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Same-sex union legislation

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Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse, unions and expression
Same-sex intercourse illegal. Penalties:
  Death
  Prison; death not enforced
  Death under militias
  Prison, with arrests or detention
  Prison, not enforced1
Same-sex intercourse legal. Recognition of unions:
  Marriage
  Extraterritorial marriage2
  Civil unions
  Limited domestic
  Limited foreign
  Optional certification
  None
  Restrictions of expression
  Restrictions of association with arrest or detention
Rings indicate local or case-by-case application.
1No imprisonment in the past three years or moratorium on law.
2Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships.
Part of the LGBT rights series
Marriage

Recognized

Civil unions and
registered partnerships
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. KoN: Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the Caribbean Netherlands), as well as in Aruba and Curaçao. May be registered in Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. NZ: Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. UK: Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. US: Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  5. Israel: Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  6. EU: The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling.
  7. Cambodia: Recognition of a "declaration of family relationship", which may be useful in matters such as housing, but they are not legally binding.
  8. China: Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. HK: Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. India: Courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. Japan: Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. Namibia: Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
  13. Romania: Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
  14. ROK: Spousal benefits from health insurance.
* Not yet in effect
LGBT portal

Same-sex marriage is legal nationwide in fifteen countries: the Netherlands,[nb 1] Belgium, Spain, Canada, South Africa, Norway, Sweden,[1] Portugal, Iceland, Argentina, Denmark,[nb 2] Brazil,[2] France, Uruguay and New Zealand.[nb 3] It has been signed into law in the United Kingdom,[nb 4] but will not come into effect until 29 March 2014.

The District of Columbia, eight Native American tribes, and sixteen US states perform same-sex marriages, those states being Massachusetts, Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York,[3] Maine, Maryland, Washington, California, Delaware, Rhode Island, Minnesota, New Jersey,[1][4] Hawaii and New Mexico. Additionally, a law that legalized same-sex marriage in the state of Illinois will take effect on 1 June 2014. Same-sex marriage in Mexico is performed in the federal district of Mexico City and the state of Quintana Roo,[5] and their marriage certificates are recognized in all 31 Mexican states. Same sex marriage is recognized, but not performed, in Israel. The federal government of the United States as well as the US state of Oregon also recognize same-sex marriage. The US state of Ohio recognize same-sex marriage only for death certificate purposes. Furthermore, same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands are recognized in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.

Whether same-sex couples should be allowed to marry has been and remains the topic of debate worldwide. Twenty-seven countries and thirty-five jurisdictions worldwide have passed mostly constitutional and in a few cases statutory amendments that explicitly prohibit the legal recognition of same-sex marriage and sometimes other forms of legal unions as well.[6] Eighteen countries and sixteen jurisdictions worldwide have authorized civil unions or unregistered cohabitation for same-sex couples as an alternative to marriage. The legal name of those unions as well as the amount of rights that they provide can vary greatly.

Efforts to enable same-sex unions

International level

Several attempts have been made to establish a right to same-sex marriage at the international level through strategic litigation, at the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations and at the European Court of Human Rights, both of which currently have not yet recognized an equal right to marry for same-sex couples. The Human Rights Committee case was in 1999, with two same-sex couples as the plaintiffs/petitioners and the government of New Zealand as the defender/respondent. The ECHR case was in 2010, with a same-sex couple as the plaintiffs/petitioners and the government of Austria as the respondents. Although both New Zealand and Austria then responded against the petitions then in each case, both countries now legally recognize same-sex unions, New Zealand in the form of same-sex marriage and Austria in the form of civil unions.

National level

The first legislation of unregistered cohabitation was introduced in the Netherlands in June 1979. However, the first substantial recognition of same-sex couples didn't occur before the introduction of a new legal form, that of registered partnerships, which was first enacted in Denmark in June 1989.[7] Many countries have followed with similar legislation since then. Legislation of these forms of legal unions still occur with a variety of different names, even after the introduction of same sex marriage, although sometimes they are overwritten by subsequent legislation of same-sex marriage.

There are currently eighteen countries that have an alternative form of partnership other than marriage on a national level. Those are Andorra, Australia, Austria, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Ecuador, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, San Marino (although only for one entitlement), Slovenia, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

As of December 2013, legislation to allow or expand any kind of alternative form of legal recognition of same-sex couples other than marriage have been proposed, is pending, or have passed at least one legislative house on a national level in Albania, Bolivia, Chile, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Israel, Italy, Malta, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania and Thailand.

