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/r/The_Donald
Type of site
Subreddit
Available inEnglish
Founder(s)JCM267
URLwww.reddit.com/r/The_Donald
CommercialYes
Users~382,000 (as of March 2017)[1]
LaunchedJune 27, 2015; 9 years ago (2015-06-27)
This article is part of
a series about
Donald Trump
Business and personal
45th and 47th President of the United States
Tenure
Policies
Appointments
Presidential campaigns
Impeachments
Civil and criminal prosecutions
COVID-19 pandemic
Donald Trump's signature
Seal of the President of the United States

/r/The_Donald is an Internet forum hosted on Reddit (a "subreddit") created in support of Donald Trump, the current President of the United States. Initially created in June 2015, following the announcement of Trump's presidential campaign, the community has grown to over 389,000 subscribers and in November 2016 was ranked as one of the most active communities on the website.[2][3][4]

Activities by members and moderators of the subreddit have been controversial, and site-wide administrators have taken steps, including an overhaul of the Reddit software to prevent the subreddit from manipulating the algorithms that select content to be displayed on Reddit's /r/all forum, which the company's motto describes as "The front page of the Internet".[5]

The subreddit has been criticized by news outlets for spreading conspiracy theories and content that is racist, misogynistic, antisemitic, or white supremacist. Described by NBC News, its "anti-PC ethos made them popular, but it also made it hard for moderators to draw lines between garden-variety trolling designed to provoke and blatantly white supremacist material."[6][7] The site has been repeatedly accused of providing a "safe-harbor" where racists and white-nationalists can rally to express their views.[8]

The community has demonstrated support and acceptance for people of all sexual orientations, races and religions and has publicly denounced white supremacy and violence towards minorities.[9][10]

History

On June 27, 2015, immediately after Donald Trump announced his campaign for the presidency at Trump Tower, the subreddit was created to be a place for "following the news related to Donald Trump during his presidential run".[11] The subreddit has grown to be known for frequent posting of memes, especially Pepe the Frog, and frequent use of slang terms such as "centipede" (a reference to a popular Trump highlight reel featuring the Knife Party song "Centipede"),[4][12] "MAGA", "nimble navigator", "no brakes" "cuck", and "SJW".[4][13] For a significant period of time, the subreddit also tended to spread an image of Hillary Clinton kissing Robert Byrd, a former member of the KKK.[14][15] The image was accompanied by a photoshopped picture of an aged Byrd in KKK garb, which was meant to dishonestly portray Clinton and Byrd as KKK supporters (Byrd severed ties with the KKK in 1952). Due to deliberate[16][17][18] manipulation by the forum's moderators and active users, the algorithm that dictated what content reached the "/r/all" page of reddit resulted in a significant portion of the page being /r/The_Donald content. In response, Reddit administrators made changes to its algorithms on June 15, 2016, in an attempt to preserve the variety of /r/all.[11] In April 2016, JCM267, the founder of the subreddit, attributed the popularity of the subreddit to moderator CisWhiteMaelstrom. JCM267 told MSNBC that CisWhiteMaelstrom told him "we'd have hundreds of thousands of readers there and I was very skeptical about that, not because I thought Trump can't win, because I think he's the only GOPer with 'landslide victory' potential, but because Reddit is not a conservative place."[19] Subsequently, CisWhiteMaelstrom deleted his Reddit account.[6]

External image
image icon Donald Trump preparing his AMA on his private jet before landing in Toledo.[20]

The subreddit has hosted "Ask Me Anythings" (AMAs) of notable Trump supporters including Scott Adams, Ann Coulter, Alex Jones, Helmut Norpoth, Curt Schilling, Peter Schweizer, Roger Stone, Milo Yiannopoulos,[21] and Tucker Carlson.[22] In addition, during the 2016 Democratic National Convention on July 27, 2016, Donald Trump hosted an AMA on the subreddit.[23] Moderators of the subreddit stated that they banned more than 2,000 accounts during Trump's AMA session.[24] The Trump campaign's digital director, Brad Parscale, stated in June 2016 that he visits the subreddit daily.[25]

