at the court once a month for 30 minutes during the to several years that it can take to resolve the custody case. To provide support services to men for shared parenting rights and father's rights, SIFF created several non-governmental organizations (NGOs).[14]
In the United States, fathers accounted for 17.4 percent custodial parents in 2007, a percentage that has statistically not changed since 1994.[34]
In Israel, the Man's Rights in the Family Party is headed by Yaakov Schlusser, who argues that custody should automatically be given to fathers before being examined by courts. He claims that children who see "a woman in control, in contradiction to nature, may turn homosexual."[35]
Divorce
Men's rights groups in the United States began organizing in opposition of divorce reform and custody issues around the 1960s. The men involved in the early organization claimed that family and divorce law discriminated against them and favored their wives.[36] Rich Doyle wrote of the view of the men's rights movement concerning the court handling of divorces and child custody processes:
Divorce courts are frequently like slaughter-houses, with about as much compassion and talent. They function as collection agencies for lawyer fees, however outrageous, stealing children and extorting money from men in ways blatantly unconstitutional... Men are regarded as mere guests in their own homes, evictable any time at the whims of wives and judges. Men are driven from home and children against their wills; then when unable to stretch paychecks far enough to support two households are termed "runaway fathers." Contrary to all principles of justice, men are thrown into prison for inability to pay alimony and support, however unreasonable or unfair the "obligation."[2]
Laws and practices regarding spousal support, maintenance or alimony vary considerably by country and culture. On one end of the spectrum are Nordic countries, like Sweden, that by 1978 assumed that divorced spouses were not responsible for one another. Support might be provided for a transitionary period for the lower-wage earner or primarily care-givers, but only in about 6-8% of the cases and only for a limited time. In most western countries alimony is provided on an ever decreasing basis due to shorter marriages and women more likely to be wage-earners.[37] Italy and many countries in Latin America, are on the other end. Women may be supported during legal separation, which is a state in which they wish to remain because of low chance of remarriage, religious reasons or to retain inheritance rights to their husband's property. Such women may be wives to husbands of privileged class. However, the rate of support is declining in Italy, as well.[38]
Although the rate of payments of spousal support is declining, both due to the reduced rates at which alimony is granted and low rates at which alimony is generally paid, there are concerns regarding men's rights when women continue to receive support after they enter into new relationships and women are supported by men who are "financially strapped".[39] In the United States, the current alimony laws are challenged for constitutionality, assignment of temporary vs. permanent financial support paid to a spouse, and fair and equitable treatment under family law; There are several men's rights attempts to reform alimony at a state and federal level, including Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Massachusetts, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee.[40]
Now that women make up a large percentage of the workforce, existing laws regarding alimony in the United States have come into question.[40] A legal precedent for gender-blind spousal support, granting men's rights to alimony, in the United States was made in Orr v. Orr,[41] where the Supreme Court invalidated Alabama's statutes by which husbands, but not wives, were required to pay alimony upon divorce. This statute was considered a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. The percentage of alimony recipients in the US who were male rose from 2.4% in (1996–2001) to 3.6% in (2002–2006) and is expected to increase as more marriages feature a female primary earner.[42]
Domestic violence
Men's rights activists, citing a number of academic studies, assert that domestic violence by women is ignored and under-reported,[43][44] because men are reluctant to describe themselves as victims.[44] They state that women are as aggressive or more aggressive than men in relationships,[45] that domestic violence is sex-symmetrical,[46][47] and that judicial systems too easily accept false allegations of domestic violence by women against their male partners.[48] Men's rights writer Christina Hoff Sommers has commented that "false claims about male domestic violence are ubiquitous and immune to refutation."[49] Men's rights advocates have been critics of legal, policy and practical protections for abused women,[50][47][51] campaigning for domestic violence shelters for battered men[43][44] and for the legal system to be educated about women's violence against men.[43]
