Jump to content

Citigroup Center

Coordinates: 40°45′31″N 73°58′13″W / 40.75861°N 73.97028°W / 40.75861; -73.97028
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Epicgenius (talk | contribs) at 15:42, 11 January 2024 (→1980s and 1990s: link). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about the building in New York City. For similarly named buildings, see Citigroup Centre (disambiguation).

Citigroup Center
601 Lexington Avenue
Map
Former namesCiticorp Center
General information
TypeOffice
Location153 East 53rd Street, New York, NY 10022
Coordinates40°45′31″N 73°58′13″W / 40.75861°N 73.97028°W / 40.75861; -73.97028
Construction startedApril 1974
Topped-outOctober 6, 1976
Completed1977
OpeningOctober 12, 1977; 47 years ago (1977-10-12)
CostUS$195 million
(equivalent to $980 million)
OwnerBoston Properties
Height
Architectural915 ft (279 m)
Technical details
Floor count59
Floor area1,654,020 sq ft (153,663 m2)
Lifts/elevators38
Design and construction
Architect(s)Hugh Stubbins, Emery Roth & Sons
DeveloperCiticorp
Structural engineerWilliam LeMessurier, James Ruderman
References
[1][2]
DesignatedDecember 6, 2016[3]
Reference no.2582[3]

The Citigroup Center (formerly Citicorp Center and also known by its address, 601 Lexington Avenue) is an office skyscraper in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Built in 1977 for Citibank, it is 915 feet (279 m) tall and has 59 floors with a combined 1.3 million square feet (120,000 m2) of office space. The building was designed by architect Hugh Stubbins, associate architect Emery Roth & Sons, and structural engineer William LeMessurier.

The Citigroup Center takes up much of a city block bounded clockwise from west by Lexington Avenue, 54th Street, Third Avenue, and 53rd Street. The tower has a 45° angled top and a base with four giant stilts, notable for being placed mid-wall rather than at the building's corners. East of the tower is a six-story office annex. The northwest corner of the tower overhangs St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church at Lexington Avenue and 54th Street, a granite structure designed by Stubbins. Also at the base is a sunken plaza, a shopping concourse, and entrances to the church and the New York City Subway's Lexington Avenue/51st Street station. The upper stories are supported by stacked load-bearing braces in the form of inverted chevrons. Upon the Citigroup Center's completion, it received mixed reviews from architectural critics and several architectural accolades.

Land acquisition for what became Citicorp Center commenced in 1968 and took five years. St. Peter's Church sold its plot on the condition that a new church building be constructed at the base of the tower. The design was announced in July 1973 and the structure was completed in October 1977. During the Citicorp Center engineering crisis less than a year after the building's completion, emergency repairs were made after the tower was discovered to be vulnerable to collapse due to wind. The building was acquired by Boston Properties, and Citicorp Center was renamed 601 Lexington Avenue in the 2000s. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Citigroup Center as a city landmark in 2016. Over the years, the atrium, plaza, and other public spaces have been renovated.

Site

Custom pedestrian traffic signal pylon, northeast corner of Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street

The Citigroup Center is at 601 Lexington Avenue in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City.[4][3] It takes up the majority of a city block bounded by Lexington Avenue to the west, 54th Street to the north, Third Avenue to the east, and 53rd Street to the south.[5] The land lot covers 70,572 sq ft (6,556.4 m2) with a frontage of 200 ft (61 m) on Lexington Avenue and a depth of 325 ft (99 m).[5] The building shares the block with 880 Third Avenue, an 18-story structure at 53rd Street and Third Avenue.[6] Other nearby buildings include 599 Lexington Avenue to the south, 100 East 53rd Street and the Seagram Building to the southwest, 399 Park Avenue to the west, the Central Synagogue to the northwest, and the Lipstick Building to the east.[5] The New York City Subway's Lexington Avenue/51st Street station is directly underneath the building.[7]

Custom street furniture—including newsstands, flagpoles, and streetlight pylons—was designed for the sidewalks around the Citigroup Center and installed in 1978.[8][9] New Jersey-based company Designetics designed pylons with a cruciform cross-section and street lamps at the top. Seven lighting pylons are placed along the streets that surround the block. Three custom pylons—at the northwest, northeast, and southwest corners of the block[a]—include pedestrian and vehicular traffic lights.[10] The pylons were initially designed with a "glossy black finish" that contrasted with the tower's aluminum facade;[8][9][10] by 2016, they had been painted gray.[8] The New Yorker described the pylons in 2017 as "sculptural towers worthy of Brancusi".[11]

Thirty-one parcels were acquired and cleared to make way for the development.[6][12] The 54th Street frontage was largely occupied by brownstone houses.[13] Some of the other lots contained commercial spaces, ranging from small shops to the upscale Cafe Chauveron.[13][14] The site also included the Medical Chambers on 54th Street, which was owned by a cooperative of doctors.[13][15] St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church was on the northwest corner of the block, at Lexington Avenue and 54th Street;[6][16] its sanctuary was rebuilt when the Citigroup Center was developed.[6][14]

Architecture

A set of three glass and steel buildings. From left to right are 399 Park Avenue, Citigroup Center, and the Seagram Building.
The Citigroup Center as seen from Park Avenue, between 399 Park Avenue to the left and the Seagram Building to the right

The Citigroup Center was designed by architect Hugh Stubbins, along with associate architects Emery Roth & Sons, for the First National City Bank (later Citibank).[4][17][18] Of the other principals at Hugh A. Stubbins & Associates, architect Peter Woytuk was most involved in the design, while project manager W. Easley Hammer oversaw the construction.[19][20] In addition, Edward Larrabee Barnes was the consulting architect,[2][18][20] and LeMessurier Associates and James Ruderman were the structural engineers.[17][21] The general contractor was the HRH Construction Corporation[19][21] (which was acquired by the Starrett Housing Corporation during the building's construction[22]), and the steel contractor was Bethlehem Steel.[21][23] Numerous contractors supplied other material for the building.[24]

Form and facade

Citigroup Center is 59 stories high, with its roof about 915 ft (279 m) above ground level.[1][2][3][b] Excluding unused floor numbers accounting for the raised base, it contains 46 office stories.[27][28] At the time of completion, Citicorp Center was the seventh-tallest building in the world.[25][26] In addition to the primary 59-story tower, there is an annex at 159 East 53rd Street with six[26][29] or seven stories.[30] It extends east to Third Avenue and includes part of the building's shopping concourse.[26][29] The facades of the tower and its annex are designed similarly.[31]

The facade is made of anodized aluminum and reflective glass panels.[31][32][33] Each facade segment measures 12 by 9 ft (3.7 by 2.7 m) and consists of both glass panes and aluminum plates.[34] To conserve energy, each window is composed of two panes; the inner pane is coated with chrome plating.[8][32][33] The windows on each floor are separated by flush aluminum spandrels.[35] The spandrels were manufactured by Flour City Architectural Metals, a firm based in Glen Cove, New York.[31][36] The aluminum is silver-colored, like that on the Pepsi-Cola Building and One Chase Manhattan Plaza, because Stubbins thought a dark color would not allow observers to "see the shade and shadow".[31] The metal panels were fitted with double the amount of insulation considered normal at the time of construction. The aluminum was polished to reflect heat from sunlight.[8][32][33]

Roof

The triangular roof of the Citigroup Center rises 160 ft (49 m) above the top story and faces south, sloping at a 45-degree angle.[26][29][37][c] Before the official plans were announced in 1973, the architects had intended for the roof to contain westside terraces[31][39] for about 100 apartments,[40][41] but the New York City Department of City Planning would not approve a zoning change to permit that use.[28][31][41] The architects then rotated the roof southward[39][42] to accommodate flat-plate solar collectors that could produce hot water, which would be used to dehumidify air and reduce the need for other energy for cooling.[3][43] Starting in February 1975, engineers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology conducted a twelve-month feasibility study for the installation of such a system.[29][44][45] Afterward, the system was scrapped, either because of the smaller-than-expected savings,[46][47][48] the cost of the required refined mechanical systems,[33] disputes with the supplier,[8] or the insufficient energy produced by the system.[49]