In September 2016, Palmer Luckey, the founder of Oculus VR, introduced a 501(c)(4) organization on /r/The_Donald called "Nimble America" with the stated purpose of creating and spreading pro-Trump Internet memes through "Facebook ads, billboards, and 'website ops'".[26] Luckey stated that he had donated $10,000 to the organization and offered to match contributions from /r/The_Donald users for 48 hours after the announcement.[27] Luckey later apologized for any negative impact his actions had on public perception of Oculus, and stated that he acted independently, not as a representative of Oculus VR.[28]

On November 22, 2016, the moderators of /r/The_Donald announced that they were going to start removing posts about some conspiracy theories such as the debunked[29][30][3] Pizzagate conspiracy theory, citing that such content was "drowning out thoughtful discussion or Trump related content".[3]

On November 23, 2016, Reddit CEO Steve Huffman admitted to editing the comments of /r/The_Donald users by replacing expletive-laden comments directed at his username to be directed at the usernames of /r/The_Donald moderators instead.[31] Huffman said of the change that "I had my fun with them, they had their fun with me, but we are not going to tolerate harassment for any others."[31] One week later, Huffman apologized for his actions, and offered a filter feature to the website, allowing users to exclude subreddits from their /r/all page.[32]

In the beginning of January 2017, after BuzzFeed published an unsubstantiated 35-page document alleged to be a dossier of controversial but unverified information about then-President-Elect Donald Trump,[33] members of the subreddit spread theories that the document was "fan fiction" sent to Republican political strategist Rick Wilson by members of the 4chan forum /pol/.[34] On January 11, 2017, Wilson denied the claims.[35] Later that day, Republican Senator John McCain confirmed that he had sent the dossier to FBI director James Comey several months earlier.[36]

In March 2017, during an AMA on the subreddit, the Republican candidate for Virginia governor Corey Stewart wrote "CONFIRMED!" in response to a user asking him if Virginia governor Terry McAuliffe "is a cuck".[37] This prompted a rebuke from the Virginia GOP chairman John Whitbeck who called some of Stewart's language "racist" and added that the term is "used by white nationalists".

Prominence on Reddit website

Algorithm

Through the use of "sticky posts" the moderators of the forum were "gaming" the algorithms[38] in order to dominate the content on the /r/all page, which is a representation of the most popular content on the website.[39] Additionally, users are often apt to flood the website with waves of identical images or posts, a direct violation of site-wide policies regarding spam. In response, Huffman rolled out a change to the /r/all algorithm; he noted that /r/The_Donald was among several Reddit communities over the years that "attempt to dominate the conversation on Reddit at the expense of everyone else".[11] Ongoing problems with members of the subreddit brigading and harassing other subreddits forced Reddit staff to modify the site's software algorithms to limit the offending posts to the subreddit. It has been removed from /r/popular and so it no longer shows on the front page.[40][41] In February 2017 Reddit overhauled their algorithms even further to prevent content from the subreddit (among other communities) from ever being seen by logged out users or people who don't have a Reddit account.[42]

Conflict with Reddit management

The subreddit received additional coverage on November 24, 2016, when Huffman admitted to editing /r/The_Donald users' comments that were critical of him, in response to harassment[43] by the community.[44][45][46] On November 30, 2016, Huffman announced that sticky threads from /r/The_Donald would no longer show up on /r/all.[5] Huffman's rules were criticized by some Redditors, including both Trump and non-Trump supporters,[31] while others felt the sanctions did not go far enough and called upon Huffman to ban the subreddit entirely.[39] While members of the subreddit claimed they were the victims of censorship, Huffman said the actions were about "banning behavior, not ideas".[39]

The harassment directed at Huffman by /r/The_Donald users led to changes in the manner in which Reddit deals with problematic communities and users. Since being harassed by the community, Huffman stated that Reddit is going to start actively policing problematic users: "We're taking a different strategy now. We are focusing more on, like, taking care of the individual users instead of doing it at the community level which was largely our strategy before."[47]

In March 2017 users of /r/The_Donald accused Reddit of discriminating against them when Reddit's advertising platform portrayed /r/The_Donald as having 6,000,000 subscribers instead of the 385,000 displayed on the subreddit live counter available to the public.[48] The Reddit Director of Communications stated that the subscriber discrepancy was a simple labeling error wherein the count for "Daily Unique Visitors" was mistakenly labeled "Subscribers" and that the error would be partially fixed by the end of the day.