Some academic critics have rejected the research cited by Men's rights activists and dispute their claims that such violence is gender symmetrical,[52][45][53][4][54][55] arguing that the focus on women's violence stems from a political agenda to minimize the issue of men's violence against women[52] and to undermine services to abused women.[45][54] Donileen Loseke, Mary Cavanaugh and Richard Gelles cite as an example the challenge to the Minnesota Battered Woman's Act by the Men's Defense Association claiming that it was discriminatory because it protected women but not men.[47]
Education
Men's rights activists describe the education of boys as being in crisis, with boys having reduced educational achievement and motivation as compared to girls.[56] Advocates blame the influence of feminism on education for discrimination against and systematic oppression of boys in the education system.[57] They critique what they describe as the "feminization" of education, stating that the predominance of female teachers, a focus on girls' needs as well as a curricula and assessment methods that favour girls have proved repressive and restrictive to men and boys.[56][58]
Men's rights groups call for increased recognition of masculinity, greater numbers of male role models, more competitive sports, and the increased responsibilities for boys in the school setting. They have also advocated clearer school routines, more traditional school structures, including single-sex classes, and stricter discipline.[58]
Critics suggest that men's rights groups view boys as a homogeneous group sharing common experiences of schooling and that they do not take sufficient account in their analysis of how responses to educational approaches may differ by age, culture, ethnicity, sexuality, religion, and class.[58]
In Australia, men's rights discourse has influenced government policy documents; less impact has been noted in the United Kingdom, where feminists have historically had less influence on educational policy.[57]
False accusations of rape
Men's rights activists are concerned with false accusations of rape and sexual assault[59] and desire to protect men from the negative consequences of false accusations.[60] They assert that the naming of the accused while providing the accuser with anonymity encourages abuse.[61][62][63]
Men's rights activists in the United Kingdom, the United States and India have opposed marital rape legislation and legal decisions.[clarification needed][47][64][65][66] The reasons for opposition include concerns about false allegations related to divorce proceedings,[67][68][69] and in India anxiety about relationships[70] and the future of marriage as such laws give women "grossly disproportional rights".[65] Virag Dhulia of the Save Indian Family Foundation, a men's rights organization, has opposed recent efforts to criminalize marital rape in India, arguing that "no relationship will work if these rules are enforced."[70]
Female privilege
The men's rights movement asserts that males no longer hold male privilege to the exclusion of females, with two variations: those who argue that sexism harms men and women equally as both genders have different privileges, and those who believe that female privilege has become the norm to the detriment of men.[71]
Governmental structures
Men's rights groups have called for male-focused governmental structures to address issues specific to men and boys including education, health, work and marriage.[72][73][74] Men's rights groups in India have called for the creation of a Men's Welfare Ministry and a National Commission for Men, as well as the abolition of the National Commission for Women.[72][75][76] In the United Kingdom, the creation of a Minister for Men analogous to the existing Minister for Women, have been proposed by David Amess, MP and Lord Northbourne, but were rejected by the government of Tony Blair.[73][77][78] In the United States, Warren Farrell heads a commission focused on the creation of a "White House Council on Boys and Men" as a counterpart to the "White House Council on Women and Girls" which was formed in March 2009.[56][74]
Health
Men's rights activists view the health issues faced by men and their shorter life spans as compared to women as evidence of discrimination and oppression.[2][79] They state that feminism has led to women's health issues being privileged at the expense of men's.[48] They point to higher suicide rates in men compared to women,[79][48] and complain about the funding of men's health issues as compared to women's, including noting that prostate cancer research receives less funding than breast-cancer research.[79][80] David Benatar has suggested more money should be put into health research on males in order to reduce the disparity between men's and women's life expectancy.[81] Some doctors and academics have argued circumcision is a violation of men's right to health and bodily integrity,[82][83][84][85] while others have disagreed.[86][87][88][89]
Many academics have critiqued these claims,[79][52][90] stating, as Michael Messner puts it, that the poorer health outcomes are the heavy costs paid by men "for conformity with the narrow definitions of masculinity that promise to bring them status and privilege"[90] and that these costs fall disproportionately on men who are marginalized socially and economically.[90] In this view, and according to Michael Flood, men's health would best be improved by "tackling destructive notions of manhood, an economic system which values profit and productivity over workers’ health, and the ignorance of service providers" instead of blaming a feminist health movement.[52]