Even after the solar-collector plans were scrapped, the design was kept; Stubbins wrote that the roof "relieves the uniformity of flat-topped towers proliferating in the center of the city".[50][51] This made Citicorp Center the first postmodern skyscraper in New York City with an entirely decorative roof.[37][52] The roof was also fitted with solar panels in 1983, when Consolidated Edison and Citibank sponsored a four-year solar panel test.[8][53]

Plaza

View from the plaza

A large plaza, 12 ft (3.7 m) beneath street level, was designed by landscape architect Hideo Sasaki and built along with Citicorp Center.[54] Such a plaza was encouraged by the 1961 Zoning Resolution,[54] which allowed New York City developers additional floor area as a zoning "bonus" for including open space in front of their buildings.[55] While many developers took advantage of the "bonus", the New York City Planning Commission found in 1975 that many of these plazas ranged from "bleak, forlorn places" to those that were "forbidding and downright hostile".[56][57] In response, the City Planning Commission's Urban Design Group was formed in 1967 to determine how to improve plaza designs,[54][58] influencing the commission's decision to modify the zoning laws in 1975.[54][57] The design of the Citigroup Center's plaza was finalized in 1973 before these rule changes were enacted.[54] However, the plaza included many of the same features that were proposed in the rule change, such as an outdoor plaza, a covered pedestrian area, and an arcade running for a city block.[54][59]

The plaza has an area of 6,000 sq ft (560 m2).[60] Under the zoning laws, its presence allowed the tower to be designed with a maximum floor area ratio of 18:1, higher than the 15:1 ratio specified for the area.[28] The plaza is accessed by a set of stairs extending northeast from the corner of Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street.[54][61] On the south side of the plaza is an entrance to the Lexington Avenue/51st Street subway station.[62][63] The Citigroup Center's entrance replaces two previous subway entrances on the sidewalk.[54] The north side of the plaza contains the entrance to St. Peter's Church and the east side contains an entrance to the lower lobby.[64] During the plaza's construction, the developers collaborated with the numerous public agencies that had a stake in the project, including the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which operated the subway station.[35]

The plaza, interior shopping concourse, and sidewalks all initially contained brown brick floor pavers. There was, originally, also a fountain at the center of the plaza, which was designed to conceal noise from the environs, similar to the fountain at nearby Paley Park.[64] That fountain was demolished in 2017.[65]

St. Peter's Lutheran Church

Not to be confused with St. Peter's Church (Manhattan).
St. Peter's Church as seen from the south

At the northwest corner of Citigroup Center is St. Peter's Lutheran Church[8] at 619 Lexington Avenue.[66] The exterior was designed by Stubbins and Hammer, while the interior was furnished by Vignelli Associates.[9][67][68] The church's congregation permitted Citicorp to erect the office tower only if an edifice, structurally unconnected to the tower, were built at the same location as its old building. Andrew Alpern and Seymour Durst characterized the agreement as "ecumenically joining God and mammon to the benefit of both".[14][69] In addition, at least 63 percent of the church was to have "nothing built above it".[68][70] According to Stubbins, the lack of structural connections would give the church a "breathing space" of its own.[71] The church was described by David W. Dunlap in 2004 as the city's "most architecturally successful postwar sanctuary".[72][73]

The structure rises about 60 ft (18 m) above ground[42] and 85 ft (26 m) above the Citigroup Center's plaza.[9][67][68] It has a facade of brown Caledonia granite interspersed with ashlar.[42][67][68] The roof is clad in copper that is coated with lead. The materials were meant to establish a distinct identity for the church while also associating it with the office tower.[9][68] At the top of the church building, a skylight bisects it from southwest to northeast, allowing passersby to look inside.[30][67] A window at the corner of Lexington Avenue and 54th Street also overlooks the pipe organ inside.[68] Stubbins had intended the structure's shape to resemble a pair of hands "held up in prayer with light coming between them".[74] Arnaldo Pomodoro designed a bronze cross for the exterior, which was installed in 1982 and measures 8 ft (2.4 m) tall by 6 ft (1.8 m) wide.[75]

The church's main sanctuary is adjacent to the lower plaza[64][76] and is about 5 ft (1.5 m) beneath the plaza.[64] The sanctuary has movable pews that can seat up to 850 people.[9] There was also a black-box theater, a library, kitchen, daycare center, clergy offices, dressing rooms, choir rooms, and lecture and community rooms.[74] Upon the church's completion, there was a two-manual, two-pedal organ with 2,175 pipes.[77] Inside the church is the 24-seat Chapel of the Good Shepherd (also known as the Nevelson Chapel),[78] which was donated by parishioner Erol Beker[79] and designed by sculptor Louise Nevelson.[76][80] The basement theater was used by the York Theatre.[81] St. Peter's Church also hosts a jazz ministry created by the Rev. John Garcia Gensel, who in 1965 became the Minister to the Jazz Community.[82][83] The jazz ministry has sponsored several programs over the years,[68] such as free jazz performances at the base of the office tower.[84] The church has hosted memorials and funerals for jazz musicians such as Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie, and Thelonious Monk.[68] In 2021, the church was seriously damaged after a broken water main flooded its space.[85][86]

Structural features

Base of the Citigroup Center. St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church is visible to the left below the skyscraper, the location of which necessitated the unusual column locations.

The tower stories are of "trussed tube" construction.[87][88] Each of the tower stories measures 157 by 157 ft (48 by 48 m),[21][89] or 24,600 sq ft (2,290 m2) in total.[90] Within the office stories, the elevator shafts and emergency stairs are embedded in a service core at the center of each story.[91] The core is about 68 by 68 ft (21 by 21 m), while the floor space around the core is just less than 45 ft (14 m) wide.[89] Overall, the Citigroup Center contains 24,000 short tons (21,000 long tons; 22,000 t) of steel, forty percent the amount used in the Empire State Building.[87][92]

Stilts

The tower is supported by four stilts[49] measuring approximately 112 ft (34 m) high with a cross section of 24 by 24 ft (7.3 by 7.3 m).[17][29][61][d] The stilts are underneath the centers of each elevation of the facade, and the building's corners are cantilevered 72 ft (22 m) outward from the core.[23][26][52] According to Stanley Goldstein of LeMessurier's New York City office, stilts at the centers of each elevation would be able to withstand forces from "quartering winds" from the corners, compared to stilts at the corners. Additionally, the stilts allowed the building to have a smaller foundation than in a conventional building of similar size.[89]

Each of the individual stilts is composed of four vertical beams; the outer pairs of beams are much heavier than the inner pairs.[87][94][95] This design prevents the stilt from buckling.[95] Inside the stilts are emergency stairs and mechanical ducts.[87][94] In 2002, following the September 11 attacks the previous year, one of the stilts was reinforced with blast-resistant shields of steel and copper as well as steel bracing.[96][97] There is also an octagonal elevator core in the middle of the building,[31][52][95] which measures 63 by 72 ft (19 by 22 m)[95] and carries half of the building's gravity-related structural loads.[94] Beneath the lowest office story, the core contains only elevators, and the emergency staircases are within the stilts.[95]

Chevrons

Above the stilts, within the walls, are stacked load-bearing braces in the form of inverted chevrons.[25][98] Each elevation of the facade has six chevrons, which are eight stories tall.[23][52][99] The wind loads from each eight-story tier are transferred into the center of the frame, where 60 in-wide (150 cm) "mast column transports" extend the tower's entire height.[89][99] The mast columns are 30 in (760 mm) deep at their bases, tapering to 18 in (460 mm) above the 40th floor. The diagonal beams in each chevron are 14 in (360 mm) deep and connect to spandrel panels at the top of each eight-story tier, which are 36 in (910 mm) deep.[89] The tops of each eight-story tier (where the diagonal beams meet the building's corners) do not have vertical columns, thus preventing wind loads from accumulating at the tower's corners.[30]

The ninth story, the lowest level above the stilts, contains a trussed frame similar to those use in cantilever bridges, where the wind loads are transferred downward into the stilts.[99][100] This story is used as mechanical space.[100]