The first same-sex marriage bill ever voted on was passed in the Netherlands[nb 1] in December 2000 and went into force in 2001. Belgium passed a same-sex marriage bill in 2003, with Spain (2005), Canada (2005), and South Africa (2006) becoming the next three countries to pass such bills. Same-sex marriage was legalized in both Norway and Sweden in 2009 and in Portugal, Iceland, and Argentina in 2010. Denmark[nb 2] opened marriage to same-sex couples in 2012. Uruguay, New Zealand,[nb 3] France and Brazil gave same-sex couples the right to marry in 2013. The United Kingdom[nb 4] will allow same-sex marriage from 2014.

As of December 2013, legislation to allow same sex marriage have been proposed, is pending, or have passed at least one legislative house on a national level in Austria, Finland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Mexico, Nepal, Switzerland, Taiwan and Venezuela.

Country Date Same-sex union Upper house Lower house Head of state Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Netherlands Netherlands June 1979 Unregistered cohabitation[8][9] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Netherlands Netherlands December 1980 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[9] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Netherlands Netherlands November 1984 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[9] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark June 1986 Unregistered cohabitation[9][10] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Sweden Sweden 1987 Unregistered cohabitation[9][11] — Passed n/a1 Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark June 1989 Registered partnership[11][12] — 71 47 Signed Yes Yes2
Norway Norway July 1991 Unregistered cohabitation[13] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Norway Norway April 1993 Registered partnership[14] 18 16 58 40 Signed Yes Yes2
Sweden Sweden June 1994 Registered partnership[15] — 171 141 n/a1 Yes Yes2
Spain Spain November 1994 Unregistered cohabitation[9] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Canada Canada 1995 Marriage[16] — — 52 124 — No No
Hungary Hungary May 1996 Unregistered cohabitation[9][17] — 207 73 Signed Yes Yes
Iceland Iceland June 1996 Registered partnership[18][19] — 44 1 Signed Yes Yes2
Netherlands Netherlands July 1997 Registered partnership[8] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Slovakia Slovakia 1997 Registered partnership[dead link] — Failed — No No
Czech Republic Czech Republic June 1998 Registered partnership[20] — — Failed — No No
France France October 1998 Civil solidarity pact[21] — — Failed — No No
Belgium Belgium January 1999 Registered partnership[22][23] 39 8 98 10 Signed Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark June 1999 Registered partnership (expansion)[24] — 61 48 Signed Yes Yes2
France France November 1999 Civil solidarity pact Passed 315 249 Signed Yes Yes
Czech Republic Czech Republic December 1999 Registered partnership[25] — — 69 91 — No No
Germany Germany November 2000 Life partnership Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Netherlands Netherlands December 2000 Marriage 49 26 109 33 Signed Yes Yes
Canada Canada 2000 Unregistered cohabitation[26] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Slovakia Slovakia 2000 Registered partnership[dead link] — Failed — No No
Portugal Portugal March 2001 Unregistered cohabitation — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Zealand New Zealand April 2001 Unregistered cohabitation[27] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Finland Finland September 2001 Registered partnership[28] — 99 84 Signed Yes Yes
Czech Republic Czech Republic October 2001 Registered partnership[29] — — Failed — No No
Czech Republic Czech Republic 2001 Unregistered cohabitation[30] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Belgium Belgium February 2003 Marriage[31] 46 15 91 22 Signed Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark May 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[32] — 49 60 — No No
Denmark Denmark May 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[33] — 45 60 — No No
Denmark Denmark May 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[34] — 43 61 — No No