Military conscription
Men's rights activists have argued that military conscription of men is an example of oppression of men.[2][91]
In 1971 in the United States, draft resisters initiated a class-action suit alleging that male-only conscription violated men's rights to equal protection under the US constitution.[92][93] When the case, Rostker v. Goldberg, reached the Supreme Court in 1981, they were supported by a men's rights group and multiple women's groups, including the National Organization for Women.[92] However, the Supreme Court upheld the Military Selective Service Act, stating that "the argument for registering women was based on considerations of equity, but Congress was entitled, in the exercise of its constitutional powers, to focus on the question of military need, rather than equity.[93][94]
Parental abduction
Men's rights activists state that children of men of Indian descent have been abducted from their homes in Canada, the United States and Europe, and moved to India where the national courts do not recognize foreign child custody orders. The country is not subject to the Hague Convention and men accused of dowry harassment may be arrested at Indian airports.[14]
Parental leave
There is wide variance in parental leave provisions across 24 western countries, which are primarily European countries, Australia, Canada and the United States. The most liberal allows the couple to choose how to split the family leave time between mother and father. In the countries where parental leave is available and defined, it is generally for 2 to 12 days. Where maternal leave is available and defined, all but the United States and Australia, the period of time is generally 14–20 weeks, but four countries have extended leave periods.[95]
Paternity fraud
Men's and fathers' rights groups have stated that there are high levels of misattributed paternity or "paternity fraud", where men are parenting and/or supporting financially children who are not biologically their own.[96] They hold biological views of fatherhood, emphasizing the imperative of the genetic foundation of paternity rather than social aspects of fatherhood.[97][96] They state that men should not be forced to support children fathered by another man,[98] and that men are harmed because a relationship is created between a man and non-biological children while denying the children and their biological father of that experience and knowledge of their genetic history. In addition, non-biological fathers are denied the resources to have their own biological children in another relationship.[96] Men's rights activists support the use of paternity testing to reassure presumed fathers about the child's paternity;[98] men's and fathers' rights groups have called for compulsory paternity testing of all children.[99][96][100] They have campaigned vigorously in support of men who have been shown by genetic testing not to be the biological father, but who are nevertheless required to be financially responsible for them.[97] Prompted by these concerns, legislators in certain jurisdictions have supported this biological view and have passed laws providing relief from child support payments when a man is proved not to be the father.[97][96] Australian men's rights groups have opposed the recommendations of a report by the Australian Law Reform Commission and the National Health and Medical Research Council that would require the consent of both parents for paternity testing of young children,[98] and laws that would make it illegal to obtain a sample for DNA testing without the individual's consent.[101] Sociologist Michael Gilding asserts that men's rights activists have exaggerated the rate and extent of misattributed paternity, which he estimates at about 1-3%.[102][99] He opposed as unnecessary calls for mandatory paternity testing of all children.[99]
Reproductive rights
In the US in 2006, the court case Dubay v. Wells concerned whether men should have an opportunity to decline all paternity rights and responsibilities in the event of an unplanned pregnancy. Supporters said that this would allow the woman time to make an informed decision and give men the same reproductive rights as women.[103] In its dismissal of the case, the U.S. Court of Appeals (Sixth Circuit) stated that:
- "Dubay’s claim that a man’s right to disclaim fatherhood would be analogous to a woman’s right to abortion rests upon a false analogy. In the case of a father seeking to opt out of fatherhood and thereby avoid child support obligations, the child is already in existence and the state therefore has an important interest in providing for his or her support."[104]
Social security and insurance
Men's rights groups argue that women are given superior social security and tax benefits than men.[21][105] Warren Farrell states that men in the United States pay more into social security, but in total women receive more in benefits, and that discrimination against men in insurance and pensions have gone unrecognized.[106]
See also
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d e Newton 2004, p. 190-200.
- ^ a b c d e f g Messner 1997, p. 41-48.
