4,4'-Dimethylaminorex
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| Other names | 4,4'-DMAR |
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| Formula | C11H14N2O |
| Molar mass | 190.246 g·mol−1 |
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4,4'-Dimethylaminorex (abbreviated as 4,4'-DMAR), sometimes referred to by the street name "Serotoni", is a psychostimulant and entactogen designer drug related to aminorex, 4-methylaminorex, and pemoline.[2] It was first detected in the Netherlands in December 2012,[3] and has been sold as a designer drug around Europe since mid-2013.
4,4'-DMAR had been linked to at least 31 deaths in Hungary, Poland, and the UK by February 2014, mostly when consumed in combination with other drugs.[4] Nineteen deaths linked to 4,4'-DMAR were reported in Northern Ireland in the same time period.[5]
4,4'-DMAR acts as a potent and balanced serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA), with EC50 values for serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine release of 18.5 nM, 26.9 nM, and 8.6 nM, respectively.[2]
Legality
The UK Home Office expressed intent to ban 4,4'-DMAR following advice from the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs[6] and subsequently it became a class A drug on 11 March 2015.[7]
4,4'-DMAR is an Anlage II controlled substance in Germany as of May 2015[update].[8]
Sweden's public health agency suggested to classify 4,4'-DMAR as hazardous substance on November 10, 2014.[9]
4,4'-DMAR is also banned in the Czech Republic.[10]
4,4'-DMAR is a Schedule I controlled substance in the US as of November 8, 2021. It only received two public comments during its public commenting period prior to being scheduled.[11][12]
See also
References
- ^ "2021 - Placement of 4,4'-DMAR in Schedule I". www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
- ^ a b Brandt SD, Baumann MH, Partilla JS, Kavanagh PV, Power JD, Talbot B, et al. (2014). "Characterization of a novel and potentially lethal designer drug (±)-cis-para-methyl-4-methylaminorex (4,4'-DMAR, or 'Serotoni')". Drug Testing and Analysis. 6 (7–8): 684–95. doi:10.1002/dta.1668. PMC 4128571. PMID 24841869.
- ^ "EMCDDA 2012 Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-04-23. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
- ^ "Risk Assessment Report of a new psychoactive substance: 4-methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-amine (4,4′-dimethylaminorex, 4,4′-DMAR)" (PDF). European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). November 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-16. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
- ^ "Unregulated stimulant drug blamed for 19 deaths, Belfast inquest told". The Guardian. 5 June 2014. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
- ^ "Letter to ACMD regarding advice on MT-45 and 4,4'-DMAR". UK Home Office. 26 November 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
- ^ "Circular 003/2015: a change to the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971: control of MT-45 and 4,4'-DMAR". UK Home Office. 20 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
- ^ "Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Betäubungsmitteln (Betäubungsmittelgesetz - BtMG) Anlage II (zu § 1 Abs. 1) (verkehrsfähige, aber nicht verschreibungsfähige Betäubungsmittel)" (in German). Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ^ "Cannabinoider föreslås bli klassade som hälsofarlig vara" (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ^ "Látky, o které byl doplněn seznam č. 4 psychotropních látek (příloha č. 4 k nařízení vlády č. 463/2013 Sb.)" (PDF) (in Czech). Ministerstvo zdravotnictví. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2016-02-06.
- ^ "Federal Register :: Request Access".
- ^ "2021 - Placement of 4,4'-DMAR in Schedule I".