The chevrons are not visible from the exterior but can be seen from the offices inside;[25][101] this contrasted with structures such as Chicago's John Hancock Center in which the diagonal beams could be seen from the outside.[25][35][39] After Citicorp Center's completion, W. Easley Hammer said he thought it was a mistake to conceal the chevrons,[25] while LeMessurier said that Stubbins had rejected his idea for exposed chevrons.[23][87] The chevrons were originally bolted to each other with over two hundred joints; as built, these posed a serious structural danger.[87][102] Following the Citicorp Center engineering crisis of 1978, workers installed 2 in-thick (5.1 cm) steel plates over each joint.[87][103]

Interior

Public lobby

The tower contains approximately 1.3×10^6 sq ft (120,000 m2) of rentable space.[1] The office annex to the east contains about 270,000 sq ft (25,000 m2) of space.[25] According to the Department of City Planning, the building has a gross floor area of 1,654,020 sq ft (153,663 m2),[5] while, according to The Skyscraper Center, the building has 1,578,883 sq ft (146,683.0 m2).[1]

Base

The Citigroup Center's main entrance lobby is at the middle of the Lexington Avenue frontage, across a footbridge that also provides entrance to St. Peter's Church. The main entrance consists of a double-height glass box, with steel ribs, that is 70 ft (21 m) long. The lobby was constructed as part of a 2010 renovation.[104]

There is a three-story shopping concourse at the base of the stilts, originally called the Market.[49][48][105] The lowest level, corresponding to the lower lobby, includes a plant-filled atrium measuring 85 ft (26 m) high, with a skylight measuring 90 by 100 ft (27 by 30 m).[79][106] The corner of Third Avenue and 54th Street contained an entrance to the lowest level of the shopping concourse, while on 54th Street was an entrance to the second level.[106] The storefronts were designed to blend in with the plaza and street, with similar floor surfaces and transparent exterior walls.[107] Overall, the stores were intended as a commitment to the city, a corporate symbol, and a tourist attraction, according to one of Citicorp's vice presidents, Arthur E. Driscoll.[25][105] From 1987 to 2008, the bank presented a model train exhibition in the space each December.[108] The shopping concourse was renamed The Shops at Citicorp Center in 1995,[109] and it is known as The Atrium as of 2016.[110]

Mechanical features

In the office stories, the elevators and stairs are clustered in a central core.[58] The building contains 20 double-deck elevators,[111][112] which Otis Worldwide constructed for $7 million.[111][113] Although each of the upper or lower decks serves only odd or even floors, visitors can travel between odd and even floors using escalators.[114] Each of the elevators consists of two standard elevator cabs that operate simultaneously in one shaft.[111][112] The elevators cost 25 percent more than standard elevators but allowed for a 24 percent reduction in the floor area taken up by elevators;[115] namely, twenty-six single-deck elevator shafts would have been required otherwise.[90] The Citigroup Center's double-deck elevators were likely the first to be installed in New York City since 1932, when the Cities Service Building was completed.[8][29] In total, the Citigroup Center has 38 elevators.[1]

At Citicorp Center's completion, each tenant received mail from a "supermail" system. Incoming mail was sorted in the basement and transferred via lifts to each floor, where the mail was transported manually to fixed bins.[116] The building also contained 2,500 sensors to monitor the mechanical systems, such as HVAC, lighting, electrical, sprinkler, life-safety, security, and elevator systems.[112] The sloped roof houses mechanical equipment.[33]

The building was intended to be energy-efficient compared to its contemporaries.[17][32][112] Its water supply consisted entirely of cold water;[33] heat from the building's mechanical systems was recirculated to warm the water and the office spaces.[32] The office spaces were cooled with outside air wherever it was practical.[32] The fluorescent light bars in the ceiling, manufactured by Joseph Loring & Associates, were fitted with glass shields to spread artificial light across a wider area.[32][112] Even though the rooftop solar collectors were not installed, the other features were intended to reduce energy use by up to 42 percent, compared with a regular office building of the same size.[93] During the summer, the building used a conventional air-conditioning system, offsetting any energy saved by the heat-deflecting facade.[90]

Citicorp Center was the city's first skyscraper to feature a tuned mass damper (TMD).[25][30][101] Located within the rooftop mechanical space, the TMD is designed to counteract swaying motions due to wind and reduces wind-related movement by up to fifty percent.[87][117][118] The equipment weighs 400 short tons (360 long tons; 360 t) and includes a concrete block measuring 30 by 30 by 6 ft (9.1 by 9.1 by 1.8 m).[21][25][39] The block sits on an oil-coated steel plate and has two spring mechanisms, one each to counteract north–south and east–west movement.[101] The equipment cost around $1.5 million to install.[119] By comparison, it would have cost $5 million[101] to reduce the tower's movement by adding 2,800 short tons (2,500 long tons; 2,500 t) of additional steel.[119]

History

National City Bank was founded in 1812[120] and, for over a century, had its headquarters in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan.[6] The company was headquartered at 52 Wall Street[121] until 1908, when it moved to 55 Wall Street.[122][123] After National City Bank and the Farmers' Loan and Trust Company merged in 1929,[124] the new company, City Bank Farmers Trust, moved into a new structure at 20 Exchange Place, which was completed in 1931,[125] and opened a Midtown office at 399 Park Avenue, one block west of the present Citigroup Center, in 1961.[126]

On the northwestern corner of the Citigroup site was St. Peter's Lutheran Church, which had been founded in 1862 as a German-speaking congregation.[6][e] The previous structure on the site was a Gothic building designed by John G. Michel and P. Brandner,[127] was completed in 1905.[6][16][128] The congregation's previous sanctuary at Lexington Avenue and 46th Street, which it had occupied since 1871, had been demolished in 1902 for the construction of Grand Central Terminal.[6][16] The congregation, which at its peak had a membership of over one thousand, had decreased to below 300 by the 1960s, prompting the congregation to consider relocating to near the United Nations headquarters.[6][16][14]

Development

Site acquisition

The slanted top of 601 Lexington Avenue, in the left foreground, as seen from Rockefeller Center. Other nearby skyscrapers are visible in the right foreground, while the borough of Queens is visible in the distance.
Top of the Citigroup Center (left) as seen from Rockefeller Center

Lots on the St. Peter's block were acquired secretively starting c. 1968 and continuing five and a half years.[6][129] The acquisition was headed by brokers Donald Schnabel and Charles McArthur of Julien J. Studley Inc.[14][130] The brokers believed that a large, contiguous land lot would be worth more than the sum of each lot's individual worth, though the firm had not yet secured a client for which it was purchasing the lots.[130] However, St. Peter's Church's membership was once again increasing and they were loath to part with their property.[16] Subsequently, a Studley broker formed a company called Lexman, which then approached what had become First National City Bank to determine their interest in the St. Peter's block, one block east of their headquarters at the time.[6][12] Lexman gradually acquired the other lots on the block.[129] Robert A. M. Stern and the co-authors of his 2006 book New York 2000 wrote that Citicorp acquired several low- and mid-rise buildings on an adjacent block after its chairman Walter B. Wriston looked out the window and said, "Get rid of those massage parlors."[131] The buildings that Wriston acquired would remain until 1987, when they were replaced with 599 Lexington Avenue.[131]

The brokerage firm again negotiated with St. Peter's congregation in late 1969 after some lots had been acquired.[132] John White, president of James D. Landauer Associates, consultants, proposed that the new structure on the site be a condominium development; i.e. the church would have a partial ownership stake in the new development.[132][133] In February 1970, the congregation signed a letter of intent to sell its building, as well as the air rights above the church,[132][133] to First National City Bank.[134][135] In exchange, the congregation received $9 million and was named as a condominium partner in the tower's development. The congregation saw a $4 million net profit, as its new building cost $5 million.[132][134][136]

