White Latin Americans

For the white Latino population of the United States, please see White Hispanic and Latino Americans

White Latin American
"Latinoamericano blanco"
"Latino-Americano Branco"

Elena Poniatowska Francisco Morazán Shakira · Fidel Castro · Elena Poniatowska Jorge Bergoglio · Gisele Bündchen · Francisco Morazán
Total population
White People 190 million – 203 million 33% – 37% of Latin American population
Regions with significant populations
Brazil	93M or 105M
Argentina	34M
Mexico	13.3Mor 20M
Chile	8.8Mor 10.7M
Colombia	8.8M
Cuba	7.3M
Venezuela	5.6M
Peru	4.4M
Costa Rica	3.8M
Puerto Rico	3.2M
Uruguay	3.1M
Dominican Republic	1.5M
Bolivia	1.4M
Ecuador	1.4M
Paraguay	1.3M
Nicaragua	1M
All other areas	1.1M
Languages
Portuguese, Spanish, and other languages.
Religion
Christianity (predominantly Roman Catholic, with a minority of Protestants); and other religions.

White Latin Americans are the white population of Latin America. They are the descendants of 15th–to–19th century colonial-era settlers and of post-independence immigrants. Original settlers were mostly Spanish and Portuguese, but post-independence immigrants were more diverse, among them many Italian immigrants. Other large sources of immigrants were France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Poland, and Lebanon. Smaller numbers came from various other European and Middle Eastern countries. The immigrants came principally in the late decades of the nineteenth and early decades of the twentieth centuries. Some twelve million people arrived in South America alone in this period, although many returned or re-migrated to other countries, including the United States and Canada. White Latin Americans number approximately 204 million, or 35.63% of a total population of 572.7 million.

History

Latin America. Historically, the region has included other areas not shown, such as Quebec.

More than one and a half million Portuguese and Spaniards settled in their American colonies during the colonial period. The regions of Mexico and Peru became the principal destinations of Spanish migrants in the 16th century, when nearly 240,000 Spaniards entered American ports. Small numbers of other Europeans also settled in Spain's American colonies, usually as a reward for military service to Spain or Portugal.

For the region as a whole, the number of post-independence immigrants far surpassed that of settlers during the colonial period. Argentina and Uruguay were "inundated" with European immigrants, so that in the early 20th century Buenos Aires had a larger proportion of European-born population than did New York City. Argentina received more than half of the 11-12 million immigrants to South America in this time. In Brazil, the most populous country in the region, the effect was consequently not as great, but the number of immigrants was large, at more than 4 million.

Admixture

Since the European colonization, the evolution of Latin America's population is embedded in a long and widespread history of intermixing, so that many White Latin Americans have Amerindian and/or sub-Saharan African and/or Arab/Middle Eastern/North African and/or possibly even Asian ancestry. Under the casta system of colonial Latin America, a person of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry would legally and automatically regain their limpieza de sangre (lit. "purity of blood") and be classified as criollo with others in that category (a designation denoting "pure" Spaniards born in the Americas), if they were of one-eighth or less Amerindian ancestry. These would be the offspring of a castizo (1/4 Amerindian and 3/4 Spanish) with a Spaniard or a criollo (who may himself have been mixed).

In practice, many castizos did themselves also subversively purchase their Whiteness all over Latin America, for a steep price, with relevant "probanzas de limpieza de sangre" records altered, consolidating themselves within the lawfully white population. Additionally, at least in the parts of Latin America under the jurisdiction of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Spanish territory in Mexico, Central America (except Panama), the Caribbean, Florida, and the present Southwestern United States; it later included the Louisiana region, to the Canadian border) officials in the late 16th century did actually decide "to grant limpieza certification to those who had no more than a fourth of native ancestry (called castizos)."

Populations

In terms of absolute numbers, the largest White population in Latin America is found in Brazil, with 95.3 million whites out of 191.9 million total Brazilians, or 49.7% of the total population. Argentina has the second largest white population in Latin America, with 36 million. Mexico has the third largest white population with 20 million.

In terms of percentage of the total population, Argentina has the largest white population, with 88-97% of the country self-identified as "white", although other sources estimate that percentage as low as 70.4 or 88,1 %.