- ^ Wishard, RW (1980). Men's rights: a handbook for the 80's. Cragmont Publications. ISBN 978-0-89666-012-0.
{{cite book}}
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ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i Messner, Michael A. (1998). "The Limits of the "Male Sex Role": An Analysis of the Men's Liberation and Men's Rights Movement's Discourse". Gender & Society. 12 (3): 255–276. doi:10.1177/0891243298012003002.
- ^ Lingard, Bob; Mills, Martin; Weaver-Hightower, Marcus B (2012). "Interrogating recuperative masculinity politics in schooling". International Journal of Inclusive Education. 16 (4): 407–421. doi:10.1080/13603116.2011.555095.
The concept of recuperative masculinity politics was developed by Lingard and Douglas (1999) to refer to both mythopoetic (Biddulph 1995, 2010; Bly 1990) and men's rights politics (Farrell 1993). Both of these rejected the move to a more equal gender order and more equal gender regimes in all of the major institutions of society (e.g. the family, schools, universities, workplaces) sought by feminists and most evident in the political and policy impacts in the 1980s and 1990s from second-wave feminism of the 1970s. 'Recuperative' was used to specifically indicate the ways in which these politics reinforced, defended and wished to recoup the patriarchal gender order and institutional gender regimes.
- ^ a b c Williams, Rhys H. (1995). "Constructing the Public Good: Social Movements and Cultural Resources". Social Problems. 42 (1). University of California Press: 134–135. doi:10.2307/3097008. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
Another example of contractual model rhetoric is in the language of the Men's Rights movement. As a countermovement to the feminist movement, it has concentrated on areas generally thought of as family law—especially divorce and child custody laws. The movement charges that maternal preference in child custody decisions is an example of gender prejudice, with men the ones who are systematically disadvantaged... Men's Rights groups... have adopted much of the rhetoric of the early liberal feminist movement... Similarly, along with the appeal to "equal rights for fathers"... the Men's Rights movement also uses a rhetoric of children's "needs"... The needs rhetoric helps offset charges that their rights language is motivated by self-interest alone.
- ^ Williams, Gwyneth I.; Williams, Rhys H (1995). ""All We Want Is Equality": Rhetorical Framing in the Fathers' Rights Movement". In Best, Joel (ed.). Images of Issues: Typifying Contemporary Social Problems (2nd ed.). New York: A. De Gruyter. pp. 201–202. ISBN 978-0-202-30539-4.
{{cite book}}
: External link in
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|chapterurl=
ignored (|chapter-url=
suggested) (help) - ^ Coltrane, Coltrane; Hickman, Neal (1992). "The Rhetoric of Rights and Needs: Moral Discourse in the Reform of Child Custody and Child Support Laws". Social Problems. 39 (4). University of California Press: 400–420. doi:10.2307/3097018.
- ^ Farrell, Warren; Svoboda, Steven; Sterba, James P. (2008). Does feminism discriminate against men? A Debate. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-531282-9.
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(help) - ^ Farrell, Warren (2001). Father and Child Reunion:How to Bring the Dads We Need to the Children We Love. New York: Putnam. ISBN 1585420751.
- ^ Lee, Calinda N. (2003). "Fathers' Rights". In Carroll, Bret E. (ed.). American Masculinities: A Hiistorical Encyclopedia. Vol. One. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. p. 167.
{{cite book}}
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|chapterurl=
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suggested) (help) - ^ a b Ashe 2007, p. 63.
- ^ Chafetz, Janet Saltzman (2006). Handbook of the sociology of gender. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 168. ISBN 0-387-32460-7.
- ^ a b c d e Kumar, A. Men’s Movement in India: Story of Save Indian Family Movement (pdf). Second Annual Male Studies Conference. New York: Foundation for Male Studies.
- ^ a b Smith, Jessica. "Men's issues or misogyny? Controversial men's group to discuss women's studies". Metro News. Retrieved 03/11/2013.
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(help) - ^ a b c "Contentious anti-feminism lecture met with protest". The Varisity newspaper. Retrieved 03/11/2013.