Pizzagate conspiracy theory

Main article: Pizzagate conspiracy theory

A conspiracy theory involving the Democratic Party, Hillary Clinton, John Podesta and the Comet Ping Pong pizzeria attracted attention on /r/The_Donald. Several members of the community created the /r/pizzagate subreddit which was subsequently banned by Reddit administrators for breaking site rules regarding sharing personal information of others.[49][50] In December 2016, the subreddit gained media attention when it linked a knee injury sustained by NBA player Andrew Bogut to the conspiracy theory.[51]

Similar subreddits

In response to the popularity of /r/The_Donald, similar subreddits regarding other politicians have been created.[52]

/r/The_Schulz

/r/The_Schulz was a subreddit created for Martin Schulz, the former President of the European Parliament and a member of the SPD. According to Spiegel Online, /r/The_Schulz was created as a satire against /r/The_Donald.[53] Like /r/The_Donald, the subreddit frequently uses slang terms, most notabally "MEGA", or "Make Europe Great Again",[53][54][55] and "keine bremsen" (German for "no brakes").[55] Since its creation in November 2016, the subreddit was featured in many articles, both within and outside of Germany.[55][56][57] On January 30, 2017 Schulz shouted out the subreddit on his YouTube channel.[54][58] As of January 2017, /r/The_Schulz has over 10,000 subscribers.[54]

Others

Other notable subreddits include /r/Le_Pen (for French National Front leader Marine Le Pen),[56][59][60] /r/The_Farage (for former British UKIP leader Nigel Farage),[7] /r/The_Wilders (for Dutch Party for Freedom leader Geert Wilders),[56] and /r/The_Hofer (for Austrian politician Norbert Hofer).[60]

There were also anti-Trump subreddits that were created in response of the subreddit, most notably /r/EnoughTrumpSpam.[6][11][61][62] While changing the /r/all algorithm for /r/The_Donald, Huffman noted that "/r/EnoughTrumpSpam was hit harder than any other community when we rolled out the changes. That's Reddit for you."[11]

Online media reception

The subreddit was criticized by Vice as being anti-choice, pro-Russia, authoritarian, racist, misogynistic, homophobic, Islamophobic, a hypocritical "free speech" rallying point, and censoring any differing opinion.[11][63] The publication Slate described /r/The_Donald as a "hate speech forum"[64] and The Verge has described it as a "notoriously fetid troll swamp".[65] According to The New York Times, "Members respond to accusations of bigotry with defiant claims of persecution at the hands of critics. It is an article of faith among posters that anti-racists are the real bigots, feminists are the actual sexists, and progressive politics are, in effect, regressive."[21] The subreddit was also criticized for spreading fake news promoting conspiracy theories,[3][31] such as "Pizzagate".[44] In February 2017, Medium analyzed how the subreddit was able to spread fake news throughout similar subreddits and conspiracy sites.[52] The subreddit is also connected to the alt-right[66][67][68] while an article by The Washington Post connected the moderators of closely related Trump subreddits to racist subreddits such as "/r/Quranimals" and "/r/Rapefugees".[7] The National Memo noted that "moderators have made the occasional attempt to rid /r/The_Donald of overt racism and anti-Semitism"[69] while Motherboard interviewed a moderator of the subreddit, who said "The people from /pol/ who can behave, which is probably most of them, stay. The people who don't behave usually wind up getting banned for rule 3."[11] Gizmodo commented that the subreddit "revealed how easy the site's ageing algorithm is to game", comparing their actions to the profitability of fake news posted on Facebook.[70]