Depending on definition of "Latin America", the smallest White population in Latin America is either in Honduras, with only 1% White, approximately 75,000 people, or in Haiti. Guatemala both have censuses which identify both Whites and Mestizos (people of mixed White and Amerindian ancestry) in one category, so the exact percentage of Whites in those countries is undetermined or unknown.

Country	% local	Population (millions)
Brazil	49.7 or 53.7	93 or 105
Argentina	85 or 97	35 or 39
Mexico	9 or ~16	13 or 17
Chile	52.7 or 64	8.9 or 10.7
Colombia	20 or 25	8.8 or 11.2
Cuba	65.1	7.3
Venezuela	20	5.6
Peru	15	4.3
Costa Rica	80	3.8
Puerto Rico	80.5	3.1
Uruguay	93	3
Dominican Republic	16	1.6
Bolivia	15	1.4
Ecuador	10.4	1.4
Paraguay	20	1.3
Nicaragua	17	1

Central America

Costa Rica

File:DonPepe.jpg

José Figueres Ferrer, President of Costa Rica on three occasions. He is of Spaniard(Catalan) descent.

In 2009, Costa Rica had an estimated population of 4,509,290. Together, Whites and Mestizos combined make up 94% of the population, 3% are black people, 1% amerindians, 1% Chinese, and 1% other. Some other sources place the percentage of White people at 80%, or 3.6 million. Costa Rican-white ancestry is mostly Spanish but there are significant numbers of Costa Ricans descended from Italian, Greek, German, English, Dutch, French, Irish, Portuguese, Lebanese and Polish families, as well a sizable Jewish community.

El Salvador

Of the total Salvadoran population, 9% is white. They're mostly of Spanish descent, others of Italian, German, French, and Palestinian ancestry. The majority of the white Salvadorans are in San Salvador, Chalatenango, Northern San Miguel, Northern La Union, and Santa Ana.

Guatemala

The exact percentage of the white Guatemalan population is not known because the Guatemalan census combines mestizos and whites in one category, where they make up a combined total of 59.4%. Whites are mostly of Spanish descent, but there are also those of German, English, Italian, Scandinavian, and American descent.

Some other sources place the percentage of white in 5.1%, or about 649,000 people.

Honduras

Honduras contains perhaps the smallest percentage of whites in Latin America, with only 1% classified as white, or up to 75,000 of the total population. (If included, it might be Haiti, instead.) Of these, the majority are people of Spanish descent.

Nicaragua

Main articles: Nicaraguan and Demographics of Nicaragua

File:Enrique Bolaños.jpg

Enrique Bolaños, 82nd President of Nicaragua;he is of Spanish and German heritage.

White Nicaraguans make up 17%, just over 1 million, of the Nicaraguan population. The majority of White Nicaraguans are of Spanish, German, Italian, Portuguese, Belgian and French ancestry. In the 1800s Nicaragua experienced several waves of immigration, primarily from Europe. In particular, families from Germany, Italy, Spain, France and Belgium immigrated to Nicaragua, mostly to the departments in the Central and Pacific region. As a result, the Northern cities of Estelí, Jinotega and Matagalpa have significant fourth generation Germans. They established many agricultural businesses such as coffee and sugar cane plantations, and also newspapers, hotels and banks. The Jews of Nicaragua are descendants of Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe.

Also present is a small Middle Eastern-Nicaraguan community of Syrians, Armenians, Palestinian Nicaraguans, and Lebanese Nicaraguans with a total population of about 30,000.

Panama

White Panamanians form 10% , with the Spanish being the majority. Other ancestries includes Dutch, English, French, German, Irish, Greek, Italian, Lebanese, Portuguese and Russian.

North America

Mexico

Miguel Hidalgo, leader of the Mexican War of Independence.

Dolores del Río Legendary Mexican and Hollywood film star.

Main article: White Mexican

See also: Mexican people

According to different sources, White Mexicans are estimated between 8% and 15% of Mexico's population, or around 13-20 million people. The majority of them are of Spanish descent. However, many other non-Iberian immigrants (mostly French) also arrived during the Second Mexican Empire in the 1860's. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, immigrants from Italy, Germany, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Lebanon and Israel also made Mexico their home. In the 20th century, White Americans, Canadians, Greeks, Romanians, Portuguese, Armenians, Poles, Russians, Ashkenazi Jews, and immigrants from other Eastern European countries, along with many Spanish refugees fleeing the Spanish Civil War, also settled in Mexico.