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(help) - ^ a b c d Maddison, Sarah (1999). "Private Men, Public Anger: The Men's Rights Movement in Australia" (PDF). Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies. 4 (2): 39–52.
- ^ Doyle, Ciara (2004). "The Fathers' Rights Movement: Extending Patriarchal Control Beyond the Marital Family". In Herrman, Peter (ed.). Citizenship Revisited: Threats or Opportunities of Shifting Boundaries. New York: Nova Publishers. pp. 61–62. ISBN 978-1-59033-900-8.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - ^ Flood, Michael (2005). "Men's Collective Struggles for Gender Justice: The Case of Antiviolence Activism". In Kimmel, Michael S.; Hearn, Jeff; Connell, Raewyn (eds.). Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. p. 459. ISBN 978-0-7619-2369-5.
{{cite book}}
: External link in
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|chapterurl=
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suggested) (help) - ^ Finocchiaro, Peter (March 29, 2011). "Is the men's rights movement growing?". Salon. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
- ^ a b c d Flood 2007, p. 430-433.
- ^ Cahill, Charlotte (2010). "Men's movement". In Chapman, Roger (ed.). Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 354–356. ISBN 978-1-84972-713-6.
{{cite book}}
: External link in
(help); Unknown parameter|chapterurl=
|chapterurl=
ignored (|chapter-url=
suggested) (help) - ^ Kimmel, Michael S. (1987). "Men's Responses to Feminism at the Turn of the Century". Gender & Society. 1 (3): 261–283. doi:10.1177/089124387001003003.
- ^ a b Flood 2007, p. 418–422.
- ^ Flood 2007, p. 21.
- ^ Whitaker, Stephen (2001). "Gender Politics in Men's Movements". In Vannoy, Dana (ed.). Gender Mosaics: Social Perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 343–351. ISBN 978-0-19-532998-8.
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suggested) (help) - ^ Cite error: The named reference
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was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Morrales, Carrie. A voice for men "Weinstein comments on student freedom of speech"]. ASU news. Retrieved 03/11/2013.
{{cite web}}
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value (help); Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ Shanley, Mary Lyndon (2002). Making babies, making families: what matters most in an age of reproductive technologies, surrogacy, adoption, and same-sex and unwed parents. Beacon Press. pp. 46–47. ISBN 0-8070-4409-1.
- ^ "Men demand fair play". Times of India. 20 November 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
- ^ Gilani, Iftikhar (6 April 2010). "Shoaib Malik controversy to hit Pakistan-India relations". Daily Times. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
- ^ Dhillon, Amrit (24 December 2007). "Men say wives use India's pro-women laws to torment them". The Age. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
- ^ a b Collier, R (2006-11-01). "Unfamiliar territory: The issue of a father's rights and responsibilities covers more than just the media-highlighted subject of access to his children". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Custodial Mothers and Fathers and their Child Support" (pdf). United States Department of Commerce. 2007. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
- ^ Edelson, D (2008-12-11). "Men's Rights Party vies for votes". Ynet. Retrieved 2012-11-03.
- ^ Ashe 2007, p. 57.
- ^ Goode 1993, p. 40, 44, 64, 90-92.
- ^ Goode 1997, p. 62-64.
- ^ Goode 1997, p. 164-165.
- ^ a b Levitz, J (2009-10-31). "The New Art of Alimony". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
- ^ Orr v. Orr, 440 US 268 (Supreme Court of the United States 1979).
- ^ Raghavan, Anita (2008-04-01). "Men Receiving Alimony Want A Little Respect". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
- ^ a b c Susan L. Miller (October 2005). Victims as offenders: the paradox of women's violence in relationships. Rutgers University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8135-3671-2. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ^ a b c Doward, Jamie (21 December 2003). "Battered men get their own refuge". The Observer. London: GMG. ISSN 0261-3077. OCLC 60623878. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ^ a b c Susan L. Miller; Terry G. Lilley (2008). "Female perpetrators of intimate partner violence". In Claire M. Renzetti and Jeffrey L. Edleson (ed.). Encyclopedia of interpersonal violence. SAGE Publications. pp. 257–58. ISBN 978-1-4129-1800-8.