By January 1971, Hugh Stubbins & Associates had been hired to develop plans for a large building on the city block, and St. Peter's Church had hired Edward Larrabee Barnes as a design consultant.[15] The Stubbins firm was, at the time, relatively inexperienced in designing high-rise buildings.[14] The New York Times characterized the site as an "annex" to First National City Bank's main building at 399 Park Avenue.[15][132] The congregation of St. Peter's Church voted in May 1971 to approve the sale of its old building and construct a new structure on the same site,[137][138] and they relocated in early 1973 to a temporary location at the Central Presbyterian Church.[139] By July 1973, land acquisition was almost entirely complete,[140] although the last parcel was not acquired until November 1975, when the lot at 884 Third Avenue was purchased.[132] The parcels cost $40 million, making it the most expensive city block on earth at the time.[20][135] The only lot on the block that First National City Bank had not acquired was 880 Third Avenue, which had been completed in 1965, and which the brokers thus considered too new to be demolished.[14]

Construction

In addition to what became the final design, Stubbins and his associates studied at least six alternate proposals for the tower, with varying rooftop designs.[29] Early plans also called for installing stilts underneath each corner.[94] This plan was scrapped because the northwestern stilt would extend into St. Peter's Lutheran Church, and the church wanted its sanctuary to be structurally separate from the tower.[42][94] Plans for the project, then known as Citicorp Center, were publicly disclosed on July 24, 1973.[18][135] The plans called for a 910 ft-tall (280 m) tower with stilts rising 112 ft (34 m) above street level. The project would also include an eight-story office annex, three stories of retail, a landscaped public plaza, and a new church building.[17][18][29] By then, St. Peter's old church building had been demolished,[18] and First National City Bank had become known as Citibank, a subsidiary of Citicorp.[134] St. Peter's pastor Ralph E. Peterson described the project as "a very bold venture in an urban environment".[141] In part because of Peterson's insistence, the plans included a publicly accessible plaza with shopping available.[58] Early plans for the church also called for it to have a cube design;[67] the church's final design, with a diagonal skylight, was announced in April 1974.[74]

Groundbreaking ceremonies for the tower took place in April 1974, though major work did not commence for twelve months.[19] The tower's construction was supervised by Vivian Longo, who, at the building's completion in 1977, was twenty-five years old.[48][142] Citicorp Center was one of the few large structures in Manhattan that were being erected in the mid-1970s.[143] At the peak of construction, three thousand people were employed on the project, and 565 workers were on site simultaneously.[19][39] The steel framework had been completed to the eighteenth floor by the end of 1975[19] and was topped out on October 7, 1976. When the steel frame topped out, officials predicted Citicorp Center would be the only major structure in New York City to be completed in 1977.[25][144]

The cornerstone for the new St. Peter's Church was laid on November 1, 1976.[145] Citibank acquired two buildings at 148 and 152 East 53rd Street, immediately south of the new tower, the next month. The company did not intend to develop the sites of these buildings, but they contained topless bars, which Citibank officials perceived would decrease the value of the tower.[146][147] The bank's vice president for real estate management, Arthur E. Driscoll, had studied vacancy rates at fourteen nearby "prime office buildings" while Citicorp Center was being developed.[148] The first tenants moved to the office building in April 1977.[40] By that August, Citicorp Center was 96 percent rented,[107] even though average rents were higher than in other buildings nearby.[39][40]

Early years

Opening

Viewed from Lexington Avenue

The building was dedicated on October 12, 1977.[19][93] Stubbins gave an opening speech in which he described the building as a "skyscraper for the people".[19][71] At the time of the building's opening, the Market retail complex at the base was almost totally rented.[137] Over three hundred retailers had submitted applications to operate within the space.[107] The majority of the space was rented by household furnishings retailer Conran's, which occupied 40,000 sq ft (3,700 m2),[149] but some of the other retailers included restaurants serving cuisine of various countries.[105] Citibank planned to occupy 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2), or 26 stories, moving its offices to the building from five other addresses in Midtown.[39][40] The remaining stories were occupied by a variety of firms, including those in law and accounting, as well as the Consulate-General of Japan and IBM.[72]

At the time of Citicorp Center's dedication, the final design features of St. Peter's Church were being installed.[150] St. Peter's Church was dedicated on December 3, 1977,[68][151] and the Nevelson Chapel was separately dedicated the same month.[152] Initially, the tower's slanted roof created an ice problem during winter, as snow and ice would slide down the roof onto the sidewalk.[38] Furthermore, the shopping concourse was initially only lightly used and largely unknown to the public.[153] The plaza on Lexington Avenue opened by July 1978.[19] In the complex's early years, St. Peter's Church encountered fiscal deficits because of high utility costs, as well as inflation and lack of investment experience, even though the church earned money from renting out some of the other space it owned at Citicorp Center.[154] By 1980, Citicorp counted 25,000 daily visitors to the shopping concourse, but some of the stores had already closed down because of a lack of patronage.[110][155]

Engineering crisis of 1978

Main article: Citicorp Center engineering crisis

Due to material changes during construction, the building as initially completed was structurally unsound. LeMessurier's original design for the chevron load braces used welded joints. To save money, Bethlehem Steel changed the plans in 1974 to use bolted joints, which was accepted by LeMessurier's office but not known to the engineer himself.[23] Furthermore, LeMessurier originally only needed to calculate wind loads from perpendicular winds, as required under the building code; in typical buildings, loads from quartering winds at the corners would be less.[23][156] In June 1978, after an inquiry from an engineering student,[157][158] LeMessurier recalculated the wind loads on the building with quartering winds.[156] LeMessurier found that quartering winds would significantly increase the load at the bolted joints.[23] After conducting tests on the building's structural safety,[102] he found that a wind capable of toppling Citicorp Center would occur every 55 years on average, or every 16 years with the tuned mass damper powered off.[98]

LeMessurier proposed welding steel plates over the bolted joints, and Karl Koch Erecting was hired for the welding process.[103] Starting in August 1978, construction crews installed the welded panels at night.[87][103] Repairs were completed that October, after which LeMessurier claimed that a wind strong enough to topple the building would occur only once every 700 years.[87][159] The work was not publicized at the time, as it took place during the 1978 New York City newspaper strike and very few people were notified of the issue.[98][103] Since no structural failure occurred, the extent of the engineering crisis was only publicly revealed in a lengthy article in The New Yorker in 1995.[87][160]

1980s and 1990s

Night view of the Citigroup Center (at right) from Rockefeller Center

As completed, Citicorp Center was divided into three separate condominium-style ownership stakes. One condominium was owned by the church, while the other two were 61.55 and 32.85 percent ownership stakes in the office stories.[161] In October 1987, Citicorp sold the 61.55 percent ownership stake (consisting of the 23rd through 59th floors), along with a one-third stake in its former 399 Park Avenue headquarters, to Dai-Ichi Mutual Life Insurance Company for $670 million. Citicorp used the profits from the sale to reduce its losses, which in the first half of 1987 totaled $2.32 billion; it continued to own the remaining stories at Citicorp Center.[162][163] At the time, Citicorp was also developing One Court Square across the East River in the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens.[110][164] The new building in Queens was adjacent to the Court Square–23rd Street subway station, one stop away from the Lexington Avenue–53rd Street station adjoining Citicorp Center and 399 Park Avenue. The arrangement allowed Citicorp to split its offices between the buildings.[164]

The Market shopping atrium fell into disrepair in the two decades following Citicorp Center's completion.[165] In May 1995, Citicorp commenced a $15 million, eighteen-month renovation of the shopping concourse, which was designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects.[110][109] The brick pavers were replaced with terrazzo, new signs were installed outside each storefront, and circulation features, such as the placement of escalators, were rearranged.[110][165][166] The shopping concourse was renamed the Shops at Citicorp Center and bookstore Barnes & Noble was named as the anchor tenant, taking 40,000 sq ft (3,700 m2).[109]

21st century

By late 2000, Dai-Ichi's broker Jones Lang LaSalle had placed the entire Citigroup Center for sale.[167][168] Dai-Ichi arranged with Citigroup, its condominium partner, to jointly sell both condominium shares.[168] Richard and Eric D. Hadar, a father-and-son venture, bid $725 million for Dai-Ichi's ownership stake in January 2001. For the purchase, Eric Hadar had arranged a $525 million first mortgage from Deutsche Bank and a $150 million mezzanine loan from the government of Singapore.[167][169] The sale was delayed after Boston Properties offered to buy Dai-Ichi's stake.[170] Eric Hadar's company, Allied Partners, along with Boston Properties, ultimately finalized their purchase of both condominium shares that April.[171][172] The price was $755 million, including closing costs and taxes, and Citigroup relocated to 399 Park Avenue.[110][173] One of the stilts was structurally reinforced following the September 11 attacks,[96][97] and protective bollards were installed on the sidewalk.[174]