The northern regions of Mexico, such as the states of Chihuahua and Nuevo Leon particularly the city of Monterrey, hold the greatest European genetic admixture with roughly 50-61% European admixture among the regional population. The white population of central Mexico is ethnically more diverse, as there are large numbers of non-Iberian European and Middle Eastern ethnic groups (mostly Italians, French and Lebanese). Non-Iberian surnames, most notably French, are also more common in central Mexico, especially in Mexico City and the state of Jalisco.

Caribbean

Cuba

Main article: Cubans

File:Sissi.Tv.jpg

* Sissi is a Cuban model and presenter.
* Jose Marti was a Cuban poet, writer, nationalist leader.

White Cubans make up about 70% of the total Cuban population, with the majority being of diverse Spanish descent. However, after the mass exodus resulting from Cuba becoming a soviet satellite nation in 1959 the amount of white Cubans actually residing in Cuba diminished. Today various records claiming the percentage of whites in Cuba are conflicting and uncertain; some reports (usually coming from Cuba) still report a less, but similar, pre-1959 number of 65% and others (usually from outside observers) report a 40-45%. Despite most white Cubans being of Spanish descent, many others are of French, Portuguese, German, Italian, and Russian descent. During the 18th, 19th and early part of the 20th century, large waves of Canarians, Catalans, Andalusians, Castilians, and Galicians emigrated to Cuba. Also, one significant ethnic influx is derived from various Middle Eastern nations. Many Jews have also immigrated there, some of them Sephardic. Given Cuba's thriving economic during its capitalistic era, between 1901 and 1958, more than a million Spaniards arrived to Cuba from Spain; many of these and their descendants left after Castro's communist regime took power.

Dominican Republic

María Montez actress of Spanish descent.

Dominican Republic

White Dominicans represent 16% of the total population, with the vast majority being of Spanish descent. Notable other ancestries includes French, Italian, Lebanese, German, and Portuguese. In addition, the government of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo made a point of increasing the white population, or "whitening" the racial composition of the country by rejecting black immigrants from Haiti and the local blacks as foreigners. He also welcomed Jewish refugees in 1938 and Spanish farmers in the 1950s.

Haiti

Note: some definitions of Latin America do not include Haiti

Most of the white Haitians are descendants of French settlers, although most French left following the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804, which resulted in Saint-Domingue's independence as the Republic of Haiti. The white community had numbered 32,000 in 1789. There are also white Haitians that are descendants of Danes, Germans, Italians, Lebanese, Poles, Portuguese, Russians, and Syrians. The country has also small numbers of Haitians of Spanish descent, who are the descendants of the first settlers on the whole of Hispaniola before French rule came to Haiti.

Martinique

Note: Many definitions of Latin America do not include Martinique

White people in Martinique represent 5% of the population, as Martinique is an overseas French department, most whites are French.

Puerto Rico

File:RickyMartin.jpg

* Ángel Rivero was a soldier.
* Ricky Martin is a pop singer.

See also: Puerto Rican people and Demographics of Puerto Rico

White Puerto Ricans of European, mostly Spanish descent, are said to comprise the majority. (See: Spanish immigration to Puerto Rico). In the year 1899, one year after the U.S invaded and took control of the island, 61.8% of people identified as White. For the first time in fifty years, the 2000 United States Census asked people to define their race. One hundred years later, the total has risen to 80.5% (3,064,862), less than one percent more than reported in 1950.

From the beginning of the twentieth century American observers remarked on the "surprising preponderance of the white race" on the island. One travel writer called Puerto Rico "the whitest of the Antilles". In a widely distributed piece, a geologist, wrote that the island was "notable among the West Indian group for the reason that its preponderant population is of the white race." In a more academic book he reiterated that "Porto Rico, at least, has not become Africanized.

