Emomali Rahmon
His Excellency Founder of Peace and National Unity — Leader of the Nation Emomali Rahmon Эмомалӣ Раҳмон | |
---|---|
![]() Rahmon in Moscow in 2021 | |
3rd President of Tajikistan | |
Assumed office 16 November 1994 | |
Prime Minister | Abdujalil Samadov Jamshed Karimov Yahyo Azimov Oqil Oqilov Kokhir Rasulzoda |
Preceded by | Rahmon Nabiyev Akbarsho Iskandrov (Acting) |
Leader of the People's Democratic Party | |
Assumed office 10 December 1994 | |
Preceded by | Position established |
Chairman of the Supreme Assembly of Tajikistan | |
In office 20 November 1992 – 16 November 1994 | |
Prime Minister | Akbar Mirzoyev Abdumalik Abdullajanov Abdujalil Samadov |
Preceded by | Akbarsho Iskandrov |
Succeeded by | Office abolished |
Personal details | |
Born | Emomali Sharipovich Rahmonov 5 October 1952 Danghara, Tajik SSR, Soviet Union (now Tajikistan) |
Political party | People's Democratic Party (1994–present) |
Other political affiliations | Communist Party (1990–1994) |
Spouse | Azizmo Asadullayeva (m. 1970s) |
Children | |
Parent(s) | Sharif Rahmonov Mayram Sharifova |
Alma mater | Tajik State National University |
Signature | ![]() |
Military service | |
Allegiance | |
Branch/service | |
Years of service |
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Rank | ![]() |
Emomali Rahmon ([e̞mɔ̝mäˈli ɾähˈmɔ̝̃n]; born Emomali Sharipovich Rahmonov, Tajik: Эмомалӣ Шарӣпович Раҳмонов, romanized: Emomalī Sharīpovich Rahmonov;[a] [emɔmæˈliː ʃærīpɔβɪtʃ ɾæhˈmɔːnɔβ]; born 5 October 1952) has been the 3rd President of Tajikistan since 16 November 1994. Previously he was the Chairman of the Supreme Assembly of Tajikistan, as the de facto head of state from 20 November 1992 to 16 November 1994 (the post of president was temporarily abolished during this period). Since 18 March 1998, he has also served as the leader of the left-wing[1][better source needed] People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan, which dominates the Parliament of Tajikistan. On 30 September 1999, he was elected vice-president of the UN General Assembly for a one-year term.
He became widely known in 1992 after the abolition of the post of president in the country, when at the dawn of the civil war (1992–1997) he became Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (Parliament) of Tajikistan as a compromise candidate between communists and neo-communists on the one hand and liberal-democratic, nationalist and Islamist forces (the United Tajik Opposition) on the other.
Five times (in the elections of 1994, 1999, 2006, 2013 and 2020), Rahmon won undemocratic presidential elections; in addition, he extended and reformed his powers based on the results of the national constitutional referendums of 1999 and 2003. Since 25 December 2015, Emomali Rahmon has held the lifetime title of Peshvoyi Millat (Tajik: Пешвои Миллат), which means “Leader of the Nation”, in full — “Founder of peace and national Unity — Leader of the Nation”. Following the results of the last national constitutional referendum in 2016, amendments were adopted that lifted the restrictions on the number of re-elections to the post of President of Tajikistan and lowered the age limit for those running for the post of president from 35 to 30 years.