Boston Properties bought Allied Partners' stake in the Citigroup Center in 2006 for $100 million.[175][176] The same year, Boston Properties began rebranding the building as 601 Lexington Avenue.[177] A new Lexington Avenue lobby was constructed and the tower stories' entrance was relocated from 53rd Street to Lexington Avenue.[104][178] In addition, a ramp was installed on 53rd Street and a reception area was added to the northern entrance of St. Peter's Church.[110] The name change became effective in 2010.[110][179][180] Boston Properties was also considering selling naming rights to the building.[181] By 2013, Citigroup only occupied three stories at the Citigroup Center.[182] The next year, Boston Properties sold a 45 percent ownership stake in the Citigroup Center, along with a proportional stake in the Atlantic Wharf Office Building and 100 Federal Street in Boston, to Norges Bank Investment Management for a combined $1.5 billion.[183][184]

In mid-2016, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) proposed protecting twelve buildings in East Midtown, including the Citigroup Center, in advance of proposed changes to the area's zoning.[185] At the time, Boston Properties was contemplating renovations to the building; the company filed alteration plans for the plaza that July,[60] and it was vacating the space in the office annex.[186] On December 6, 2016, the LPC designated the Citigroup Center as a city landmark.[3][187][188] The designation made the Citigroup Center the city's youngest landmark at that time.[187] The same month, Boston Properties announced plans to renovate the office annex, which would be rebranded 159 East 53rd Street.[189] Shortly afterward, in March 2017, Gensler revealed its design for a refurbished entry plaza and a new atrium space.[190][191] That June, work on the plaza commenced; the original fountain, which had been part of the landmark designation, was demolished.[65] All of the space in the 159 East 53rd Street annex was leased to NYU Langone Health in 2018.[192][193] Following the completion of the renovation, in late 2019, Anna Castellani signed a lease for a 10,000 sq ft (930 m2) food hall at the base of the Citigroup Center.[194][195] In October 2019, London-based company etc.venues agreed to operate a 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m2) conference center on the 14th floor.[196]

In December 2021, Boston Properties and Norges Bank Investment Management refinanced the Citigroup Center with a $1 billion mortgage from four banks.[197][198] At the time, the building's office space was 96.3 percent occupied, and the tenants largely included financial firms and law offices.[199] With about 326,000 square feet (30,300 m2) of space, the Blackstone Group was one of the building's largest tenants in 2022.[200][201] Other large tenants by then included Citibank, Kirkland & Ellis, and Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer.[199]

Impact

Reception

Close-up of the base

During Citicorp Center's construction, the building received much media attention; it was one of three new office buildings in Manhattan whose plans were approved in 1974.[72] After the design was announced, Ada Louise Huxtable criticized the design in The New York Times, saying that the quality of the tower's design had been sullied by esthetic and practical considerations.[25][202] As the building was being completed, Huxtable took a less harsh tone, saying that it contained a "clear desire for design quality" despite the drawbacks of the form and roof.[72][203] A writer for the New York Daily News described the building as being a typical New York City office structure that would only attract notice if it were built elsewhere.[204] Suzanne Stephens wrote for New York magazine that the building was simply a modified version of a 1950s skyscraper,[25][90] considering the rooftop and base to be wasteful with space.[90]

After the building's completion, it had mixed reception. Paul Goldberger wrote for The New York Times that the roof was unusual and that the building had a reflective facade and a varied form, but that the overall design was not particularly innovative.[93] Jack Egan wrote similarly for The Washington Post, saying that the building had distinctive design features but did not appeal to either nostalgia or novel innovation.[40] Huxtable regarded the plaza as an architectural success but observed in January 1978 that very few people used it.[153] August Heckscher II, a former New York City parks commissioner, described the interior as "an amenity in which we can all rejoice".[79][110][205] Nevertheless, Heckscher believed the atrium's silver cladding and light fixtures to be unwelcoming and suggestive of the indoors,[79][205] and Stephens said that the benefits of the atrium did not transcend class boundaries.[79][206]

Other critics described Citicorp Center in a largely positive light. John Tauranac described the tower as the "most dramatic new skyscraper" in New York City since the completion of 30 Rockefeller Plaza several decades prior.[72][207] Architectural writer Robert A. M. Stern wrote that Citicorp Center was the summation of the "unique architectural and urbanistic character that made Fifty-third Street at once an enclave within midtown and a microcosm of midtown itself".[14] William H. Whyte particularly praised the structure for juxtaposing design elements such as the exterior plaza and sidewalk.[8] The building was also praised by publications outside the New York City area.[72] The Baltimore Sun described the building as being simultaneously sophisticated and simple-looking,[27] while The Observer of London wrote that the building added to the skyline of Manhattan's East Side.[72]

Awards and use as icon

Upon Citicorp Center's completion, it received several architectural awards. In 1978, the City Club of New York gave the building a Bard Award, which recognized "excellence in architecture and urban design".[208] The same year, the American Institute of Steel Construction gave its Architectural Award of Excellence to the building.[21][72] The American Institute of Architects (AIA) gave the building an Honor Award in 1979,[2][209] and Hugh Stubbins and Associates received the AIA's R.S. Reynolds Memorial Award in 1981 for its use of aluminum in the design of Citicorp Center.[210][211]