During the 19th century, hundreds of Corsican, French, Middle Eastern, and Portuguese families, along with large numbers of immigrants from Spain (mainly from Catalonia, Asturias, Galicia, the Balearic Islands, Andalusia, and the Canary Islands) and numerous Spanish loyalists from Spain's former colonies in South America, arrived in Puerto Rico. Other settlers have included Irish, Scots, Germans, Italians, and thousands others who were granted land from Spain during the Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815 (Royal Decree of Graces of 1815), which allowed European Catholics to settle in the island with a certain amount of free land. After the United States took possession of Puerto Rico after the Spanish-American War, an influx of Jews and White Americans began settling in Puerto Rico, continuing to the present day. Spanish refugees arrived in Puerto Rico during Francisco Franco’s rule in Spain.

Saint Barthélemy

Note: Many definitions of Latin America do not include Saint Barthélemy

Most of the population are French-speaking descendants of the first settlers from Normandy and Brittany.

South America

Argentina

Manu Ginóbili, Argentine basketball star.

Main article: White Argentine

White Argentines make up 88.1% of Argentina's population, or around 36 million people. White people can be found in all areas of the country, but especially in the central (Pampas) region and the southern (Patagonia) region.

White Argentines are mainly descendants of immigrants who came from Europe in the mid 19th and early 20th centuries. The main contributors were Italy, Spain, Poland, Russia, and France. Other significant contributors were Jews, Arabs, Germans, Portuguese, Croatians, Montenegrins, Czechs, English, Irish, Welsh, Dutch, Scandinavians (mainly from Sweden), Bulgarians, and Greeks. Smaller waves of settlers from Australia, South Africa and the United States are recorded in Argentine immigration records. By the 1910s, after immigration rates peaked, over 30 percent of the country's population was from outside Argentina, and over half of Buenos Aires' population was foreign-born. By then, 80 % of the Argentine population were either European immigrants, their children or grandchildren.

It is estimated that Argentina received a total amount of 6.6 million European and Middle-Eastern immigrants during the period 1857-1940.

Bolivia

Álvaro García Linera, a Bolivian politician and current Vice President with Spaniard descent

EJorge Quiroga, 76th President of Bolivia.

White Bolivians make up 15% of the nation's population, or up to 1.4 million. The white population consists mostly of criollos, which consist of families of relatively unmixed Spanish ancestry from the Spanish colonists and also Spanish refugees fleeing the 1936–1939 Spanish Civil War. These have formed much of the aristocracy since independence. Other smaller groups within the white population are Germans, who founded the national airline Lloyd Aereo Boliviano, as well as Italians, Americans, Basques, Lebanese, Croats, Russians, Polish, and other minorities, many of whose members descend from families that have lived in Bolivia for several generations.

Brazil

Main article: White Brazilian

* Helô Pinheiro, "The Girl from Ipanema".
* Kaká was named the FIFA World Player of the Year 2007.

According to 2009 estimates, White Brazilians make up 49.7% of Brazil's population, or 95.3 million people. Whites are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the main concentrations are in the South and Southeastern parts of the country.

By 1822, an estimated 500,000–700,000 Europeans had left for Brazil, most of them male colonial settlers from Portugal. Rich immigrants, who established the first sugarcane plantations in Pernambuco and Bahia, and, on the other hand, banished New Christians and Gypsies fleeing from religious persecution were among the early settlers. In the 18th century, an estimated 600,000 Portuguese arrived, including wealthier immigrants, as well as poor peasants attracted by the Brazil Gold Rush that was going on in Minas Gerais.

After independence Brazil started to attract larger numbers of European immigrants. It happened particularly after 1850, as a result of the end of the Atlantic slave trade and the expansion of coffee plantations in the region of São Paulo. The immigration boom occurred between the mid–19th and mid–20th centuries, when nearly five million Europeans immigrated to Brazil, most of them Italians, Portuguese, Germans, Spaniards, Poles, Lithuanians, Ukrainians, and Ashkenazi Jews. From 1877 to 1903, 1,927,992 immigrants entered Brazil, which was an annual average of 71,000. The peak occurred in 1891, when 215,239 Europeans arrived. The period was characterized by an intense immigration of Italians (58.49%) and a decrease on the participation of the Portuguese (20%).