Denmark Denmark June 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[35] — 11 94 — No No
Croatia Croatia July 2003 Unregistered cohabitation — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Luxembourg Luxembourg July 2004 Partnership[36] — 33 7 Signed Yes Yes
United Kingdom United Kingdom November 2004 Civil partnership[37] 251 136 426 49 Signed Yes Yes
Germany Germany December 2004 Life partnership (expansion) Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Zealand New Zealand December 2004 Civil union[38] — 65 55 Signed Yes Yes
Norway Norway 2004 Marriage[39] — Failed — No No
Panama Panama 2004 Civil union[40] — Failed — No No
Czech Republic Czech Republic February 2005 Registered partnership — — Failed — No No
Andorra Andorra March 2005 Stable union of a couple — Passed Signed 3 Yes Yes
Slovenia Slovenia March 2005 Registered partnership — — Failed — No No
New Zealand New Zealand March 2005 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[41][42] — 76 43 Signed Yes Yes
Switzerland Switzerland June 2005 Registered partnership[43] Nationwide referendum (58%) Yes Yes
Spain Spain July 2005 Marriage Vetoed 4 183 136 Signed Yes Yes
Canada Canada July 2005 Marriage[44] 47 21 158 133 Signed Yes Yes
Slovenia Slovenia July 2005 Registered partnership Passed 44 3 Signed Yes Yes
Czech Republic Czech Republic March 2006 Registered partnership[45] 65 14 86 54 Vetoed 5 Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark June 2006 Registered partnership (expansion)[46] — 49 62 — No No
Iceland Iceland June 2006 Registered partnership (expansion)[47][48] — 41 0 Signed Yes Yes2
France France June 2006 Civil solidarity pact (expansion)[49] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
South Africa South Africa November 2006 Marriage and civil partnership[50] 36 11 230 41 Signed Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal December 2006 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion) — Passed Vetoed No No
Colombia Colombia June 2007 Civil union[51] 29 34 62 43 — No No
Hungary Hungary December 2007 Registered partnership[52] — 185 154 Signed Yes No 6
Uruguay Uruguay December 2007 Cohabitation union[53][54] 17 5 Passed Signed Yes Yes
Iceland Iceland May 2008 Registered partnership (expansion)[55][56] — 54 0 Signed Yes Yes2
Norway Norway June 2008 Marriage[57] 23 17 84 41 Signed Yes Yes
Ecuador Ecuador September 2008 Civil union[58] Constitutional referendum (63.93%) Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal October 2008 Marriage[59] — Failed — No No
Portugal Portugal October 2008 Marriage[59] — Failed — No No
Australia Australia November 2008 Unregistered cohabitation[60] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Sweden Sweden April 2009 Marriage[61] — 261 22 n/a1 Yes Yes
Hungary Hungary April 2009 Registered partnership — 199 159 Signed Yes Yes
France France May 2009 Foreign unions as PACS[62] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Finland Finland May 2009 Registered partnership (expansion)[63] — 108 29 Signed Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark June 2009 Registered partnership (expansion)[64] — 107 2 Signed Yes Yes2
Portugal Portugal August 2009 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[65] — Passed Vetoed No No
Uruguay Uruguay September 2009 Cohabitation union (expansion)[66][67] 17 6 40 13 Signed Yes Yes
Austria Austria December 2009 Registered partnership 44 8 110 64 Signed Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal January 2010 Marriage[68] — Failed — No No
Portugal Portugal January 2010 Marriage[69] — Failed — No No
Portugal Portugal January 2010 Registered civil union[70] — Failed — No No
Hungary Hungary February 2010 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion) — Passed Vetoed 5 Yes Yes
Australia Australia February 2010 Marriage[71] 5 45 — — — No No
Portugal Portugal May 2010 Marriage[72] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark May 2010 Registered partnership (expansion)[73] — 60 54 Signed Yes Yes2
Denmark Denmark June 2010 Marriage[74] — 52 57 — No No
Iceland Iceland June 2010 Marriage[75][76] — 49 0 Signed Yes Yes
Republic of Ireland Ireland July 2010 Civil partnership and unregistered cohabitation[77][78] 48 4 Passed Signed Yes Yes
Argentina Argentina July 2010 Marriage[79] 33 27 125 109 Signed Yes Yes
