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Luxor

Coordinates: 25°41′N 32°39′E / 25.683°N 32.650°E / 25.683; 32.650
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For the ancient settlement at Luxor, see Thebes, Egypt. For other uses, see Luxor (disambiguation).

Luxor
الأقصر
ⲡⲁⲡⲉ
ⲡϣⲟⲙⲧ ⲛ̀ⲕⲁⲥⲧⲣⲟⲛ
City
Luxor Temple
Ramses II
Abu Haggag Mosque
Crocodile Island Resort
Feluccas on the Nile
From top, left to right:
Luxor Temple, Ramses II, Abu Haggag Mosque, Crocodile Island Resort, feluccas on the Nile
Flag of Luxor
Flag
Nickname: 
City of Palaces
Luxor is located in Egypt
Luxor
Luxor
Location of Luxor within Egypt
Luxor is located in Africa
Luxor
Luxor
Luxor (Africa)
Coordinates: 25°41′N 32°39′E / 25.683°N 32.650°E / 25.683; 32.650
Country Egypt
GovernorateLuxor
Area
[citation needed]
 • Total416 km2 (161 sq mi)
Elevation
76 m (249 ft)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total1,328,429 [1]
 • Demonym
Luxorian
Time zoneUTC+02:00 (EET)
Area code(+20) 95
Websitewww.luxor.gov.eg
Official nameAncient Thebes with its Necropolis
TypeCultural
Criteriai, iii, vi
Designated1979 (3rd session)
Reference no.87
RegionEgyptian Governorates, Northern Africa, African Union

Luxor (/ˈlʌksɔːr, ˈlʊk-/;[2] Arabic: الأقصر l-aqṣur Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [ˈloʔsˤoɾ], Upper Egyptian pronunciation: [ˈloɡsˤor]; Sahidic Template:Lang-cop Pape,[3] Coptic pronunciation: [ˈpapə]) is a city in Upper (southern) Egypt and the capital of Luxor Governorate. The population of Luxor is 127,994 (2020),[1] with an area of approximately 417 square kilometres (161 sq mi).[4] It is among the oldest inhabited cities in the world.

The modern city includes the site of the Ancient Egyptian city of Waset, also known as Nut (Template:Lang-cop)[5] and to the Greeks as Thebes or Diospolis. Luxor has frequently been characterized as the "world's greatest open-air museum", as the ruins of the temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor stand within the modern city. Immediately opposite, across the River Nile, lie the monuments, temples and tombs of the west bank Necropolis, which includes the Valley of the Kings and Valley of the Queens.

Thousands of tourists from all around the world arrive annually to visit these monuments, contributing greatly to the economy of the modern city.

Etymology

The Egyptian name of the city is

M17pAX1
O1

and

M17p
X1		 O45M24X1
N21		 Z1

, The Greek name is Thebes or Diospolis, the Sahidic Coptic name ⲡⲁⲡⲉ, comes from Demotic Ỉp.t "the adyton", which, in turn, is derived from the Egyptian. The Greek forms Ἀπις and Ὠφιεῖον come from the same source.[3] and the Arabic name is Luxor meaning the castles.

The name Luxor is almost a literal translation of another Greek and Coptic toponym (τὰ Τρία Κάστρα ta tria kastra and ⲡϣⲟⲙⲧ ⲛ̀ⲕⲁⲥⲧⲣⲟⲛ pshomt enkastron respectively, both mean "three castles"[3]) and comes from the Arabic al-ʾuqṣur (الأقصر), lit. "the palaces"[6] or "the castles" from the collective plural of qaṣr (قصر),[7] which may be a loanword from the Latin castrum "fortified camp".[8]

History

Luxor Temple, seen from the east bank of the Nile

Luxor was the ancient city of Thebes, the great capital of Upper Egypt during the New Kingdom, and the glorious city of Amun, later to become the god Amun-Ra. The city was regarded in the ancient Egyptian texts as was.t (approximate pronunciation: "Waset"), which meant "city of the sceptre", and later in Demotic Egyptian as ta jpt (conventionally pronounced as "ta ipet" and meaning "the shrine/temple", referring to the jpt-swt, the temple now known by its Arabic name Karnak, meaning "fortified village"), which the ancient Greeks adapted as Thebai and the Romans after them as Thebae. Thebes was also known as "the city of the 100 gates", sometimes being called "southern Heliopolis" ('Iunu-shemaa' in Ancient Egyptian), to distinguish it from the city of Iunu or Heliopolis, the main place of worship for the god Ra in the north. It was also often referred to as niw.t, which simply means "city", and was one of only three cities in Egypt for which this noun was used (the other two were Memphis and Heliopolis); it was also called niw.t rst, "southern city", as the southernmost of them.