In November 2016, the subreddit received media coverage for reportedly mobilizing readers to leave one-star reviews on Amazon.com for Fox News anchor Megyn Kelly's autobiography, Settle for More, in response to what users considered biased reporting.[71] Amazon later removed many of the negative reviews.[72]

In February 2017, after Kellyanne Conway brought up the false Bowling Green massacre, SFGate noted that the subreddit's response to the incident was "varied – and rather muted". Some users shared the video uncritically while others thought that the incident was an intentional part of a larger strategy by the Trump administration.[73]

Using latent semantic analysis, FiveThirtyEight analyzed the relationship between the /r/The_Donald and 50,323 other active subreddits based on 1.4 billion comments made over a two-year period from 2015 to 2016, and found the community was related to a number of "hate-based subreddits", such as the banned /r/fatpeoplehate and /r/coontown.[74]

See also

References

  1. ^ "/r/The_Donald metrics". Reddit Metrics. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
  2. ^ "'Alt-right' threads shut down by Reddit". BBC. February 2, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d Jackson, Jasper (22 November 2016). "Moderators of pro-Trump Reddit group linked to fake news crackdown on posts". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
  4. ^ a b c Lagorio-chafkin, Christine (November 19, 2016). "Reddit and the God Emperor of the Internet". The New York Times. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
  5. ^ a b Lecher, Colin. "Reddit will punish hundreds of 'toxic users' and hide some posts from pro-Trump community". The Verge. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  6. ^ a b c Donald Trump's Reddit Fan Club Faces Crackdown, Infighting. Sarlin, Benji. NBC News, 1 July 2016
  7. ^ a b c Dewey, Caitlin (July 20, 2016). "The people running this Trump fan club also promote eugenics and call Muslims 'animals'". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
  8. ^ Martin, Trevor (2017-03-23). "Dissecting Trump's Most Rabid Online Following". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 2017-03-24.
  9. ^ "Yesterday, Timothy Caughman was murdered by a white supremacist in New York. I think the front page needs to be reminded that we stand for the rights of all Americans regardless of race, and want his killer brought to justice! • r/The_Donald". reddit. Retrieved 2017-04-16.
  10. ^ "The_Donald is one of the few places you will find republicans, democrats, independents, christians, atheists, muslims, jews, whites, people of color all find common ground for a common goal, #MAGA! • r/The_Donald". reddit. Retrieved 2017-04-16.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g "How r/the_donald Became a Melting Pot of Frustration and Hate". Motherboard. July 12, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  12. ^ Abbruzzese, Jason (February 25, 2016). "Trump's suddenly a hit on Reddit". Mashable. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
  13. ^ O'Neill, Patrick Howell (2 May 2016). "How to speak like a Donald Trump supporter". The Daily Dot. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
  14. ^ Chung, Frank (May 19, 2016). "Trump's troll army takes aim at Clinton". NewsComAu. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
  15. ^ Evon, Dan (March 2, 2016). "Hillary Clinton Kissed by Former Klan Member". snopes. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
  16. ^ "Reddit Changing Algorithm to Increase Frontpage 'Diversity,' Neuter The_Donald". Heat Street. 2016-06-14. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
  17. ^ Ohlheiser, Abby (2016-11-30). "Reddit will limit the reach of a pro-Trump board and crack down on its 'most toxic users'". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
  18. ^ "Why Reddit Is Cracking Down on Some of Its Most Active Users". Inc.com. 2016-11-30. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
  19. ^ Sarlin, Benjy (April 14, 2016). "How an army of pro-Donald Trump trolls are taking over Reddit". MSNBC. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
  20. ^ Koebler, Jason (July 27, 2016). "Here Is the First Known Photo of Donald Trump Using a Computer". Motherboard. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  21. ^ a b Josh Herrman (April 9, 2016). "Donald Trump Finds Support in Reddit's Unruly Corners". New York Times.