Luxembourg Luxembourg August 2010 Partnership (expansion)[80] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal August 2010 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[81][82] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Germany Germany September 2010 Marriage[83] Failed — — No No
Germany Germany October 2010 Life partnership (expansion)[84] — Failed — No No
Germany Germany April 2011 Life partnership (expansion)[85] Failed — — No No
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein June 2011 Registered partnership[86] Nationwide referendum (68%) Yes Yes
France France June 2011 Marriage[87] — — 222 293 — No No
Germany Germany June 2011 Life partnership (expansion)[88] Failed — - No No
Portugal Portugal February 2012 Marriage (expansion)[89] — Failed — No No
Portugal Portugal February 2012 Marriage (expansion)[89] — Failed — No No
Slovenia Slovenia March 2012 Registered partnership (expansion)[dead link] Nationwide referendum (45.36%) No No
Israel Israel May 2012 Marriage[90] — 11 39 — No No
Denmark Denmark June 2012 Marriage[91] — 85 24 Signed Yes Yes
Germany Germany June 2012 Marriage[92][93] — — 260 309 — No No
San Marino San Marino June 2012 Unregistered cohabitation (only one entitlement)[94] — 33 20 Signed Yes Yes
Australia Australia September 2012 Marriage[95] — — 42 98 — No No
Australia Australia September 2012 Marriage[96] 26 41 — — — No No
Germany Germany October 2012 Life partnership (expansion)[97] — — 253 288 — No No
Slovakia Slovakia November 2012 Registered partnership[98] — 14 94 — No No
Poland Poland January 2013 Registered partnership[99] — — Failed — No No
Poland Poland January 2013 Registered partnership[100] — — Failed — No No
Poland Poland January 2013 Partnership agreement[101] — Failed — No No
Germany Germany March 2013 Life partnership (expansion)[102][103] Passed — — — No No
Germany Germany March 2013 Marriage[104] Passed — — — No No
New Zealand New Zealand April 2013 Marriage[105] — 77 44 Signed Yes Yes
Colombia Colombia April 2013 Marriage[106] 17 51 — — — No No
Uruguay Uruguay May 2013 Marriage[107][108] 23 8 71 21 Signed Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal May 2013 Marriage (expansion)[109] — 77 104 — No No
Portugal Portugal May 2013 Marriage (expansion)[109] — Failed — No No
Portugal Portugal May 2013 Marriage (expansion)[109] — Failed — No No
France France May 2013 Marriage[110][111] 171 165 331 225 Signed Yes Yes
Australia Australia June 2013 Recognition of overseas marriage[112] 28 44 — — — No No
Germany Germany July 2013 Life partnership (expansion)[113][114] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
United Kingdom UK
(England and Wales) 		July 2013 Marriage[115][116] Passed 366 161 Signed Yes Yes
Austria Austria July 2013 Registered partnership (expansion)[117][118] 45 8 Passed Signed Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal October 2013 Marriage (expansion)[119][120] — Failed — No No
Chile Chile January 2014 Life partner agreement[121][122] 28 6 Pending
Malta Malta January 2014 Civil union[123][124] — Pending
Austria Austria 2014 Marriage[125][126] Proposed
Albania Albania 2014 Partnership[127] — Proposed
Bolivia Bolivia 2014 Civil union[128] Proposed
Croatia Croatia 2014 Life partnership[129] — Proposed
Cyprus Cyprus 2014 Civil partnership[130] — Proposed
Finland Finland 2014 Marriage[131] — Pending
Germany Germany 2014 Life partnership (expansion)[132] Pending
Greece Greece 2014 Registered partnership[133][134][135] — Pending
Israel Israel 2014 Civil union[136] — Pending
Italy Italy 2014 Civil union[137][138] Proposed
Luxembourg Luxembourg 2014 Marriage[139][140] — Pending
Mexico Mexico 2014 Federal codification of marriage[141][142] Proposed
Nepal Nepal 2014 Marriage[143] — Proposed
Peru Peru 2014 Civil union[144][145] — Pending
Philippines Philippines 2014 Registered partnership[146] Pending
Poland Poland 2014 Registered partnership[147][148][149][150][151] Pending
Romania Romania 2014 Civil partnership[152] Proposed
Switzerland Switzerland 2014 Marriage[153][154] Pending
Taiwan Taiwan 2014 Marriage and civil partnership[155][156] — Pending
Thailand Thailand 2014 Civil partnership[157][158] Proposed
Venezuela Venezuela 2014 Marriage[159] — Proposed
Republic of Ireland Ireland 2015 Marriage[160][161] Pending a scheduled referendum