Rahmon heads an authoritarian regime in Tajikistan with elements of a cult of personality. Political opponents are repressed, violations of human rights and freedoms are severe, elections are not free and fair, and corruption and nepotism are rampant.[2][3][4][5] His family members occupy various important government positions, such as his 34-year-old son Rustam Emomali, who is the chairman of the country's parliament and the mayor of its capital city, Dushanbe.[6][7][8]
Early life
Rahmon was born as Emomali Sharipovich Rakhmonov[b] to Sharif Rahmonov (c. 1912–1992)[10] and Mayram Sharifova (1910–2004),[11] a peasant family in Danghara,[12] Kulob Oblast (present-day Khatlon Region). His father was a Red Army veteran of World War II, being a recipient of the Order of Glory in the 2nd and 3rd degrees.[13] From 1971-74, Rahmon served in the Soviet Union's Pacific Fleet, during which he was stationed in the Primorsky Krai. After completing the military service, Rahmon returned to his native village where he worked for some time as an electrician.[14]
As a rising apparatchik in Tajikistan, he became a chairman of the collective state farm of his native Danghara. According to his official biography, Rahmon graduated from the Tajik State National University with a specialist's degree in economics in 1982. After working for several years in the Danghara Sovkhoz, Rahmon was appointed chairman of the sovkhoz in 1987.[15]
Early politics
In 1990, Rahmon was elected a people's deputy to the Supreme Soviet of the Tajik SSR.[16] President Rahmon Nabiyev was forced to resign in the first months of the Civil War in August 1992. Akbarsho Iskandrov, Speaker of the Supreme Soviet, became acting president. Iskandarov resigned in November 1992 in an attempt to end the civil unrest. That same month, the Supreme Soviet met in Khujand for its 16th session and declared Tajikistan a parliamentary republic. Rahmon was then elected by the members of the Supreme Soviet as its chairman—as the Parliamentary republican system adopted by Tajikistan did not provide for a ceremonial president, he was also Head of State—and the head of government.[16] Former Interior Minister Yaqub Salimov later recalled that Rahmon's appointment was made because he was “nondescript”, in which other field commanders thought that he could be cast aside "when he had served his purpose."[17][18]
Presidency
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vladimir_Putin_with_Emomali_Rakhmonov-1.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_with_Emomali_Rakhmonov-1.jpg)
In 1994, a new constitution reestablished the presidency. Rahmon was elected to the post on 6 November 1994 and sworn in ten days later. During the civil war that lasted from 1992 to 1997, Rahmon's rule was opposed by the United Tajik Opposition. As many as 100,000 people died during the war. He survived an assassination attempt on 30 April 1997 in Khujand,[19] as well as two attempted coups in August 1997 and in November 1998.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tajik_president_Emomali_Rahmon_meets_Ali_Khamenei_-_18_January_2006_%28002%29.jpg/222px-Tajik_president_Emomali_Rahmon_meets_Ali_Khamenei_-_18_January_2006_%28002%29.jpg)
Following constitutional changes, he was reelected on 6 November 1999 to a seven-year term, officially taking 97% of the vote. On 22 June 2003, he won a referendum that would allow him to run for two more consecutive seven-year terms after his term expired in 2006. The opposition alleges that this amendment was hidden in a way that verged upon electoral fraud. Rahmon was reelected to a seven-year term in a controversial election on 6 November 2006, with about 79% of the vote, according to the official results. On 6 November 2013, he was reelected for the second seven-year term in office, with about 84% of the vote, in an election that the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe said lacked "genuine choice and meaningful pluralism".[20] In October 2020, he was once again re-elected as president for a fifth term with a margin of 90.92%,[21][22] amid allegations of fraud.[23]
On 22 May 2016, a nationwide referendum approved a number of changes to the country's constitution.[24] One of the main changes lifted the limit on presidential terms, effectively allowing Rahmon to stay in power for as many terms as he wishes.[25] Other key changes outlawed faith-based political parties, thus finalizing the removal of the outlawed Islamic Revival Party from Tajikistan's politics, and reduced the minimum eligibility age for presidential candidates from 35 to 30, enabling Rahmon's older son, Rustam Emomali, to run for president any time after 2017.[26] In January 2017, Rustam Emomali was appointed Mayor of Dushanbe, a key position, which some analysts see as the next step to the top of the government.[27]
Tajikistan under Rahmon is a neopatrimonial regime, characterized by a high degree of clientelism, corruption, and poor governance.[28][29] In a diplomatic cable that was leaked in 2010, the U.S. ambassador in Tajikistan, reported that Rahmon and his family control the country's major businesses, including the largest bank.[30] In November 2018, Rahmon launched a hydroelectric station to solve energy problems.[31]