The sloped roof of the building has been used for branding purposes. For instance, it is included on the label of Chock full o'Nuts coffee.[212] In addition, in the Manhattan Mini Storage logo, the top left corner of the first letter "M" was sloped like the Citigroup Center.[213]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ The pylons on the northwest, northeast, and southwest corners of the block correspond respectively to the corners of Lexington Avenue and 54th Street; Third Avenue and 54th Street; and Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street.[8]
  2. ^ The height is alternatively cited as 914 ft (279 m).[25][26]
  3. ^ The roof height is alternatively given as 130 ft (40 m).[38]
  4. ^ A New York Times article says that the columns are 114 ft (35 m) high with a cross section of 22 by 22 ft (6.7 by 6.7 m).[93]
  5. ^ Schmertz 1978, p. 112, erroneously states that St. Peter's was founded at Lexington Avenue and 54th Street; the church was established several blocks south at 46th Street.[6][16]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e "Citigroup Center – The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the original on June 15, 2012.
  2. ^ a b c d "601 Lexington Avenue". Emporis. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Landmarks Preservation Commission 2016, p. 1.
  4. ^ a b White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7.
  5. ^ a b c d "601 Lexington Avenue, 10022". New York City Department of City Planning. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Landmarks Preservation Commission 2016, p. 5.
  7. ^ "MTA Neighborhood Maps: Midtown Manhattan". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Landmarks Preservation Commission 2016, p. 11.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 496.
  10. ^ a b Horsley, Carter B. (June 18, 1978). "Pylons as a Way to Cut Clutter". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  11. ^ de Monchaux, Thomas (October 15, 2017). "Let's Not Destroy New York City's Brutalist Masterpieces". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  12. ^ a b Hellman 1974, p. 32.
  13. ^ a b c Hellman 1974, p. 34.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 490.
  15. ^ a b c Whitehouse, Franklin (January 31, 1971). "Bank Assembling Site". The New York Times. p. R7. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 119118595.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Hellman 1974, p. 31.
  17. ^ a b c d e "Manhattan's Fifth Tallest Building Is Designed for Energy Conservation" (PDF). AIA Journal. Vol. 60, no. 4. October 1973. pp. 11, 61. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  18. ^ a b c d e "Plan for Skyscraper On Lexington Ave. Detailed by Citibank". The New York Times. July 25, 1973. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h Landmarks Preservation Commission 2016, p. 7.
  20. ^ a b c Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, pp. 490–492.
  21. ^ a b c d e f "Architectural Awards of Excellence" (PDF). American Institute of Steel Construction. 1978. p. 17. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  22. ^ Horsley, Carter B. (April 22, 1977). "H.R.H. to Become Starrett Subsidiary In Merger Accord". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g Morgenstern 1995, p. 46.
  24. ^ Progressive Architecture 1978, p. 106.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 493.
  26. ^ a b c d e f Architectural Record 1976, p. 66.
  27. ^ a b Marlin, William (June 24, 1979). "Citicorp—2 years old and still astonishing". Baltimore Sun. p. D17. ProQuest 1027853954.
  28. ^ a b c Progressive Architecture 1978, p. 55.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 492.
  30. ^ a b c d Žaknić, Ivan; Smith, Matthew; Rice, Dolores B.; Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (1998). 100 of the world's tallest buildings. Gingko Press. p. 150. ISBN 3-927258-60-1. OCLC 40110184.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g Landmarks Preservation Commission 2016, p. 8.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g Parisi, Anthony J. (October 29, 1977). "Tower Uses Energy Efficiently". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 21, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  33. ^ a b c d e f Engineering News-Record 1976, p. 68.
  34. ^ "Technics: exterior wall panels" (PDF). Progressive Architecture. Vol. 59, no. 2. February 1978. p. 85. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  35. ^ a b c Schmertz 1978, p. 115.
  36. ^ Horsley, Carter B. (March 16, 1980). "Citicorp's Skyscraper 'Weathering'; Tower is 'Weathering'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  37. ^ a b Stichweh, Dirk (2016). New York Skyscrapers. Prestel Publishing. p. 113. ISBN 978-3-7913-8226-5. OCLC 923852487.
  38. ^ a b "Top of Citicorp Center Poses an Icy Problem". The New York Times. January 22, 1978. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 28, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g Horsley, Carter B. (September 19, 1976). "A New Wrinkle On the City's Skyline". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  40. ^ a b c d e Egan, Jack (October 15, 1977). "Citicorp Center Takes Its Place In Manhattan". The Washington Post. p. E1. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 146641095.
  41. ^ a b Schmertz 1978, p. 108.
  42. ^ a b c d Kanno-Youngs, Zolan (June 2, 2016). "The Intersection of Church and Bank". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  43. ^ Loring-Meckler Associates, Inc.; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (June 1977), "Solar Energy Dehumidification Experiment on the Citicorp Center Building" (PDF), Massachusetts Inst. Of Tech. Report, National Science Foundation, Bibcode:1977mit..rept......, archived (PDF) from the original on March 5, 2016, retrieved August 5, 2017
  44. ^ Associated Press (February 5, 1975). "MIT To Run Solar Energy Design Project". The Hartford Courant. p. 55. ProQuest 542764559.
  45. ^ "MIT Team Will Lead Major Solar Study" (PDF). Architectural Record. Vol. 157. March 1975. p. 35. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  46. ^ Carroll, Robert (February 4, 1976). "Skyscraper Drops Solar-Energy Plans". New York Daily News. p. 33. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021 – via newspapers.com.
  47. ^ "Citiscraper". The New York Times. March 14, 1976. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  48. ^ a b c Wallach, Amei (January 15, 1978). "New space for people in a Midtown tower". Newsday. p. 15A. ProQuest 964527480.
  49. ^ a b c Berenholtz, Richard; Reynolds, Donald M. (1988). Manhattan architecture. New York: Prentice Hall Press. p. 194. ISBN 0-13-551987-X. OCLC 17732386.
  50. ^ Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, pp. 492–493.
  51. ^ Stubbins, Hugh (1976). Architecture, the design experience. New York: Wiley. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-471-83482-3. OCLC 1974044.
  52. ^ a b c d Nash, Eric (2005). Manhattan Skyscrapers. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-56898-652-4. OCLC 407907000.
  53. ^ Associated Press (September 23, 1983). "Solar Study Starts On Citicorp's Roof". The New York Times. p. B5. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 122163019.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g h Landmarks Preservation Commission 2016, p. 10.
  55. ^ Kayden, Jerold S.; The Municipal Art Society of New York (2000). Privately Owned Public Space: The New York City Experience. Wiley. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-471-36257-9.
  56. ^ City Planning Commission (1975). New life for plazas. City of New York. p. 5. OCLC 2407010. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  57. ^ a b Fowler, Glenn (April 17, 1975). "City Planning Unit Moving to Create 'Hunan' Open Space at Skyscrapers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  58. ^ a b c Schmertz 1978, p. 114.
  59. ^ Schmertz 1978, pp. 114–115.
  60. ^ a b Wachs, Audrey (April 29, 2017). "Landmarks cites nonexistent permits for iconic Citicorp Center plaza". The Architect's Newspaper. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  61. ^ a b Schmertz 1978, p. 116.
  62. ^ Morrone, Francis (2009). Architectural Guidebook to New York City. Gibbs Smith. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-4236-1116-5. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  63. ^ "MTA Neighborhood Maps: Midtown" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  64. ^ a b c d Landmarks Preservation Commission 2016, pp. 10–11.
  65. ^ a b Wachs, Audrey (June 22, 2017). "Landmarked Sasaki fountain at Citicorp demolished". The Architect's Newspaper. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  66. ^ "St. Peter's Church". Time Out New York. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  67. ^ a b c d e Goldberger, Paul (December 5, 1977). "No Taint of Materialism in Church Design at Bank Center". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  68. ^ a b c d e f g h i Landmarks Preservation Commission 2016, p. 12.
  69. ^ Alpern, Andrew; Durst, Seymour (2011). Holdouts!: the buildings that got in the way. Old York Foundation Distributed by David R. Godine, Publisher. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-56792-443-5. OCLC 722452921.
  70. ^ Montgomery, Paul L. (May 24, 1971). "Office Complexto House An Old East Side Church". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  71. ^ a b Stubbins, Hugh (November 1, 1977). "A skyscraper for people". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 27. ProQuest 512069750.
  72. ^ a b c d e f g h Landmarks Preservation Commission 2016, p. 13.
  73. ^ Dunlap, David W. (2004). From Abyssinian to Zion: A Guide to Manhattan's Houses of Worship. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 241. ISBN 0-231-12543-7.
  74. ^ a b c Horsley, Carter B. (April 8, 1974). "An Office Tower on Columns Designed for Church Facility". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  75. ^ Haberman, Clyde; Johnston, Laurie (November 5, 1982). "A Cross for St. Peter's". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  76. ^ a b Schmertz 1978, p. 112.
  77. ^ Hughes, Allen (December 9, 1977). "Music: St. Peter's Pipe Organ". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  78. ^ Cascone, Sarah (December 9, 2020). "A Little-Known New York Gem, Louise Nevelson's Chapel, Is Launching a $6 Million Fundraising Campaign to Refurbish Its Sculptural Interior". Artnet News. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  79. ^ a b c d e Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 495.