Notes:
1According to the 1974 Constitution, the King of Sweden is head of state but does not sign or veto any laws enacted by Parliament.
2Replaced by the gender-neutral marriage law.
3Only one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra signed the law.
4The Spanish Senate voted 131 "yes" to 119 "no" to veto the law. The veto was later overridden by the Spanish Congress of Deputies.
5Veto overridden.
6Ruled unconstitutional.

Sub-national level

For status in U.S. states, see Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States

In countries with a federal system of governance, states and territories often may grant recognition to same-sex couples in their own jurisdictions, although unitary states with a level of devolution, such as Spain or the United Kingdom, also offer such legalities to local authorities. The first jurisdiction to enact unregistered cohabitation was the Australian Capital Territory in Australia in 1994. However, further legislative moves in the Australian Capital Territory have been overturned twice by the federal government. The first jursdiction to legalize registered partnership was Greenland as part of the Kingdom of Denmark in April 1996. Finally, the first jurisdiction to legalize same-sex marriage was the Canadian province of Ontario in June 2003. In December 2009, Mexico City became the first jurisdiction in Latin America to legalize same-sex marriage.

Currently sixteen jurisdictions worldwide have legalized some kind of alternative form of legal union of same-sex couples other than marriage. Those are four Australian states (New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania and Victoria) and one Australian territory (the Australian Capital Territory), four US states (Colorado, Nevada, Oregon and Wisconsin), three Mexican states (Coahuila, Colima and Jalisco), the Venezuelan city of Mérida, Greenland, Jersey and the Isle of Man.

As of December 2013, legislation to allow or expand any kind of alternative form of legal recognition of same-sex couples other than marriage have been proposed, is pending, or have passed at least one legislative house in the Mexican state of Campeche, the Australian state of South Australia, and Gibraltar.

For the time being, twenty-seven jurisdictions worldwide have legalised same-sex marriage. Those are eight Native American tribes, namely the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes, the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, the Coquille Tribe, the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe, the Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians, the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians, the Santa Ysabel Tribe and the Suquamish Tribe, seventeen US states, namely Massachusetts, Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York, Maine, Maryland, Washington, California, Delaware, Rhode Island, Minnesota, New Jersey, Hawaii and New Mexico (the relevant law in Illinois will take effect on 1 June 2014), as well as the District of Columbia, one Mexican state, namely Quintana Roo, and the Mexican federal district of Mexico City.

As of December 2013, legislation to allow same sex marriage have been proposed, is pending, or have passed at least one legislative house in the Mexican states of Coahuila, Oaxaca and Yucatán, the Faroe Islands and Scotland.