Role in War on Terror
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Kazakhstan_16_October_2009-2.jpg/220px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Kazakhstan_16_October_2009-2.jpg)
In July 2021, over 1,000 Afghan troops and civilians fled to Tajikistan after the Taliban insurgents took control of many parts of Afghanistan.[32] In response, Rahmon ordered 20,000 reserve servicemen of the country's Ground Forces to be sent to the Afghan–Tajik border.[33]
Cult of personality and powers
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Stamps_of_Tajikistan%2C_023-06.jpg/200px-Stamps_of_Tajikistan%2C_023-06.jpg)
In December 2015, a law passed by Tajikistan's parliament gave Rahmon the title "Founder Of Peace and National Unity, Leader of the Nation" (Tajik: Асосгузори сулҳу ваҳдати миллӣ – Пешвои миллат, Asosguzori sulhu vahdati millî – Peshvo‘i millat; Russian: Основатель мира и национального единства – Лидер нации, Osnovatel mira i natsionalnogo yedinstva – Lider natsii).[34] A shorter version of the title, "Leader of the Nation," is used frequently. In addition to granting Rahmon lifelong immunity from prosecution, the law also gave him a number of other lifelong privileges, including veto powers over all major state decisions, the freedom to address the nation and parliament on all matters he deems important, and the privilege of attending all government meetings and parliament sessions.[35][36]
Religion and convictions
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ceremony_of_presenting_awards_was_held_%28Azerbaijan-Tajikistan%29_4.jpg/213px-Ceremony_of_presenting_awards_was_held_%28Azerbaijan-Tajikistan%29_4.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Emomali_Rahmon_in_Minsk.jpg/214px-Emomali_Rahmon_in_Minsk.jpg)
Rahmon is a Sunni Muslim and has frequently stressed his Muslim background even though his administration is engaged in a relentless campaign against public displays of Islamic devotion.[37] His suppression of Islamic expression includes banning beards, attendance at mosque for women and children under 18, hajj for people under 40, studying in Islamic schools outside Tajikistan, the production, import or export of Islamic books without permission (implemented in 2017), using loudspeakers to broadcast the adhan, veils, madrassas, Islamist political parties and Arabic-sounding names (implemented in 2016). Furthermore, mosques are heavily regulated, providing unofficial Islamic teaching can lead to up to 12 years of imprisonment, and an arduous process is required to obtain a permit to establish an Islamic organisation, publish an Islamic book, or go on pilgrimage to Mecca.[38] In January 2016, Rahmon performed an Umrah with a number of his children and senior members of his government. That was Rahmon's fourth pilgrimage to Mecca.[39]
His reply to critics of the election standards of the 2006 Tajikistani presidential elections was:
"In Tajikistan, more than 99 percent of those residing here are Muslim. We have a completely different culture. You have to take that into account".[40]
During a 2010 Organisation of Islamic Cooperation session in Dushanbe, Rahmon spoke against what he called the misuse of Islam for political ends, claiming that "Terrorism, terrorists, have no nation, no country, no religion... Using the name 'Islamic terrorism' only discredits Islam and dishonors the pure and harmless religion of Islam."[41]
Membership in Hizb ut-Tahrir, a militant Islamic party that aims to overthrow secular governments and unify Tajiks under one Islamic state, is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment.[42]
The Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan (IRP) is a banned Islamist political party and has been designated a terrorist organization since 2015.[43][44]
In 2017 the government of Tajikistan passed a law requiring people to "stick to traditional national clothes and culture", which has been widely seen as an attempt to prevent women from wearing Islamic clothing, in particular the style of headscarf wrapped under the chin, in contrast to the traditional Tajik headscarf tied behind the head.[45]
Personal life
Family
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emomali_Rahmon_with_family.jpg/233px-Emomali_Rahmon_with_family.jpg)
He is married to Azizmo Asadullayeva and has seven daughters and two sons.[46] Two of his children, Rustam Emomali and Ozoda Rahmon, are senior officials in his administration,[47][48] while another, Zarina Rahmon, was appointed deputy head of Orienbank in January 2017.[49][50] Rustam is believed to be prepared by his father to succeed him as leader of Tajikistan.[51]
In the summer of 2021, coronavirus ravaged the country, and Emomali Rahmon's sister reportedly died in a hospital of COVID-19 on 20 July.[52] According to local media, her sons physically assaulted the national health minister and a senior doctor.[53]
Name changes
In March 2007, Rahmonov changed his surname to Rahmon, getting rid of the Russian-style "-ov" ending.[54] He also removed the patronymic, Sharipovich, from his name altogether. Rahmon explained that he had done so out of respect for his cultural heritage.[55][56] Following the move, scores of governments officials, members of parliament, and civil servants around the country removed Russian-style patronymics and "-ov" endings from their surnames. In April 2016, Tajikistan officially banned giving Russian-style patronymics and surnames to newborn children.[57]