The importance of the city started as early as the 11th Dynasty, when the town grew into a thriving city.[9] Montuhotep II, who united Egypt after the troubles of the First Intermediate Period, brought stability to the lands as the city grew in stature. The Pharaohs of the New Kingdom in their expeditions to Kush, in today's northern Sudan, and to the lands of Canaan, Phoenicia and Syria saw the city accumulate great wealth and rose to prominence, even on a world scale.[9] Thebes played a major role in expelling the invading forces of the Hyksos from Upper Egypt, and from the time of the 18th Dynasty to the 20th Dynasty, the city had risen as the political, religious and military capital of Ancient Egypt.

The city attracted peoples such as the Babylonians, the Mitanni, the Hittites of Anatolia (modern-day Turkey), the Canaanites of Ugarit, the Phoenicians of Byblos and Tyre, the Minoans from the island of Crete.[9] A Hittite prince from Anatolia even came to marry with the widow of Tutankhamun, Ankhesenamun.[9] The political and military importance of the city, however, faded during the Late Period, with Thebes being replaced as political capital by several cities in Northern Egypt, such as Bubastis, Sais and finally Alexandria.

However, as the city of the god Amun-Ra, Thebes remained the religious capital of Egypt until the Greek period.[9] The main god of the city was Amun, who was worshipped together with his wife, the Goddess Mut, and their son Khonsu, the God of the moon. With the rise of Thebes as the foremost city of Egypt, the local god Amun rose in importance as well and became linked to the sun god Ra, thus creating the new 'king of gods' Amun-Ra. His great temple at Karnak, just north of Thebes, was the most important temple of Egypt right until the end of antiquity.

Later, the city was attacked by Assyrian emperor Assurbanipal who installed a new prince on the throne, Psamtik I.[9] The city of Thebes was in ruins and fell in significance. However, Alexander the Great did arrive at the temple of Amun, where the statue of the god was transferred from Karnak during the Opet Festival, the great religious feast.[9] Thebes remained a site of spirituality up to the Christian era, and attracted numerous Christian monks of the Roman Empire who established monasteries amidst several ancient monuments including the temple of Hatshepsut, now called Deir el-Bahri ("the northern monastery").[9]

Archaeology

In April 2018, the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities announced the discovery of the shrine of god Osiris- Ptah Neb, dating back to the 25th dynasty in the Temple of Karnak. According to archaeologist Essam Nagy, the material remains from the area contained clay pots, the lower part of a sitting statue and part of a stone panel showing an offering table filled with a sheep and a goose which were the symbols of the god Amun.[10][11][12]

In November 2018, France's University of Strasbourg announced the discovery of two sarcophagi thought to be more than 3,500 years old with two perfectly preserved mummies and approximately 1,000 funerary statues in the Assasseef valley near Luxor. One of the tombs with paintings where the female body found, was opened to the public in front of the international media, but the other one was previously opened by Egyptian antiquities officials.[13][14]

In October 2019, Egyptian archeologists headed by Zahi Hawass revealed an ancient "industrial area" used to manufacture decorative artefacts, furniture and pottery for royal tombs. The site contained a big kiln to fire ceramics and 30 ateliers. According to Zahi Hawass, each atelier had a different aim – some of them were used to make pottery, others used to produce gold artefacts and others still to churn out furniture. About 75 meters below the valley, several items believed to have adorned wooden royal coffins, such as inlaid beads, silver rings and gold foil were unearthed. Some artefacts depicted the wings of deity Horus.[15][16]

In October 2019, the Egyptian archaeological mission unearthed thirty well-preserved wooden coffins (3,000-year-old) in front of the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut in El-Assasif Cemetery. The coffins contained mummies of twenty-three adult males, five adult females and two children, who are believed to be from the middle class. According to Hawass, mummies were decorated with mixed carvings and designs, including scenes from Egyptian gods, hieroglyphs, and the Book of the Dead, a series of spells that allowed the soul to navigate in the afterlife. Some of the coffins had the names of the dead engraved on them.[17][18][19][20]

Landmarks

West bank

A panoramic view of the interior of the Luxor temple, just inside the entrance. The Abu Haggag Mosque, built over the ruins, is on the left.
A panoramic view of the great hypostyle hall in the Precinct of Amun Re

Geography

Climate

Luxor has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) like the rest of Egypt. Aswan and Luxor have the hottest summer days of any other city in Egypt. Aswan and Luxor have nearly the same climate. Luxor is one of the sunniest and driest cities in the world. Average high temperatures are above 40 °C (104 °F) during summer (June, July, August) During the coldest month of the year, average high temperatures remain above 22 °C (71.6 °F) while average low temperatures remain above 5 °C (41 °F).