State/Territory Country Date Same-sex union Upper House Lower house Head of State Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Ontario Ontario Canada Canada June 1994 Domestic partnership[162] — 58 69 — No No
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia 1994 Unregistered cohabitation[163] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Greenland Greenland Denmark Denmark April 1996 Registered partnership[164][165] — 104 1 Signed Yes Yes
Ceuta Ceuta Spain Spain April 1997 De facto union[166] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Catalonia Catalonia Spain Spain June 1998 Stable union of couple[167][168] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Yukon Yukon Canada Canada December 1998 Unregistered cohabitation[169] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Aragon Aragon Spain Spain March 1999 Stable couple[167][170] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Quebec Quebec Canada Canada May 1999 Unregistered cohabitation[171] — 80 0 Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia June 1999 Unregistered cohabitation[172] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Ontario Ontario Canada Canada October 1999 Unregistered cohabitation[173] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada 1999 Unregistered cohabitation[174] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Yukon Yukon Canada Canada 1999 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[175] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada July 2000 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[176] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Nova Scotia Nova Scotia Canada Canada November 2000 Domestic partnership[177][178] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador Canada Canada December 2000 Unregistered cohabitation[179] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Navarre Navarra Spain Spain 2000 Stable couple[167] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Brunswick New Brunswick Canada Canada 2000 Unregistered cohabitation[180] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Canton of Geneva Geneva Switzerland Switzerland February 2001 Partnership[153][181] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Canada Canada July 2001 Unregistered cohabitation[177] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Victoria (state) Victoria Australia Australia August 2001 Unregistered cohabitation Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador Canada Canada December 2001 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[182] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Valencian Community Valencia Spain Spain 2001 De facto couple[167] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Community of Madrid Madrid Spain Spain 2001 De facto couple[167] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Balearic Islands Balearic Islands Spain Spain 2001 Stable couple[167] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Manitoba Manitoba Canada Canada 2001 Common-law relationship[183][184] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Quebec Quebec Canada Canada June 2002 Civil union[185] — 87 0 Signed Yes Yes
Manitoba Manitoba Canada Canada August 2002 Common-law relationship (expansion)[184][186] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Manitoba Manitoba Canada Canada August 2002 Common-law relationship (expansion)[184][187] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Canton of Zurich Canton of Zurich Switzerland Switzerland September 2002 Registered partnership[188] Cantonal referendum (63%) Yes Yes
Alberta Alberta Canada Canada December 2002 Adult interdependent relationship[189] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Queensland Queensland Australia Australia December 2002 Unregistered cohabitation — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Andalusia Andalusia Spain Spain 2002 De facto couple[167] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Asturias Asturias Spain Spain 2002 Stable couple[167] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina Argentina 2002 Civil union — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia 2002 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[190] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Northwest Territories Northwest Territories Canada Canada 2002 Unregistered cohabitation[175] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island Canada Canada 2002 Unregistered cohabitation[191] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Western Australia Western Australia Australia Australia 2002 Unregistered cohabitation[192] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Extremadura Extremadura Spain Spain 2003 De facto couple[167] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Basque Country (autonomous community) Basque Country Spain Spain 2003 De facto couple[167] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Canary Islands Canary Islands Spain Spain 2003 De facto couple[167] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Río Negro Province Rio Negro Argentina Argentina 2003 Civil union[193] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia September 2003 Significant relationship[194] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia January 2004 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion) — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Canton of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland Switzerland January 2004 Registered partnership[195][196] — 65 38 Signed Yes Yes
Northern Territory Northern Territory Australia Australia March 2004 Unregistered cohabitation — Passed Signed Yes Yes
File:Flag of the City of Sydney.png Sydney Australia Australia July 2004 Relationship declaration program — Passed Signed Yes Yes
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia October 2004 Civil union — Failed — No No
Cantabria Cantabria Spain Spain May 2005 De facto couple[197] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Isle of Man Isle of Man November 2005 UK partnership recognition[198] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Northwest Territories Northwest Territories Canada Canada 2005 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[175] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Norfolk Island Norfolk Island Australia Australia February 2006 Unregistered cohabitation[199] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia June 2006 Civil union — Passed Signed No No1
Mexico City Mexico City Mexico Mexico November 2006 Law for coexistence partnerships[200] — 43 17 Signed Yes Yes
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia December 2006 Domestic partnership agreement[201] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Coahuila Coahuila Mexico Mexico January 2007 Civil pact of solidarity[202] — 20 13 Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia February 2007 Civil partnership — Passed Signed No No1
File:Flag of Melbourne.PNG Melbourne Australia Australia April 2007 Relationship declaration register — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Australia Yarra Australia Australia May 2007 Relationship declaration program[203] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Argentina Villa Carlos Paz Argentina Argentina November 2007 Civil union[204] — 12 6 Signed Yes Yes
Melilla Melilla Spain Spain January 2008 De facto union[205] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Victoria (state) Victoria Australia Australia April 2008 Relationship register 29 10 54 24 Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia May 2008 Civil partnership[206] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia June 2008 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[207] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Brunswick New Brunswick Canada Canada December 2008 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[208] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Caledonia New Caledonia France France April 2009 Civil solidarity pact[209][210] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna France France April 2009 Civil solidarity pact Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Argentina Río Cuarto Argentina Argentina May 2009 Civil union — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia September 2009 Significant relationship (expansion)[211] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia November 2009 Civil partnership (expansion)[212] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Mexico City Mexico City Mexico Mexico December 2009 Marriage[213] — 39 20 Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales Blue Mountains Australia Australia March 2010 Relationship declaration program — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia May 2010 Relationship register[214][215] 32 5 62 9 Signed Yes Yes
Vienna Vienna Austria Austria June 2010 Registered partnership (expansion)[216][217] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia October 2010 Out-of-state unions as significant relationship[218][219] Passed 22 3 Signed Yes Yes
Isle of Man Isle of Man March 2011 Civil partnership[220] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Queensland Queensland Australia Australia December 2011 Civil partnership[221][222] — 47 40 Signed Yes Yes
Jersey Jersey December 2011 Civil partnership[223][224] — 33 0 Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia September 2012 Civil union[225][226] — 11 6 Signed Yes Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia September 2012 Marriage[227][228] 6 8 13 11 — No No
Western Australia City of Vincent Australia Australia December 2012 Relationship register[229] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Macau Macau China China March 2013 Civil union[230] — Failed — No No
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia July 2013 Marriage[231] — — Failed — No No
Colima Colima Mexico Mexico July 2013 Marital bond[232][233][234] — 17 2 — Yes Yes
August 2013 — Passed Signed
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia October 2013 Marriage[235] 6 8 — — — No No
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia October 2013 Marriage[236] — 9 8 Signed No No2
Jalisco Jalisco Mexico Mexico October 2013 Civil union[237] — 20 15 Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia November 2013 Marriage[238] 19 21 — — — No No
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands Denmark Denmark January 2014 Marriage[239][240] — Pending
Scotland Scotland United Kingdom United Kingdom February 2014 Marriage[241][242] — Pending3
Campeche Campeche Mexico Mexico 2014 Civil union[243] — Proposed
Coahuila Coahuila Mexico Mexico 2014 Marriage[244] — Pending
Gibraltar Gibraltar 2014 Civil partnership[245] — Proposed
Oaxaca Oaxaca Mexico Mexico 2014 Marriage[246] — Proposed
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia 2014 Civil partnership[247] Pending
Yucatán Yucatán Mexico Mexico 2014 Marriage[248] — Pending