Honours and awards
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Vladimir_Putin_and_Emomali_Rahmon_%282017-02-27%29_1.jpg/235px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Emomali_Rahmon_%282017-02-27%29_1.jpg)
- Honorary Doctorate of Leadership by the Limkokwing University of Creative Technology (LUCT)[58]
Hero of Tajikistan
Order of Mubarak the Great
Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (2008)
Order of the Three Stars (2009)
Order of Merit of Ukraine (2011)
Heydar Aliyev Order (2012)
Order of the President of Turkmenistan (2012)
Order of the Republic of Serbia (2013)[59]
Order of Alexander Nevsky (2017)[60]
Order of Parasat (2018)[61]
- Mark of Honour of Heads of State in Central Asia (2021)[62]
Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" (2022)[63]
- Honorary Doctorate in arts by Cairo University[64]
Notes
- ^ Birthname appears variously as Emomali Sharipovich Rakhmonov, Imamali Sharipovich Rakhmanov or Imomali Sharipovich Rakhmonov; all transliteration into English of the Russian forms (Эмомали Шарипович Рахмонов and Имамали Шарипович Рахманов) of his Tajik name.
- ^ Russian: Эмомали́ Шари́пович Рахмо́нов, romanized: Emomalí Sharípovich Rahmónov[9]
References
- ^ Холова, Алохида Амоновна (2020). "ON THE ROLE OF THE LEADER OF THE NATION IN STRENGTHENING NATIONAL UNITY". Вестник Таджикского национального университета. 3: 129–134.
- ^ "Tajikistan's eternal ruler Emomali Rakhmon | DW | 12.10.2020". DW.COM. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Tajikistan". Human Rights Watch. 15 January 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
- ^ "The world's enduring dictators: Emomali Rahmon, Tajikistan". www.cbsnews.com. CBS News. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
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: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Tajikistan: Nations in Transit 2020 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
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: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Benevento, Chris. "Tajikistan: President's Daughter Gets Plum Ministry Job". www.occrp.org. Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "The Happiest Member Of The Rahmon Family". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
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- ^ "Эмомали Рахмон о своем отце". Akhbor.com. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
- ^ "Скончалась мать президента Таджикистана Рахмонова" (in Russian). РИА Новости. 23 November 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
- ^ "Тарҷумаи Ҳоли Эмомалии Раҳмон". Government of Tajikistan. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
- ^ "РАХМОН Эмомали Шарифович" (in Russian). ЦентрАзия.
- ^ "Эмомали Рахмон". Сайт Президента Республики Таджикистан. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ^ "ЭМОМАЛӢ РАҲМОН [Official Biography]". Official Website of the President of Tajikistan. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ^ a b "Emomali Rahmon". Official Website of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
- ^ "Tajikistan: Former Interior Minister In Dushanbe To Face Trial For Treason". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
- ^ "Emomali Rahmon: The Accidental Leader Who Has Stayed In Power For Decades". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
- ^ "Tajikistan - Leninabad: Crackdown In The North". Hrw.org. April 1998. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
- ^ "Republic of Tajikistan, Presidential Election 6 November 2013: OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report". OSCE/ODIHR. 5 February 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ^ Putz, Catherine. "Tajikistan's Presidential Election Yields Expected Results". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Abdulkerimov, Bahtiyar. "Tajikistan's president sworn in for 5th term". aa.com.tr. Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Amid Fraud Allegations, Results Give Tajikistan's Rahmon Fifth Presidential Term". rferl.org. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Tajikistan Approves Constitutional Changes Tightening Rahmon's Grip On Power". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. RFE/RL. 23 May 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
- ^ "Why Does Tajikistan Need A Referendum?". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. RFE/RL. 20 May 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ^ "Tajiks to vote in 'president-for-life' referendum". Reuters. 10 February 2016. Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ^ "Tajikistan: regime eternalization completed?". The Politicon. The Politicon. 26 January 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
- ^ Filippo Menga, "Public Construction and Nation-Building in Tajikistan" in Nation-Building and Identity in the Post-Soviet Space: New Tools and Approaches (eds. Rico Isaacs & Abel Polesem: Taylor & Francis: 2016), p. 197.