- ^ Molly Dragiewicz (12 April 2011). Equality with a Vengeance: Men's Rights Groups, Battered Women, and Antifeminist Backlash. University Press of New England. pp. 84–5. ISBN 978-1-55553-739-5. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Donileen R. Loseke; Richard J. Gelles; Mary M. Cavanaugh (2005). Current controversies on family violence. SAGE Publications. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-7619-2106-6. Retrieved October 22, 2011. Cite error: The named reference "LosekeGelles2005" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c Susan B. Boyd (1 October 2007). Reaction and resistance: feminism, law, and social change. University of British Columbia Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-7748-1411-9. Retrieved October 22, 2011. Cite error: The named reference "Boyd2007" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Sommers, Christina Hoff (February 4, 2011). "Domestic violence myths help no one". USA Today. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
- ^ Molly Dragiewicz (12 April 2011). Equality with a Vengeance: Men's Rights Groups, Battered Women, and Antifeminist Backlash. University Press of New England. pp. 3=4, 29. ISBN 978-1-55553-739-5.
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ignored (help) - ^ Michael Kimmel (15 June 2010). Misframing Men: The Politics of Contemporary Masculinities. Rutgers University Press. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-8135-4762-6. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
- ^ a b c d Flood, Michael (7 July 2004). "Backlash: Angry men's movements". In Stacey Elin Rossi (ed.). The Battle and Backlash Rage on (PDF). Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4134-5934-0. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
- ^ Dobash, Russell P. (February 1992). "The Myth of Sexual Symmetry in Marital Violence". Social Problems. 39 (1). doi:10.1177/107780102237407.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Kimmel, M. S. (2002). ""Gender Symmetry" in Domestic Violence: A Substantive and Methodological Research Review". Violence Against Women. 8 (11): 1332–1363. doi:10.1177/107780102237407. ISSN 1077-8012.
- ^ Susan L. Miller; Terry G. Lilley (2008). "Female perpetrators of intimate partner violence". In Claire M. Renzetti and Jeffrey L. Edleson (ed.). Encyclopedia of interpersonal violence. SAGE Publications. pp. 257–58. ISBN 978-1-4129-1800-8.
- ^ a b c Rahim Kanani (May 9, 2011). "The Need to Create a White House Council on Boys to Men". Forbes. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ^ a b Mills, Martin; Francis, Becky; Skelton, Christine (8 June 2009). "Gender policies in Australia and the United Kingdom". In Wayne Martino, Michael Kehler, and Marcus B. Weaver-Hightower (ed.). The problem with boys' education: beyond the backlash. Taylor & Francis. pp. 38–55. ISBN 978-1-56023-683-2.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ^ a b c Becky Francis; Christine Skelton (27 September 2005). Reassessing gender and achievement: questioning contemporary key debates. Psychology Press. pp. 18–19, 141. ISBN 978-0-415-33324-5. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
- ^ Brotman, Barbara (October 30, 1992). "Sex Contract Shares Intimate Knowledge". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
- ^ Michael Kimmel (1992), "Anti-Feminism", in Michael S. Kimmel and Amy Aronson (ed.), Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural and Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO (published 2003), pp. 35–37, ISBN 978-1-57607-774-0, retrieved 23 December 2011
- ^ Wendy, McElroy (2011 [last update]). "Privacy Rights Eroding Down Slippery Slope |". foxnews.com. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
{{cite web}}
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(help)CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ Farrell 1994, p. 161.