Note:
1Legislation overturned by federal government.

2Legislation overturned by the High Court.

3Passed stages one and two, awaits for stage three.

Constitutional efforts to prohibit same-sex unions

Sometimes unintentionally but usually in response to legislation providing for marriage or other rights to same-sex couples, twenty-seven countries, twenty-eight states in the United States, two Mexican states and the Cayman Islands have passed constitutional amendments banning a variety of same-sex unions. These amendments have taken several forms. Some are limited to banning only marriage. Others ban marriage and prohibit legislation providing "similar rights". Some prohibit government from authorizing any form of same-sex union, while others invalidate existing and future private contracts, including wills, for same-sex couples. Fourteen of the countries with constitutional amendments prohibiting same-sex marriage passed them via constitutional referendum, with the amendment being, most of the times, one of many within a proposed constitution submitted to the people by the government.

National level

Cuba was the first country to prohibit same-sex marriage in February 1976. Paraguay is the only case that not only marriage is prohibited but also any other equivalent/similar union. In November 2013, Vietnam became the first country to repeal a same-sex marriage ban which was previously established in April 1992. Legislative attempts to ban same-sex marriage in the United States have failed twice.

Currently, twenty-seven countries prohibit same-sex marriage on a national level. Those are Belarus, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Croatia, Cuba, DR Congo, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Honduras, Hungary, Kenya, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Paraguay, Poland, Rwanda, Serbia, South Sudan, Uganda, Ukraine, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe.

As of December 2013, legislation to ban same sex marriage have been proposed, is pending, or have passed at least one legislative house on a national level in Switzerland and Zambia.