  22. ^ Resnick, Gideon (January 13, 2017). "Tucker Carlson: 'Good Reporters' Heckle Obama, 'Rude' Reporters Interrupt Trump". The Daily Beast. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  23. ^ King, Hope (July 25, 2016). "Donald Trump will host Reddit AMA". CNNMoney. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  24. ^ "Moderators banned 2,200 accounts during Donald Trump's AMA". Retrieved August 2, 2016.
  25. ^ Collins, Ben; Judy, Ken (8 November 2016). "Analysis: Woman-Haters and Pickup Artists Love Trump on Reddit". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  26. ^ Resnick, Gideon (22 September 2016). "Palmer Luckey: The Facebook Near-Billionaire Secretly Funding Trump's Meme Machine". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  27. ^ Hern, Alex (23 September 2016). "Oculus Rift founder Palmer Luckey spends fortune backing pro-Trump 'shitposts'". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  28. ^ Grubb, Jeff (September 23, 2016). "Palmer Luckey: 'I am deeply sorry that my actions' hurt Oculus". VentureBeat. Retrieved December 24, 2016.
  29. ^ Huang, Gregor Aisch, Jon; Kang, Cecilia (December 10, 2016). "Dissecting the #PizzaGate Conspiracy Theories". The New York Times. Retrieved December 10, 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ LaCapria, Kim (December 2, 2016). "A detailed conspiracy theory known as "Pizzagate" holds that a pedophile ring is operating out of a Clinton-linked pizzeria called Comet Ping Pong". Snopes. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
  31. ^ a b c d Ohlheiser, Abby; Tsukayama, Hayley (November 26, 2016). "Reddit's CEO regrets trolling Trump supporters by secretly editing their posts". Washington Post. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
  32. ^ Kravets, David (30 November 2016). "Reddit CEO who altered comments apologizes, unveils subreddit filtering". Ars Technica. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  33. ^ Carroll, Rory (11 January 2017). "BuzzFeed publishes unsubstantiated Trump report, raising ethics questions". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  34. ^ Mezzofiore, Gianluca (11 January 2017). "4chan believes it has proof that Trump sex act claims are fake". Mashable. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  35. ^ Murdock, Jason (11 January 2017). "4Chan pranksters: We trolled the CIA by making up Trump golden shower story". International Business Times UK. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  36. ^ Baragona, Justin (11 January 2017). "John McCain Confirms He Delivered Trump/Russia Dossier to James Comey". www.mediaite.com. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  37. ^ Vozzella, Laura (24 March 2017). "GOP chair slams Va. gubernatorial contender for calling rival a 'cuckservative'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 March 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  38. ^ "One of Reddit's Top Posts Is a Bunch of Swastikas, Again". Motherboard. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
  39. ^ a b c Lee, Dave (November 30, 2016). "Reddit moves against 'toxic' Trump fans". BBC News. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
  40. ^ Griffin, Andrew (16 February 2017). "The Reddit front page just changed. And it's hugely controversial". The Independent. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
  41. ^ Coldewey, Devin (16 February 2017). "Reddit tweaks and renames public front page". TechCrunch. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
  42. ^ Menegus, Bryan. "Reddit Is Finally Fixing its Trump Spam Problem". Gizmodo. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
  43. ^ News, I4U. "Reddit CEO Has Confessed Editing Insulting Comments". I4U News. Retrieved 2017-01-14. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  44. ^ a b Yeung, Ken. "Reddit CEO apologizes for editing comments critical of him following Pizzagate ban". VentureBeat. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  45. ^ Weingerger, Matt. "The CEO of Reddit confessed to modifying posts from Trump supporters after they wouldn't stop sending him expletives". Business Insider. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  46. ^ Russell, Jon. "Reddit CEO admits he secretly edited comments from Donald Trump supporters". Techcrunch. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  47. ^ Reddit's Troll-in-Chief Steve Huffman - VICE News Tonight on HBO. Vice Media. 21 December 2016.