The climate of Luxor has precipitation levels lower than even most other places in the Sahara, with less than 1 mm (0.04 in) of average annual precipitation. The desert city is one of the driest ones in the world, and rainfall does not occur every year. The air in Luxor is more humid than Aswan but still very dry. There is an average relative humidity of 39.9%, with a maximum mean of 57% during winter and a minimum mean of 27% during summer.

The climate of Luxor is extremely clear, bright and sunny year-round, in all seasons, with a low seasonal variation, with about some 4,000 hours of annual sunshine, very close of the maximum theoretical sunshine duration.

In addition, Luxor, Minya, Sohag, Qena and Asyut have the widest difference of temperatures between days and nights of any city in Egypt, with almost 16 °C (29 °F) difference.

The hottest temperature recorded was on May 15, 1991 which was 50 °C (122 °F) and the coldest temperature was on February 6, 1989 which was −1 °C (30 °F).[21]

Climate data for Luxor
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.9
(91.2) 		38.5
(101.3) 		42.2
(108.0) 		46.2
(115.2) 		50.0
(122.0) 		48.5
(119.3) 		47.8
(118.0) 		47.0
(116.6) 		46.0
(114.8) 		43.0
(109.4) 		38.2
(100.8) 		34.8
(94.6) 		50.0
(122.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 23.0
(73.4) 		25.4
(77.7) 		27.4
(81.3) 		35.0
(95.0) 		39.2
(102.6) 		41.4
(106.5) 		41.1
(106.0) 		40.4
(104.7) 		38.8
(101.8) 		35.3
(95.5) 		28.9
(84.0) 		24.4
(75.9) 		33.4
(92.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.8
(56.8) 		15.9
(60.6) 		20.2
(68.4) 		25.6
(78.1) 		29.6
(85.3) 		32.2
(90.0) 		32.3
(90.1) 		31.8
(89.2) 		29.7
(85.5) 		25.9
(78.6) 		20.0
(68.0) 		15.1
(59.2) 		24.3
(75.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 5.4
(41.7) 		7.1
(44.8) 		10.4
(50.7) 		16.0
(60.8) 		20.2
(68.4) 		22.6
(72.7) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.2
(73.8) 		21.3
(70.3) 		17.3
(63.1) 		11.6
(52.9) 		7.1
(44.8) 		15.5
(59.9)
Record low °C (°F) −0.3
(31.5) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		0.0
(32.0) 		6.5
(43.7) 		12.5
(54.5) 		16.0
(60.8) 		19.2
(66.6) 		19.2
(66.6) 		15.8
(60.4) 		9.8
(49.6) 		3.7
(38.7) 		0.7
(33.3) 		−1.0
(30.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		1
(0.0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		1
(0.0)
Average precipitation days 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.0 1.9
Average relative humidity (%) 55 47 39 31 29 27 30 33 37 43 51 57 39.9
Mean daily sunshine hours 9 10 10 10 11 12 12 12 11 10 10 9 11
Source 1: NOAA[22]
Source 2: Weather2Travel for sunshine[23]

Coptic Catholic Eparchy

The Coptic Catholic (Alexandrian Rite) minority established on November 26, 1895 an Eparchy (Eastern Catholic Diocese) of Luqsor (Luxor) alias Thebes, on territory split off from the Apostolic Vicariate of Egypt. Its episcopal see is a St. George cathedral in Luxor.

In turn, it lost territory on August 10, 1947 to establish the Eparchy of Assiut and again on 14 September 1981 to establish Sohag.