Country Date Ban on Upper House Lower house Head of state Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Cuba Cuba February 1976 Marriage[249] Constitutional referendum (97.7%) Yes Yes
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso June 1991 Marriage[250] Constitutional referendum (77.1%) Yes Yes
Bulgaria Bulgaria July 1991 Marriage[251] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Vietnam Vietnam April 1992 Marriage[252] — Passed Signed Yes Yes1
Paraguay Paraguay June 1992 Marriage and equivalent/similar union[253] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Lithuania Lithuania October 1992 Marriage[254][255] Constitutional referendum (75.42%) Yes Yes
Cambodia Cambodia September 1993 Marriage[256] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Belarus Belarus March 1994 Marriage[257] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Moldova Moldova July 1994 Marriage[258] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Ukraine Ukraine June 1996 Marriage[259] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Poland Poland April 1997 Marriage[260] Constitutional referendum (52.71%) Yes Yes
Venezuela Venezuela December 1999 Marriage[261][262] Constitutional referendum (71.78%) Yes Yes
Rwanda Rwanda May 2003 Marriage[263] Constitutional referendum (93.42%) Yes Yes
United States United States July 2004 Marriage[264] 48 50 227 186 — No No
Burundi Burundi February 2005 Marriage[265] Constitutional referendum (92.02%) Yes Yes
Honduras Honduras March 2005 Marriage[266][267] — 128 0 Signed Yes Yes
Uganda Uganda September 2005 Marriage[268] — 111 17 Signed Yes Yes
Latvia Latvia December 2005 Marriage[269] — 65 5 Signed Yes Yes
Democratic Republic of the Congo DR Congo December 2005 Marriage[270][271] Constitutional referendum (84.31%) Yes Yes
United States United States July 2006 Marriage[272] 49 48 236 187 — No No
Serbia Serbia October 2006 Marriage[273] Constitutional referendum (53.04%) Yes Yes
Montenegro Montenegro October 2007 Marriage[274][275] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Ecuador Ecuador September 2008 Marriage[276] Constitutional referendum (63.93%) Yes Yes
Bolivia Bolivia January 2009 Marriage[277] Constitutional referendum (61.43%) Yes Yes
El Salvador El Salvador October 2009 Marriage[278] — 46 38 — No No2
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic January 2010 Marriage[279] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Kenya Kenya August 2010 Marriage[280] Constitutional referendum (68.55%) Yes Yes
Zambia Zambia March 2011 Marriage[281][282] — Failed — No No
Hungary Hungary April 2011 Marriage[283][284][285] — 262 44 Signed Yes Yes
South Sudan South Sudan July 2011 Marriage[286][287] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Liberia Liberia June 2012 Marriage[288] Passed Failed — No No
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe March 2013 Marriage[289] Constitutional referendum (94.5%) Yes Yes
North Macedonia Macedonia September 2013 Marriage[290] — Failed — No No
Croatia Croatia December 2013 Marriage[291] Constitutional referendum (65.87%) Yes Yes
Slovakia Slovakia 2014 Marriage[292] — Proposed
Switzerland Switzerland 2014 Marriage[153] — Pending
Zambia Zambia 2014 Marriage[293] — Pending

Note:
1 Repealed in November 2013, as an article 64 was replaced by article 36, which does not contain a definition of marriage[294][295]
2 The amendment was initially passed in April 2009 but was rejected in a second vote in October 2009.[296]

Sub-national level

For status in U.S. states, see Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States and List of U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions by type

Very few jurisdictions outside of the United States have enacted constitutional bans on same-sex marriage. The first jurisdiction to explicitly ban same-sex marriage was the US state of Alaska in November 1998, but the first jurisdiction outside of the United States states to enact such a ban was the Cayman Islands, which are a British Overseas Territory, in June 2009. The first jurisdiction to repeal a ban on same sex marriage was the US state of California in June 2013.

Currently, thirty-two jurisdictions worldwide have conctitutional bans on sane-sex marriage. Those are the Cayman Islands, two Mexican states, Colima and Yucatán, and twenty-nine US states. Out of those twenty-nine US states, nine ban only same-sex marriage. Those are Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, Oregon and Tennessee. Eighteen more states ban same-sex marriage and civil unions. Those are Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Kentucky, Louisiana, Nebraska, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Kansas, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Utah and Wisconsin. Finally, two states ban same-sex marriage, civil unions and any other marriage-like recognition of same-sex couples. Those are Michigan and Virginia. However, there are four additional states that also ban same-sex marriage not by constitution but by statute. Those are Indiana, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Wyoming.

State/Territory Country Date Ban on Upper House Lower house Head of
state 		Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Cayman Islands Cayman Islands June 2009 Marriage[297] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Yucatán Yucatán Mexico Mexico July 2009 Marriage[298] — Passed — Yes Yes
Colima Colima Mexico Mexico July 2013 Marriage[232][233][299] — 17 2 — Yes Yes

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Excluding Aruba, Curaçao and St Maarten.
  2. ^ a b Excluding the Faroe Islands and Greenland.
  3. ^ a b Excluding Tokelau, Niue and the Cook Islands.
  4. ^ a b England and Wales only

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