- ^ "Rape case protection bid rejected". BBC News. BBC. 7 January 2004,. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
{{cite news}}
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(help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ Richard Dunphy (2000). Sexual Politics: An Introduction. Edinburgh University Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-7486-1247-5. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- ^ a b Dhillon, Amrit (01 November, 2006). "Women confident law will end culture of abuse". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
The All India Harassed Husbands Association protested last week at the law. 'It gives such grossly disproportionate rights to women that men won't want to get married,' said member Akhil Gupta
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ "Why men's rights activists are against inclusion of marital rape". First Post. February 6, 2013. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
- ^ Millar, Stuart A (2002). "Marital Rape - What a Can of Worms!". Strike at the Root. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- ^ Farrell 1994, p. 338:"Spousal rape legislation is blackmail waiting to happen. If a man feels he needs to file for divorce, his wife can say 'If you do, I'll accuse you of spousal rape.' Spousal rape legislation is worse than government-as-substitute-husband. It's government in the bedroom"
- ^ "Spousal Rape Laws". CNN. July 31, 1992.
Tom Williamson, President National Coalition of Free Men: "I don't think that there should be anything called marital rape laws. I don't deny that the elements involved with rape can occur in a marriage. They certainly do. But the problem with the concept of having something called marital rape is that it makes every man vulnerable in a bad situation to blackmail. It makes them vulnerable to false accusations for a variety of motivations that we know exists"
{{cite news}}
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requires|url=
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(help) - ^ a b Pandey, Vineeta (8 March 2010). "Husbands can't get away with marital rape: Government". DNA. Archived from the original on 31 March 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
no relationship will work if these rules are enforced.
Cite error: The named reference "Pandey2010" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ Clatterbaugh, Kenneth (1997). Contemporary Perspectives on Masculinity (pdf). WestviewPress. p. 11. ISBN 0-8133-2700-8.
- ^ a b "What about tax, and father's custody rights?". The Times of India. May 17, 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ^ a b "FHM: For Him Minister?". BBC News. 2004-03-03. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ^ a b Cheryl, Wetzstein. "Guys got it made? Think again, say advocates". Washington Times. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ^ "Indian husbands want protection from nagging wives |". Reuters. November 20, 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ^ Manigandan KR (Aug 9, 2009). "Boys fight for freedom!". Times Of India. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ^ Kallenbach, Michael (2000-06-16). "Yesterday in Parliament". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
- ^ Minister for Men. Hansard, UK Parliament. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Christian Haywood; Máirtín Mac an Ghaill (1 January 2003). Men and masculinities: theory, research, and social practice. Open University Press. pp. 134–5. ISBN 978-0-335-20892-0. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
- ^ Zernike, Kate (1998-06-21). "Feminism Has Created Progress, But Man, Oh, Man, Look What Else". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
- ^ Benatar, D (2012). The Second Sexism: Discrimination Against Men and Boys. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 190. ISBN 1118192303.
- ^ Denniston, George C. (1999). Male and female circumcision medical, legal, and ethical considerations in pediatric practice. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. p. 348. ISBN 0-306-46131-5.
- ^ El-Salam, Seham Abd (2002/2003). "The Importance of Genital Mutilations to Gender Power Politics". Al-Raida. 20 (99). Institute for Women’s Studies in the Arab World: 42.
Women's defense of men's right to bodily integrity and their work against MGM will not have a negative impact on their struggle against FGM.
{{cite journal}}
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(help)CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ Somerville, M. "Altering baby boys' bodies: the ethics of infant male circumcision". The Ethical Canary: Science, Society and the Human Spirit. Toronto: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-89302-1.
- ^ Green, James (2007). The Male Herbal: The Definitive Health Care Book for Men & Boys (2nd ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: Crossing Press. ISBN 1-58091-175-7.
Circumcision: A Common Form of Disregard for Men's Rights… Glick emphasizes that infants are persons with full civil rights, and therefore no one has the right to impose circumcision on them—not even parents.
- ^ Benatar M, Benatar D (2003). "Between prophylaxis and child abuse: the ethics of neonatal male circumcision". Am J Bioeth. 3 (2): 35–48. doi:10.1162/152651603766436216. PMID 12859815.