  80. ^ "Louise Nevelson". Nevelson Chapel. April 30, 2018. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  81. ^ "York Theatre Company at St. Peter's Church". Time Out New York. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  82. ^ "Pastor's Calling Takes Him to Jazz; Rev. John Gensel to Counsel Musicians Full Time". The New York Times. April 25, 1965. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  83. ^ Hentoff, Nat (April 27, 2005). "This Pastor to the Jazz World Tended Bar to Tend His Flock". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on December 23, 2017. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  84. ^ Wilson, John S. (June 11, 1978). "Free Jazz at Citicorp Center". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  85. ^ "Water Main Break Causes Serious Damage At Midtown Church". CBS News. January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2022.
  86. ^ "Saint Peter's Church in Manhattan suffers significant damage after water main break". ABC7 New York. January 5, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2022.
  87. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Landmarks Preservation Commission 2016, p. 9.
  88. ^ LeMessurier, William J. (1979). Hugh Stubbins: architecture in the spirit of the times. Tokyo: Process Architecture. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-89860-011-7. OCLC 6044418. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  89. ^ a b c d e Engineering News-Record 1976, p. 69.
  90. ^ a b c d e Stephens, Suzanne (September 19, 1977). "The Architectural Artifact". New York Magazine. Vol. 10. pp. 46–47. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  91. ^ Schmertz 1978, p. 111.
  92. ^ Morgenstern 1995, p. 47.
  93. ^ a b c d Goldberger, Paul (October 12, 1977). "Citicorp's Center Reflects Synthesis of Architecture". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  94. ^ a b c d e Architectural Record 1976, p. 69.
  95. ^ a b c d e Engineering News-Record 1976, p. 70.
  96. ^ a b O'Driscoll, Patrick (September 25, 2002). "High-rises remain vulnerable after 9/11". USA Today. Archived from the original on September 14, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
  97. ^ a b Glanz, James; Lipton, Eric (August 15, 2002). "A Midtown Skyscraper Quietly Adds Armor". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  98. ^ a b c Werner, Joel (April 17, 2014). "The Design Flaw That Almost Wiped Out an NYC Skyscraper". Slate. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
  99. ^ a b c Architectural Record 1976, p. 68.
  100. ^ a b Engineering News-Record 1976, pp. 69–70.
  101. ^ a b c d Architectural Record 1976, p. 70.
  102. ^ a b Morgenstern 1995, pp. 46–47.
  103. ^ a b c d Morgenstern 1995, p. 50.
  104. ^ a b "601 Lexington Ave". Architect. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  105. ^ a b c Ferretti, Fred (June 4, 1976). "Lexington Avenue Mall Being Planned as a U.N. of Food". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 8, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  106. ^ a b Progressive Architecture 1978, p. 57.
  107. ^ a b c "Realty News". The New York Times. August 21, 1977. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  108. ^ "Citi model train display comes to end of the line". Reuters. December 10, 2008. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
  109. ^ a b c "Postings: $15 Million Makeover Set for Retail Plaza; Citicorp Center Gets a Redesign". The New York Times. May 7, 1995. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  110. ^ a b c d e f g h i Landmarks Preservation Commission 2016, p. 14.
  111. ^ a b c "Otis Elevator Gets Order Of $7 Million From Citicorp". The Wall Street Journal. April 2, 1974. p. 38. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 133924177.
  112. ^ a b c d e Progressive Architecture 1978, p. 34.
  113. ^ "In Short". New York Daily News. April 2, 1974. p. 187. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021 – via newspapers.com.
  114. ^ Mackay, D.A. (2010). The Building of Manhattan. Dover Architecture. Dover Publications. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-486-47317-8. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  115. ^ Ron, Scherer (November 4, 1975). "The ups and downs of elevator technology: Design emphasis on efficiency, good service". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 19. ProQuest 511862879.
  116. ^ "Office buildings" (PDF). Progressive Architecture. Vol. 59, no. 7. July 1978. p. 90. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  117. ^ Greer, William R. (October 24, 1982). "Rx for Swaying Skyscrapers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
  118. ^ Brady, Sean (December 8, 2015). "Citicorp Center Tower: how failure was averted". Engineers Journal. Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  119. ^ a b Connor, Jerome J. (2003). "Chapter 4: Tuned Mass Damper Systems" (PDF). Introduction to Structural Motion Control. Prentice Hall Pearson Education. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-13-009138-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
  120. ^ Bonner, William T. (1924). New York the World's Metropolis. Commemorative Edition. pp. 407–408. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  121. ^ Trescott, Paul (1982). Financing American Enterprise: the Story of Commercial Banking. Greenwood Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-313-23576-4. OCLC 8451784.
  122. ^ "City Bank Moves to Its New Home: $70,000,000 Cash and $500,000,000 Securities Transferred Without the Slightest Hitch". The New York Times. December 20, 1908. p. 3. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 96796221.
  123. ^ van B. Cleveland, Harold & Huertas, Thomas F. (1985). Citibank 1812–1970. Harvard University Press. p. 54. ISBN 9780674131750.
  124. ^ Hansen, Bradley A. (2009). Institutions, Entrepreneurs, and American Economic History: How the Farmers' Loan and Trust Company Shaped the Laws of Business from 1822 to 1929. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-230-61913-5. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  125. ^ "City Bank Farmers Trust Company Visited By 3,851 an Hour to Inspect Its New Home". The New York Times. February 25, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 3, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  126. ^ Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. p. 1399. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2.
  127. ^ "Lexington Av. Church". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 71, no. 1873. May 30, 1903. p. 1079. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved April 3, 2021 – via columbia.edu.
  128. ^ "Status of New Buildings". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 75, no. 1933. April 1, 1905. p. 684. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 3, 2021 – via columbia.edu.
  129. ^ a b Hellman 1974, p. 33.
  130. ^ a b Hellman 1974, pp. 31–32.
  131. ^ a b Stern, Robert A. M.; Fishman, David; Tilove, Jacob (2006). New York 2000: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Bicentennial and the Millennium. New York: Monacelli Press. p. 520. ISBN 978-1-58093-177-9. OCLC 70267065. OL 22741487M.
  132. ^ a b c d e f Landmarks Preservation Commission 2016, p. 6.
  133. ^ a b Hellman 1974, pp. 34–35.
  134. ^ a b c Louviere, Vernon (August 1974). "Panorama of the nation's business: A "Condominium Church" Amid the Skyscrapers". Nation's Business. Vol. 62, no. 8. p. 25. ProQuest 231679470.
  135. ^ a b c Hellman 1974, p. 37.
  136. ^ Hellman 1974, p. 35.
  137. ^ a b Brozan, Nadine (October 4, 1977). "The Citicorp Center: A Complex Complex". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  138. ^ Montgomery, Paul L. (May 24, 1971). "Office Complex to House An Old East Side Church: Office Complex to Hold Church From Which It Is Acquiring Site". The New York Times. p. 33. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 119223293.
  139. ^ Johnston, Laurie (March 5, 1973). "Church Moves in a Procession Up Park". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  140. ^ "Sommer and Bing & Bing Close Deal: News of the Realty Trade Assemblage Complete Corrections Executives Named". The New York Times. July 8, 1973. p. 266. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 119850906.
  141. ^ "Citibank Includes Church In New York Tower Plan". The Wall Street Journal. July 23, 1973. p. 3. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 133826603.
  142. ^ Gottlieb, Martin (September 19, 1977). "She Draws The Interest At Citicorp". New York Daily News. p. 155. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021 – via newspapers.com.
  143. ^ Oser, Alan S. (September 24, 1975). "About Real Estate: It's Ironworkers' Day at Citicorp Center". The New York Times. p. 73. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 120655578.
  144. ^ "Executives and Workmen Celebrate Topping Out Of the Citicorp Center". The New York Times. October 7, 1976. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  145. ^ "Cornerstone Ceremonies". New York Daily News. November 1, 1976. p. 330. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021 – via newspapers.com.
  146. ^ Andrews, Mark (December 14, 1976). "Bank Reaches for Topless Neighbors". New York Daily News. p. 5. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021 – via newspapers.com.