After World War I, the Portuguese were once again the main group of immigrants, and Italians dropped to the third place. Spanish immigrants rose to second place, as a result of the poverty that affected millions of rural Spanish workers. Germans came in fourth, mainly during the Weimar Republic, due to the poverty and unemployment brought by World War I. From 1914 to 1918, the entry of immigrants of "other nationalities" increased. This category was composed of immigrants from Poland, Russia and Romania, who immigrated probably for political reasons, as well Jewish immigrants, who arrived in the 1920s. The other important group was composed of Syrian and Lebanese people. After World War II, the European immigration reduced greatly, although from 1931 to 1963 1.1 million immigrants entered Brazil, mostly Portuguese. And in mid-1970s, Portuguese refugees immigrated to Brazil after leaving their former African colonies because of their independence and others from Macau because of strict dictatorial rule.

Chile

Main articles: Demographics of Chile and Immigration to Chile

File:Chilenas.jpg

Girls belonging to the selection Polo of Chile

Manuel Pellegrini, former Chilean footballer and current coach of Real Madrid

In 2009, Chile had an estimated population of 16,970,000. Studies on the ancestral origins and ethnic identity structure of Chile are non-conclusive and vary significantly from one study to the next. The only reliable sources regarding the ancestral origins of Chile's population are genetic studies, and all of these, thus far, indicate various majority figures for Chileans of racially mixed origin, in varying degrees of European and Amerindian admixture.

People of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry are commonly known as mestizos in the Hispanosphere, although in Chile the term still carries its Spanish colonial connotations of a specific 50:50 contribution, and is thus seldom used. This meaning was lost elsewhere when the colonial caste system was abolished by post-colonial governments, which in theory, no longer ascertained a person's civil rights and responsabilities based on the proportion of their European ancesty. Castas denoting different ratios of European and Amerindian mixtures thus came into disuse, except for "mestizo", which survived to denote all ratios of this mixture.

A genetic study by Cruz-Coke and Moreno from the University of Chile, dealing with genetic epidemiology of single cell defects, presents the general Chilean population as being racially mixed, and on average more European in contribution, at "approximately 64% white and 35% Amerindian with traces [around 1%] of other admixture."

In line with this, another study also by the University of Chile, classified Chileans into racial categories and found that of the Chilean population, 30% are white, 65% are mestizo of a predominantly white component, while the remainder was composed largely of indigenous Amerindians and others.

Some publications such as the CIA Worldfact book cassify Chile's population as a combined percentage of 95.4% whites and mestizos.

In his work entitled "Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent to the Begining of the XXI Century", UNAM social studies professor, Francisco Lizcano, specializing in Latin American studies, believes Chile's ethnic composition is 52,7% white, 44% mestizo, with the remainder comprised of indigenous Amerindians and others. Note that Lizcano's categories are ethnic, or cultural in nature, not racial, and the "white" category includes whites plus mestizos of European culture, which for the purpose of his academic work, Lizcano uses to conclude that Chile falls within the European cultural area of Latin America.

Chile's white segment consists mainly of people descended from colonial Spanish settlers (predominantely Basque), and to a lesser degree people of German, Italian, Irish, French, English, Swiss and Croat ancestry, alone or combined with each other. The mestizo segment, in this respect, derives its European component from colonial Spanish settlers (mainly Andalusian and Castilian), while its Amerindian component derives from various tribes, mainly Picunches and Mapuches.

The Afro-Chilean population was negligible, reaching a high of 2,500 during the colonial period; their racial contribution is less than 1%. The current Native American population is relatively small (see below). According to the Census 2002, 4.6% of the Chilean population considered themselves indigenous, although most show varying degrees of mixed ancestry.

Colombia

File:León de Greiff.jpg

León de Greiff, a Colombian poet with Swedish and German ancestry.

José Eusebio Otalora- 16th Colombian president of Spaniard decent.

Jorge Isaacs Ferrer- Colombian writer, politician and soldier. Son of an English Jewish father who converted to Christianity and a Spaniard mother.