Suffragan Eparchs (Bishops) of Luqsor (Coptic Rite)

  • Ignazio Gladès Berzi (March 6, 1896 – died January 29, 1925)
  • Marc Khouzam (August 6, 1926 – August 10, 1947), also Apostolic Administrator of Alexandria of the Copts (Egypt) (December 30, 1927 – August 10, 1947); later Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria (10 August 10, 1947 – died February 2, 1958)
  • Isaac Ghattas (June 21, 1949 – May 8, 1967), later Archbishop-Bishop of Minya of the Copts (Egypt) (May 8, 1967 – died June 8, 1977)
  • Amba Andraos Ghattas, Lazarists (C.M.) (May 8, 1967 – June 9, 1986), also Apostolic Administrator of Alexandria of the Copts (Egypt) (February 24, 1984 – June 9, 1986), President of Synod of the Catholic Coptic Church (1985 – March 30, 2006), President of Assembly of the Catholic Hierarchy of Egypt (1985 – March 30, 2006), later Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria (June 23, 1986 – retired March 30, 2006), created Cardinal-Patriarch (February 21, 2001 – died January 20, 2009), also President of Council of Catholic Patriarchs of the East (2003–2006)
  • Aghnatios Elias Yaacoub, Jesuits (S.J.) (July 15, 1986 – died March 12, 1994), previously Coadjutor Eparch of Assiut of the Copts (Egypt) (May 19, 1983 – July 15, 1986)
  • Youhannes Ezzat Zakaria Badir (June 24, 1994 – December 27, 2015), previously Eparch (Bishop) of Ismayliah of the Copts (Egypt) (November 23, 1992 – June 23, 1994)
  • Emmanuel (Khaled Ayad) Bishay (April 16, 2016 -

Economy

Streets of Luxor in 2004
Luxor souq

The economy of Luxor, like that of many other Egyptian cities, is heavily dependent upon tourism. Large numbers of people also work in agriculture, particularly sugarcane. There are also many industries, such as the pottery industry used in eating and many other uses.

The local economy was hit by the Luxor massacre in 1997, in which a total of 64 people (including 59 visiting tourists) were killed, at the time the worst terrorist attack in Egypt (before the Sharm el-Sheikh terrorist attacks).[24] The massacre reduced tourist numbers for several years.[25] Following the 2011 Arab Spring, tourism to Egypt dropped significantly, again affecting local tourist markets.

To make up for shortfalls of income, many cultivate their own food. Goat's cheese, pigeons, subsidized and home-baked bread and homegrown tomatoes are commonplace among the majority of its residents.

Tourism development

Street market
Winter Palace Hotel

A controversial tourism development plan aims to transform Luxor into the biggest vast open-air museum. The master plan envisions new roads, five-star hotels, glitzy shops, and an IMAX theatre. The main attraction is an 11 million dollar project to unearth and restore the 2.7 kilometres (1.7 miles) long Avenue of Sphinxes that once linked Luxor and Karnak temples. The ancient processional road was built by the pharaoh Amenhotep III and took its final form under Nectanebo I in 400 BCE. Over a thousand sphinx statues lined the road now being excavated which was covered by silt, homes, mosques and churches. Excavation started around 2004.[26][27]

On 18 April 2019, the Egyptian Government announced the discovery of a previously unopened coffin in Luxor, dated back to 18th dynasty of Upper and Lower Egypt.[28][29] According to the Minister of Antiquities Khaled el Anani, it is the biggest rock-cut tomb to be unearthed in the ancient city of Thebes.[30] It is one of the largest, well-preserved tombs ever found near the ancient city of Luxor.[31] On 24 November 2018, this discovery was preceded by the finding of a well-preserved mummy of a woman inside a previously unopened coffin dating back more than 3,000 years.[32][33]

2013 hot air balloon crash

Main article: 2013 Luxor hot air balloon crash
See also: Hot air ballooning in Luxor

Nineteen Asian and European tourists died when a hot air balloon crashed early on Tuesday, February 26, 2013 near Luxor following a mid-air gas explosion. It was one of the worst accidents involving tourists in Egypt and likely to push the tourism industry deeper into recession. The casualties included French, British, Hungarian, Japanese nationals and nine tourists from Hong Kong.[34]

Infrastructure

Transport

Luxor International Airport

Luxor is served by Luxor International Airport.

A bridge was opened in 1998, a few kilometres upstream of the main town of Luxor, allowing ready land access from the east bank to the west bank. Traditionally river crossings have been the domain of several ferry services. The so-called 'local ferry' (also known as the 'National Ferry') continues to operate from a landing opposite the Temple of Luxor.

Luxor railway station

Transport to sites on the west bank are serviced by taxi drivers who often approach ferry passengers.[citation needed] There are also local cars that reach some of the monuments for 2 L.E. , although tourists rarely use them. Alternatively, motorboats line both banks of the Nile all day providing a quicker, but more expensive (50 L.E.), crossing to the other side.