  147. ^ Kaiser, Charles (December 14, 1976). "Citibank Buying Buildings to Keep Sex Shops Away From Its Offices". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  148. ^ Tomasson, Robert E. (April 13, 1975). "Big Banks in City Expanding". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  149. ^ Hammel, Lisa (October 4, 1977). "Conran, the First Kid on Citicorp's dock, Celebrates Opening of His First U.S. Store". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 21, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  150. ^ Vecsey, George (October 16, 1977). "Citicorp Towers Over. St. Peter's But the Church Is Not in Shadow". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  151. ^ Wilson, John S. (December 2, 1977). "Jazz in Church From Vespers to Matins". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  152. ^ Kramer, Hilton (December 14, 1977). "Nevelsons Enhance Chapel". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 20, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  153. ^ a b Huxtable, Ada Louise (January 26, 1978). "The Sabotaging of Public Space". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  154. ^ Austin, Charles (March 2, 1981). "Church at Citicorp Center Is Facing Fiscal Trouble". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 25, 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  155. ^ "Trials of a Skyscraper Mall; Many Tenants Are Dissatisfied With Citicorp" (PDF). The New York Times. June 28, 1980. p. B1. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  156. ^ a b McGinn, Robert (2018). The Ethical Engineer: Contemporary Concepts and Cases. Princeton University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-4008-8910-5. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  157. ^ Vardaro, Michael. "Case Study: The Citicorp Center Design". AIA Trust. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
  158. ^ "William LeMessurier – The Fifty-Nine-Story Crisis: A Lesson in Professional Behavior". Online Ethics. May 29, 1995. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  159. ^ Morgenstern 1995, p. 53.
  160. ^ Morgenstern 1995, p. 45.
  161. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2016, pp. 13–14.
  162. ^ Lowenstein, Roger (October 5, 1987). "Citicorp to Sell Part of Two Buildings For $670 Million to Japanese Insurer". The Wall Street Journal. p. 1. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 398051233.
  163. ^ Berg, Eric N. (October 3, 1987). "Citicorp Selling Part Offers Headquarter". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  164. ^ a b DePalma, Anthony (August 7, 1988). "A Giant to Dominate Low-Rise Queens". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 12, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  165. ^ a b Deutsch, Claudia H. (June 16, 1996). "Commercial Property/The Shops at Citicorp Center;Giving Wings to a Camel Helps It Over the Hump". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  166. ^ Reyes, Sonia (June 24, 1996). "Citicorp talks shop". New York Daily News. p. 555. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021 – via newspapers.com.
  167. ^ a b Grant, Peter (January 24, 2001). "Plots & Ploys: Citigroup Center Sale". The Wall Street Journal. p. B12. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 2074397918.
  168. ^ a b Croghan, Lore (October 23, 2000). "Citigroup Center goes on block". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 16, no. 43. p. 1. ProQuest 219151100.
  169. ^ Bagli, Charles V. (January 25, 2001). "Well-Known Skyscraper Sold to Little-Known Family". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  170. ^ Bagli, Charles V. (February 8, 2001). "Deal on Citigroup Tower Puts Buyer in the Real Estate Big Leagues". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 20, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  171. ^ Bagli, Charles V. (April 25, 2001). "$725 Million Sale of Citigroup Tower Expected". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  172. ^ "Boston Properties Completes Acquisition of Citigroup Center" (Press release). Boston Properties. April 25, 2001. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  173. ^ "Boston Properties Completes Citigroup Center Buy". The Weekly. April 26, 2001. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
  174. ^ Smith, Ray A. (February 19, 2003). "Builders Try to Make More Secure Towers That Please the Eye". Wall Street Journal. p. A6. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 308508821.
  175. ^ "Boston Properties to buy out N.Y. skyscraper partner for $100M". Boston Business Journal. May 8, 2006. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  176. ^ "Boston Properties to Buy Remaining Stake in Citigroup Center". Commercial Real Estate Direct. May 10, 2006. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  177. ^ Rubinstein, Dana (December 12, 2008). "'Citigroup Center' To Become Scintillating '601 Lexington Ave.'". Observer. Archived from the original on June 15, 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  178. ^ "JLL to Lease Renamed 601 Lexington Avenue" (Press release). Jones Lang Lasalle. June 24, 2009. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
  179. ^ "Frank Stella at the Atrium Shops and Cafes at Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street, New York, NY (Formerly Citigroup Center)" (Press release). Boston Properties, Inc. November 23, 2009. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
  180. ^ Rubinstein, Dana (December 12, 2008). "'Citigroup Center' To Become Scintillating '601 Lexington Ave.'". Observer. Archived from the original on June 15, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  181. ^ "Boston Properties set to re-name Citigroup". BNET. September 22, 2010. Archived from the original on September 22, 2010. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
  182. ^ "Citi Doesn't Live Here Anymore as Name Comes Off NYC Skyscraper". Business Standard. Bloomberg News. January 29, 2013. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  183. ^ "Boston Properties sells $1.5B package to Norway". Real Estate Weekly. September 17, 2014. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  184. ^ "Boston Properties Completes the Sale of a 45% Interest in Each of 601 Lexington Avenue, Atlantic Wharf Office Building and 100 Federal Street" (Press release). Boston Properties. October 30, 2014. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  185. ^ Hurowitz, Noah (May 10, 2016). "12 Midtown East Buildings Are Up for Landmark Consideration, City Says". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  186. ^ Bautista, Christian Brazil (September 21, 2016). "Boston Properties to close 601 Lexington Avenue mall until 2018". Real Estate Weekly. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  187. ^ a b Walker, Ameena (December 7, 2016). "Former Citicorp Center is now NYC's youngest landmark building". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  188. ^ Cohen, Michelle (December 7, 2016). "Former Citicorp Center is the city's newest landmarked building". 6sqft. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  189. ^ "Boston Properties embarks on big renovation of little building". Crain's New York Business. December 6, 2016. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  190. ^ Lynch, Patrick (March 28, 2017). "Gensler to Complete 200,000-Square-Foot Renovation of New York's Citicorp Center". ArchDaily. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
  191. ^ "Citicorp building, AKA, 601 Lexington Avenue, due for Gensler revamp". The Architect's Newspaper. March 15, 2017. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  192. ^ Bockmann, Rich (February 15, 2018). "NYU Langone nearing 200K sf deal at former Citigroup Center". The Real Deal New York. Archived from the original on February 15, 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  193. ^ Rothstein, Matthew (February 15, 2018). "Report: NYU Langone Nears Deal For Big Lease At Former Citigroup Complex". Bisnow. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  194. ^ "DeKalb Market Creator Bringing Food Hall to Citigroup Building". The Real Deal New York. August 21, 2019. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  195. ^ Alexa, Alexandra (March 10, 2017). "DeKalb Market founder tapped to create new food hall in Midtown's Citigroup building". 6sqft. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  196. ^ Baird-Remba, Rebecca (October 4, 2019). "Etc.venues Plans Conference Center at 601 Lexington Avenue". Commercial Observer. Retrieved October 22, 2022.
  197. ^ Burke, Mack (December 14, 2021). "Boston Properties Lands $1B Loan on 601 Lexington Avenue in Midtown". Commercial Observer. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
  198. ^ Walter-Warner, Holden (December 15, 2021). "Boston Properties Nabs $1B Loan at 601 Lexington Ave". The Real Deal New York. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
  199. ^ a b Jones, Orion (April 21, 2022). "What Tenants Pay at Boston Properties' 601 Lexington Avenue". The Real Deal New York. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
  200. ^ "Available Manhattan office space remains sky high". Crain's New York Business. July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 15, 2022.
  201. ^ Hallum, Mark (April 18, 2022). "Blackstone Expands by 200K SF at 601 Lexington Avenue". Commercial Observer. Retrieved July 15, 2022.
  202. ^ Huxtable, Ada Louise (January 6, 1974). "The New Urban Image? Look Down, Not Up". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  203. ^ Huxtable, Ada Louise (June 5, 1977). "Architecture View". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  204. ^ Reel, William (December 16, 1977). "East side, West side, all over town". New York Daily News. p. 165. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2021 – via newspapers.com.
  205. ^ a b Heckscher, August (December 22, 1977). "Design Notebook;". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  206. ^ Progressive Architecture 1978, pp. 54, 58.
  207. ^ Tauranac, John (1979). Essential New York: a guide to the history and architecture of Manhattan's important buildings, parks, and bridges. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. ISBN 978-0-03-042626-1. OCLC 4494970. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  208. ^ Goldberger, Paul (June 6, 1978). "Diversity Marks Architecture Awards". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  209. ^ Goldberger, Paul (April 29, 1979). "A.I.A. Prizes Go to the Grand and the Modest". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  210. ^ "The 25th R.S. Reynolds Memorial Award was presented to Hugh Stubbins and Associates, Inc" (PDF). Architectural Record. Vol. 63, no. 7. p. 33. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  211. ^ "Citicorp Center Honored for Its Use of Aluminum". Los Angeles Times. May 31, 1981. p. I16. ProQuest 152788273.
  212. ^ Barron, James (June 19, 2004). "Lost Towers, Reflected in a Can". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
  213. ^ Anderson, L.V. (September 11, 2012). "In These Company Logos, the Twin Towers Still Stand". Slate. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2021.

Sources

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Citigroup Center.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citigroup_Center&oldid=1194947045"