The white Colombian population is approximately 25% of the total population. Mestizo Colombians make up another 50% of the population. White Colombians are mostly descendants of Spaniards, but others are also of Italians, Germans, British, French, Belgians, Irish, Portuguese, and from the Middle-East: Lebanese, Arab diaspora in Colombia

The Colombian Paisa Region received a strong immigration wave from Spain (Basques, and others from Extremadura and Andalusia) during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. In a sample test, examining polymorphism taken from individuals with confirmed Antioquian ancestry, the data indicates that 94% of the Y chromosomes are European, 5% are African, and 1% are Amerind. In stark contrast with the Y chromosomes, 90% of the mtDNA gene pool of Antioquia is Amerind, with the frequency of the four Amerind founder lineages being closest to Native Americans living in the area. The results indicate a pattern of mating between mostly immigrant men and local native women in early Antioquia. However, classical marker data suggest that that the genetic background of Antioquia is largely 70% European, with considerably smaller Native American and African contributions of 15% each. If this is correct, then mtDNA lineages are expected to be no more than 30% Native American. The autosomal data indicate that the ancestry of the population(Antioquia) is 79% European, 15% Amerind, and 6% African. In the table, X-linked markers also show a predominant European ancestry (69%), with smaller Amerind (25%) and African (6%) contributions.

Admixture proportions in Antioquia

Genetic system	N	European	African	Amerind
Y chromosome	80	94 ± 6	5 ± 5	1 ± 3
mtDNA	113	2 ± 1	8 ± 3	90 ± 3
Autosomes	80	79 ± 6	6 ± 2	16 ± 6
X chromosome	96	69 ± 10	6 ± 9	25 ± 6

N indicates the number of chromosomes typed

Ecuador

White Ecuadorians, mostly criollos, descendants of Spanish colonists and also Spanish refugees fleeing the 1936—1939 Spanish Civil War, account for 7%, or approximately 960,000, of the Ecuadorian population. Most still hold large amounts of lands, mainly in the northern Sierra, and live in Quito or Guayaquil. There is also a large number of white people in Cuenca, a city in the southern Andes of Ecuador, due to the arrival of Frenchmen in the area, in order to measure the arc of the Earth. Cuenca, Loja, and the Galápagos attracted German immigration during the early 20th century, and the Galápagos also had a small Norwegian fishing community until they were asked to leave.

French Guiana

Note: Many definitions of Latin America do not include French Guiana

12% of the population, mostly French.

Paraguay

Ethnically, culturally, and socially, Paraguay has one of the most homogeneous populations in South America. The exact percentage of the white Paraguayan population is not known because the Paraguayan census does not include racial or ethnic identification, save for the indigenous population, which reached 1.7% of the country's total in the last census in 2002. Other sources estimate the other groups. The mestizo population is estimated at 95% by the CIA World Factbook, and all other groups at 5%. Thus, Whites and the remaining groups (Asians, Afro-Paraguayans, others, if any) combine for approximately 3.3% of the total population. The majority of whites are of Spanish descent with others being of Italian, German, or of other European descent.

Peru

Main article: European Peruvian

* Sofía Mulánovich, the first South American to win the world surfing title.
* Juan Diego Flórez, Peruvian operatic tenor.

White Peruvians represent 15% of the population, or 4.4 million people according to the CIA Factbook. They are descendants primarily of Spanish colonists, and also of Spanish refugees fleeing the Spanish Civil War, after world war 2 many German refuges fled to Peru and settled in large cities, while many others descend from Italian, French (mainly Basques), Austrian or German, Portuguese, British, Russians, Croatians, Lebanese and Syrian immigrant families. The majority of the whites live in the largest cities, concentrated usually in the northern coastal cities of Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, and of course the capital Lima. The only southern city with a significant white population is Arequipa. To the north Cajamarca and San Martín Region are also places with a strong Spanish influence and ethnic presence.

Uruguay

White Uruguayans represent approximately 93% of the population and are of prevalently European descent, mainly Spaniards (both colonial settlers, post-Independence immigrants, and refugees fleeing Spanish Civil War), followed closely by Italians, then British, Germans, French, Swiss, Russians, Portuguese, Poles, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Estonians, Latvians, Dutch, Belgians, Croatians, Lebanese, Armenians, Greeks, Scandinavians, and Irish.

Venezuela

Stefanía Fernández is Miss Universe 2009 of Galician and Ukrainian descent.

Main article: White Venezuelan

Venezuela has no official race percentages; however, unofficial estimates put the white Venezuelan percentage at 21.6 or 5.7 million people. The majority of white Venezuelans are of Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, German, and other European descent. Nearly half a million European immigrants, mostly from Spain (as a sequel of the Spanish Civil War), and from Italy and Portugal, entered the country during and after World War II, attracted by a prosperous, rapidly developing country where educated and skilled immigrants were welcomed.

See also

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