- ^ Clark PA, Eisenman J, Szapor S (2007). "Mandatory neonatal male circumcision in Sub-Saharan Africa: medical and ethical analysis". Med. Sci. Monit. 13 (12): RA205–13. PMID 18049444.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Patrick K (2007). "Is infant male circumcision an abuse of the rights of the child? No". BMJ. 335 (7631): 1181. doi:10.1136/bmj.39406.523762.AD. PMC 2128676. PMID 18063641.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ Brusa M, Barilan YM (2009). "Cultural circumcision in EU public hospitals--an ethical discussion". Bioethics. 23 (8): 470–82. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00683.x. PMID 19076127.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ a b c Messner 1997, p. 6-7.
- ^ Stephen Blake Boyd; W. Merle Longwood; Mark William Muesse (November 6, 1996). Redeeming men: religion and masculinities. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-664-25544-2.
- ^ a b Carelli, Richard (March 23, 1981). "Supreme Court to begin hearing male-only military draft case". Toledo Blade. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
- ^ a b Martin Binkin (1993). Who will fight the next war?: the changing face of the American military. Brookings Institution Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-8157-0955-8. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
- ^ Rostker v. Goldberg at Cornell University Law School.
- ^ "Internal Review of Leave Policies and Related Research" (pdf). Employment Relations Research Series No. 80. Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. 2007. pp. 12–13.
- ^ a b c d e Cannold, Leslie (July–August 2008). "Who's the father? Rethinking the moral 'crime' of 'paternity fraud'" (PDF). Women's Studies International Forum. 31 (4): 249–256. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2008.05.011.
- ^ a b c Majumber, Mary Anderlik. "Disestablishment Suits". In Mark A. Rothstein; Thomas H. Murray; Gregory E. Kaebnick (eds.). September 2005 Genetic Ties and the Family: The Impact of Paternity Testing on Parents and Children. JHU Press. pp. 172–79. ISBN 978-0-8018-8193-0.
{{cite book}}
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value (help) - ^ a b c Salah, Anna (14 December 2005). "Teens may be forced to have paternity test". abc.net.au. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
- ^ a b c Shepherd, Tory (6 June 2012). "Men flock online for 'peace of mind' paternity tests". news.com.au. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
- ^ "Who's your daddy?". Philadelphia Daily News. 5 October 2005.
"I think the best solution is DNA testing at birth," said Glenn Sacks, a syndicated radio talk-show host who focuses on men's issues
- ^ Dayton, Leigh (12 November 2008). "Fathers 'disrupt debate on DNA'". The Australian. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
- ^ Horrin, Adele (30 June 2005). "The myth behind paternity fraud". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
- ^ Traister, R (2006-03-13). "Roe for men?". Salon. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
- ^ "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, case No. 06-11016" (PDF).
- ^ Ferrell Christensen (26 May 2005). "Masculism". In Ted Honderich (ed.). The Oxford companion to philosophy. Oxford University Press. pp. 562–63. ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
- ^ Farrell 1994, p. 350.
References
- Ashe, F (2007). The New Politics of Masculinity: Men, Power and Resistance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-30275-3.
{{cite book}}
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(help)</ref> - Farrell, W (1994). The Myth of Male Power. Berkley Books. ISBN 978-0-425-14381-0.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Flood, M (2007). International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities. London: Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-33343-6.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
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suggested) (help) - Goode, WJ (1993). World Changes in Divorce Patterns. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05537-4.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Messner, MA (1997). Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8039-5577-4.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Newton, J (2004). From Panthers to Promise Keepers: rethinking the men's movement. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780847691302.
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(help)
Further reading
- Benatar, D (2012). The Second Sexism: Discrimination Against Men and Boys. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0470674512.
- Baumeister, RF (2010). Is There Anything Good About Men?: How Cultures Flourish by Exploiting Men. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019537410X.
- Parker, K (2008). Save the Males: Why Men Matter Why Women Should Care. Random House Digital. ISBN 1400065798.
- Nathanson, P (2006). Legalizing Misandry: From Public Shame to Systemic Discrimination Against Men. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0773577890.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
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suggested) (help) - Nathanson, P (2001). Spreading Misandry: The Teaching of Contempt for Men in Popular Culture. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0773522727.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
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suggested) (help) - Summers, CH (2001). The War Against Boys: How Misguided Feminism Is Harming Our Young Men. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0684849577.