- ^ Anna Kreikemeyer, "National Sovereignty and Eurasian Regionalism: Defensive Answers on Transnational Threats in Central Asia" in European Peace and Security Policy: Transnational Risks of Violence (Nomos Bloomsbury: 2015), p. 174.
- ^ Luke Harding: WikiLeaks cables paint bleak picture of Tajikistan, central Asia’s poorest state, The Guardian, 12 Dec 2010.
- ^ "Tajikistan Launches Giant Power Plant To Tackle Energy Problems". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
- ^ "Tajikistan Reportedly Calls On Allies For Help With Security Challenges From Afghanistan". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 7 July 2021.
- ^ "Заседание Совета Безопасности Республики Таджикистан | Президенти Тоҷикистон - President of Tajikistan - Президент Таджикистана - رئيس جمهورية تاجيكستان". president.tj.
- ^ "Қонуни Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон дар бораи Асосгузори сулҳу ваҳдати миллӣ – Пешвои миллат". Official Website of the President of Tajikistan. 25 December 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ^ "Tajikistan: Leader of the Nation Law Cements Autocratic Path". EurasiaNet.org. 11 December 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
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- ^ Putz, Catherine (17 April 2015). "Tajikistan: No Hajj, No Hijab, and Shave Your Beard". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ^ "Tajikistan's crackdown on observant Muslims intensifies". The Economist. 21 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
- ^ "Tajikistan's Islam-Averse Leader Goes to Mecca". EurasiaNet.org. 5 January 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ^ "Tajik President Wins Re-Election". The Washington Post. 7 November 2006. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
- ^ "Top Islamic Body Holds Foreign Minister Meeting In Dushanbe". Rferl.org. 18 May 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
- ^ "Hizb ut Tahrir". BBC News. BBC. 27 August 2003. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
- ^ Michel, Casey (5 November 2015). "Trouble in Tajikistan: Analysts say the banning of a moderate Islamist party could unravel the country's post-civil war order". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
- ^ "Tajikistan human rights fears as banned party's ex-leaders jailed for life". The Guardian. Reuters. 2 June 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
- ^ Harriet Agerholm (1 September 2017). "Tajikstan passes law 'to stop Muslim women wearing hijabs'". The Independent.
- ^ "Qəhrəman ana - Tacikistanın birinci ledisi - FOTOLAR". Modern.az. 25 February 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
- ^ "Tajik President's Son Officially Second-in-Line to Presidency". The Diplomat. 20 April 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
- ^ "Ozoda Rahmon, who heads President's Executive Office, turns 40 today". Asia-Plus. 3 January 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
- ^ "Daughter Of Tajik President Named Deputy Head Of Major Bank". rferl.org. Radio Free Europe/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
- ^ Putz, Catherine. "Hired: Tajik President's Daughter Lands Deputy Post at a Major Bank". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ Abdurasulov, Abdujalil (14 May 2016). "How Tajikistan's President Emomali Rakhmon consolidated his power". BBC News. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
- ^ "Соболезнования Президенту Таджикистана".
- ^ Dixon, Robyn (27 July 2021). "After the Tajik president's sister died of covid, her sons beat up the country's top health officials". The Washington Post. Moscow. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
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- ^ "President Rahmon awarded the Order of the Republic of Serbia". Asia-Plus. 26 February 2013. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
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External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png)
- 1952 births
- Heads of state of Tajikistan
- Living people
- People from Khatlon Region
- Critics of Islamism
- People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan politicians
- Presidents of Tajikistan
- Tajik National University alumni
- Recipients of the Heydar Aliyev Order
- Tajikistani Sunni Muslims
- Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class
- 21st-century Tajikistani politicians
- 20th-century politicians
- Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
- Recipients of the Order of Alexander Nevsky
- Recipients of the Order of Parasat