The city of Luxor on the east bank has several bus routes used mainly by locals. Tourists often rely on horse carriages, called "calèches", for transport or tours around the city. Taxis are plentiful, and reasonably priced, and since the government has decreed that taxis older than 20 years will not be relicensed, there are many modern air-conditioned cabs. Recently, new roads have been built in the city to cope with the growth in traffic.

For domestic travel along the route of the Nile, a rail service operates several times a day. A morning train and sleeping train can be taken from the railway station situated around 400 metres (440 yd) from Luxor Temple. The line runs between several major destinations, including Cairo to the north and Aswan to the south.

Luxor University

Luxor University, founded in 2019, is a non-profit governmental university that provides programs and courses for students.[35]

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Egypt

Luxor is twinned with:

  • Station Street in Luxor
    Station Street in Luxor
  • Street market in Luxor
    Street market in Luxor
  • The New Corniche in Luxor
    The New Corniche in Luxor
  • Panoramic view of Luxor
    Panoramic view of Luxor
  • Luxor Temple
    Luxor Temple
  • The massive First Pylon of the Luxor Temple
    The massive First Pylon of the Luxor Temple
  • The red granite obelisk at Luxor
    The red granite obelisk at Luxor
  • Closeup of illuminated red granite obelisk
    Closeup of illuminated red granite obelisk
  • The central corridor of the Luxor Temple
    The central corridor of the Luxor Temple
  • Central corridor and four colossi by night
    Central corridor and four colossi by night
  • Sitting Ramesses II colossus inside Luxor Temple
    Sitting Ramesses II colossus inside Luxor Temple
  • Closeup of the same colossus
    Closeup of the same colossus
  • Sitting Ramesses II colossus inside Luxor Temple at night
    Sitting Ramesses II colossus inside Luxor Temple at night
  • Pharaonic statue in Luxor Temple
    Pharaonic statue in Luxor Temple
  • Amenhotep's colonnade from the peristyle court
    Amenhotep's colonnade from the peristyle court
  • The east side of the peristyle court of Amenhotep III
    The east side of the peristyle court of Amenhotep III
  • Wall inscription at Luxor Temple
    Wall inscription at Luxor Temple
  • A well-preserved sphinx at Luxor
    A well-preserved sphinx at Luxor
  • Hundreds of sphinxes once lined the road to nearby Karnak
    Hundreds of sphinxes once lined the road to nearby Karnak
  • The Abu Haggag Mosque inside the temple
    The Abu Haggag Mosque inside the temple
  • Islamic mosque built over pharaonic temple
    Islamic mosque built over pharaonic temple
  • Luxor Temple and Abu Haggag Mosque
    Luxor Temple and Abu Haggag Mosque
  • Interior of Abu Haggag Mosque
    Interior of Abu Haggag Mosque
  • Mosque in Mansheya Street
    Mosque in Mansheya Street
  • Hot Air Balloon In Luxor
    Hot Air Balloon In Luxor

See also

References

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  41. ^ "Viterbo gemellata con Luxor". almaghrebiya.it (in Italian). Al Maghrebiya. August 9, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  42. ^ "Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province: Overview". chinadaily.com.cn. China Daily. Retrieved October 21, 2020.

Further reading

  • Bell, Lanny. “Luxor Temple and the Cult of the Royal ka.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 44 (1985): 251–294.
  • Bongioanni, Alessandro. Luxor and the Valley of the Kings. Vercelli, Italy: White Star Publishers, 2004.
  • Brand, Peter J. “Veils, Votives and Marginalia: The Use of Sacred Space at Karnak and Luxor.” In Sacred Space and Sacred Function in Ancient Thebes. Edited by Peter F. Dorman and Betsy N. Bryan, 51–83. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
  • El-Shahawy, Abeer, and Farid S. Atiya. Luxor Museum: The Glory of Ancient Thebes. Cairo, Egypt: Farid Atiya Press, 2005.
  • Haag, Michael. Luxor Illustrated: With Aswan, Abu Simbel, and the Nile. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2009.
  • Siliotti, Alberto. Luxor, Karnak, and the Theban Temples. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2002.
  • Strudwick, Nigel, and Helen Strudwick. Thebes In Egypt: A Guide to the Tombs and Temples of Ancient Luxor. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999.
  • Weeks, Kent R. The Illustrated Guide to Luxor: Tombs, Temples, and Museums. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press, 2005.
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