Jump to content

Tamanic languages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Neils51 (talk | contribs) at 09:27, 15 September 2023 (replaced: occurences → occurrences). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Tamanic
Geographic
distribution
West Kalimantan
Linguistic classificationAustronesian
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologtama1334

The Tamanic languages are a small group of languages of Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan:

The Tamanic languages are not closely related to other languages on Borneo. Instead, they belong to the South Sulawesi languages, most probably in one branch together with Buginese.[1][2][3]

Sound changes

Here is a list of sound changes from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian into various Tamanic languages.[1]

Consonants

  • Phonemic mergers:
    • *D merges into d.
    • *j merges into s, but merges into d following *n.
    • *h, *q merge into , however, in word-final positions their outcomes still differ.
    • *z merges into d.
  • Lenition in intervocalic positions:
    • *-b- > -w- (sometimes deletes).
    • *-d- > -r- (original *D and *z are also affected).
    • *-ŋ-, *-k- > -∅- in Taman (*takut > ataut).
    • When geminated or following a nasal consonant, the original phonemes remain.
  • *l is assimilated to r before r in the same or following syllable (*ulaR > urar "snake").
    • In Taman, *r is further dissimilated to n after *r (urar : uran).
  • Development of final glottal stop () of mostly unexplained origin.
    • *-q > , but *-h > *-∅
    • Other occurrences are hypothesized from an original Proto-Malayo-Polynesian phoneme .

Vowels

  • *aya, aV > *a: (qi Daya > Embaloh ira:)
    • In Taman, it is sometimes reflected as ɛ: (Malay lain > lɛ:n).
  • *u is dissimilated to i before *u in the following syllable (*tumpul > timpul "blunt").
  • *ay, *ey and *aw, *ew are monophthongized into e and o, respectively.

West Kalimantan groups

Some Tamanic-speaking Dayak ethnic subgroups and their respective languages in West Kalimantan province, Indonesia:[4][5]

Group Language Regency
Kalis Kalis Kapuas Hulu
Lau' Lau' Kapuas Hulu
Tamambalo Tamambalo Kapuas Hulu
Taman Taman Kapuas Hulu

References

  1. ^ a b K. A. Adelaar. 1994. The classification of the Tamanic languages. In Tom Dutton and Darrell T. Tryon (eds.), Language contact and change in the Austronesian world, 1-42. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  2. ^ K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann. 2005. The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge.
  3. ^ Smith, Alexander D. (2017). "The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem". Oceanic Linguistics. 56 (2): 435–490. doi:10.1353/ol.2017.0021. S2CID 149377092.
  4. ^ Bamba, John (ed.) (2008). Mozaik Dayak keberagaman subsuku dan bahasa Dayak di Kalimantan Barat. Pontianak: Institut Dayakologi. ISBN 978-979-97788-5-7.
  5. ^ Istiyani, Chatarina Pancer (2008). Memahami peta keberagaman subsuku dan bahasa Dayak di Kalimantan Barat. Institut Dayakologi.