  48. ^ Lott, Maxim (31 March 2017). "Reddit defends against accusations of ad fraud and Trump censorship". Fox News. Retrieved 5 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  49. ^ Ohlheiser, Abby (24 November 2016). "Fearing yet another witch hunt, Reddit bans 'Pizzagate'". Washington Post. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
  50. ^ Kang, Cecilia (November 21, 2016). "Fake News Onslaught Targets Pizzeria as Nest of Child-Trafficking". The New York Times.
  51. ^ Ducey, Kevin (30 December 2016). "No, Andrew Bogut's knee injury is not an anti-Pizzagate conspiracy". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
  52. ^ a b Nimmo, Ben (February 9, 2017). "Spread it on Reddit". Medium. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  53. ^ a b Reinbold, Fabian (January 31, 2017). "Netz-Kult um den SPD-Kandidaten: Schulz? MEGA! - SPIEGEL ONLINE - Netzwelt". Spiegel Online (in German). Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  54. ^ a b c Wagner, Jennifer (January 30, 2017). ""The Schulz": Kanzlerkandidat Martin Schulz wird zum Internet-Hit". Berliner Zeitung (in German). Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  55. ^ a b c Cresci, Elena (February 9, 2017). "Mega: how German chancellor hopeful Martin Schulz became a meme". The Guardian. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  56. ^ a b c Barredo, Álex (November 30, 2016). "La ultraderecha se organiza en Reddit y 4Chan en favor de Marine Le Pen". Hipertextual (in European Spanish). Retrieved December 24, 2016.
  57. ^ Karnitschnig, Matthew (February 8, 2017). "Germany's new front-runner: The Schulz". POLITICO. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  58. ^ Haubner (January 31, 2017). "Martin Schulz zeigt, dass er als erster Kanzlerkandidat Social Media verstanden hat" (in German). Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  59. ^ Toor, Amar (February 6, 2017). "France's alt-right has turned Pepe the frog into Pepe Le Pen". The Verge. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  60. ^ a b Matalon, Vincent (November 22, 2016). ""Une bonne blague est plus convaincante qu'un tract" : sur les réseaux sociaux, les pro-Trump se rangent derrière Marine Le Pen". Franceinfo (in French). Retrieved December 24, 2016.
  61. ^ Koebler, Jason (July 28, 2016). "The Donald Trump Subreddit Is in Active Revolt Against Reddit's CEO". Motherboard. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
  62. ^ Ohlheiser, Abby (June 17, 2016). "Trump's meme brigade took over Reddit. Now Reddit is trying to stop them". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  63. ^ Benjy Sarlin (July 27, 2016). "Donald Trump to Drop In on Reddit, Where He's Already a Phenomenon". NBC News. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  64. ^ Mathis-Lilley, Ben (July 28, 2016). "Meanwhile, Donald Trump Did a Q&A Wednesday Night on a Hate Speech Forum". Slate. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
  65. ^ Kaitlyn, Tiffany (11 January 2017). "The ultimate conspiracy: a conspiracy against Reddit's conspiracy community?". The Verge. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  66. ^ Sarlin, Benjy (August 25, 2016). "5 Things to Know About the 'Alt-Right'". NBC News. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
  67. ^ Mezzofiore, Gianluca (November 11, 2016). "Trump subreddit is ready to wage 'meme war' in Europe". Mashable. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
  68. ^ Woolf, Nicky (November 23, 2016). "Donald Trump's 'alt-right' supporters express dismay at disavowal". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  69. ^ Gais, Hannah (July 29, 2016). "Sump Trump: Looking For Votes In Reddit's Basement". The National Memo. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
  70. ^ Menegus, Bryan (Jan 1, 2017). "Why Trolls Won In 2016". Retrieved January 2, 2017.
  71. ^ "Trump supporters try to undermine Megyn Kelly's book with an onslaught of negative reviews on Amazon". latimes.com. November 16, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  72. ^ Zillman, Claire (November 25, 2016). "Amazon Reviews Are Being Hijacked by Commentary on Donald Trump". Fortune. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
  73. ^ Bump, Philip (February 3, 2017). "Analysis: What came after Conway's 'Bowling Green massacre' statement". SF Gate. Retrieved February 3, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  74. ^ Martin, Trevor (23 March 2017). "Dissecting Trump's Most Rabid Online Following". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
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