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Independent Subway System

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Independent Subway System
A New York Transit Museum excursion train set of Arnines on the BMT Brighton Line
Overview
StatusIncorporated into the New York City Subway
OwnerCity of New York
Service
Operator(s)New York City Transit Authority
Depot(s)Concourse Yard, Jamaica Yard, Pitkin Yard, 207th Street Yard
Rolling stockR32, R46, R68, R68A, R160, R179
History
Opened1932
Technical
Track gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Minimum radius(?)
Route map
The sections of the IND and the date each was opened.

The Independent Subway System (IND or ISS), formerly known as the Independent City-Owned Subway System (ICOS) or the Independent City-Owned Rapid Transit Railroad,[1] was a rapid transit rail system in New York City that is now part of the New York City Subway.[2] It was first constructed as the Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan in 1932.[3]

One of three rail networks that became part of the modern New York City subway, the IND was intended to be fully owned and operated by the municipal government, in contrast to the privately operated or jointly funded Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) companies. It was merged with these two networks in 1940.[1]

The original IND service lines are the modern subway's A, B, C, D, E, F, G and M services. In addition, the BMT's N, Q and R now run partly on IND trackage. The Rockaway Park Shuttle supplements the A service. For operational purposes, the IND and BMT lines and services are referred to jointly as the B Division.[1]

Nomenclature

Independent Subway mosaics sign at 14th Street station on the Sixth Avenue Line, before V train service at this station was replaced by M train service

Until 1940, it was known as the Independent City-Owned Subway System (ICOS), Independent Subway System (ISS), or Independent City-Owned Rapid Transit Railroad. It became known as the IND after unification of the subway lines in 1940; the name IND was assigned to match the three-letter acronyms that the IRT and BMT used.[1]

The first IND line was the Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan, opened on September 10, 1932; for a while the whole system was colloquially known as the Eighth Avenue Subway. The original IND system was entirely underground in the four boroughs that it served, with the exception of a short section of the IND Culver Line containing two stations spanning the Gowanus Canal in the Gowanus section of Brooklyn.[1]

History

See also: Mayor Hylan's plan for the IND

In the early 1920s, Mayor John Hylan proposed a complex series of city-owned and operated rapid transit lines to compete with the BMT and IRT, especially their elevated lines.[4][5] The New York City Transit Commission was formed in 1921 to develop a plan to reduce overcrowding on the subways. The original plans included:[1]

These lines were completely built as planned. All but a short portion of the Culver Line (over the Gowanus Canal) are underground.[1]

On March 14, 1925, the groundbreaking of the Eighth Avenue subway took place at 123rd Street and St. Nicholas Avenue.[1]

On July 8, 1931, the first train of R1s left Coney Island at 11:35am and ran via the BMT Sea Beach Line to Times Square. The trip took 42 minutes.[1]

Opening and progress through 1933

First Manhattan trunk line, 1932

World Trade Center station

On September 10, 1932, the Eighth Avenue Line opened from 207th Street to Chambers Street, inaugurating the IND. In February 1933 the Cranberry Street Tunnel opened, along with the Eighth Avenue Line from Chambers Street to Jay Street–Borough Hall. On the northern end of the construction, in the Bronx, the connecting Concourse Line opened on July 1, 1933 from 205th Street to 145th Street.[3] On the IND's opening day, it had a relatively small subway car fleet of 300 cars, while the IRT had 2,281 subway and 1,694 elevated cars, and the BMT had 2,472 cars.[1]

The new IND Eighth Avenue Line was built using 1,000,000 cubic yards (27,000,000 cu ft) of concrete and 150,000 short tons (140,000,000 kg) of steel. The roadbed of the new subway was expected to last 30 years.[1] At the time of the line's opening, other portions of the Independent Subway System were under construction, including five underwater tunnels:[1]

There was some vandalism on the IND Eighth Avenue Line's opening day, as some of the uptown stations were broken into by people who clogged turnstile slots with gum and other objects. Two months after the IND opened for business, three exits from the 96th Street and 103rd Street stations – at 95th and 97th Streets and at 105th Street, respectively – were closed due to theft.[1]

First branch lines

Map of the IND system from 1939.

The Queens Boulevard Line, also referred to as the Long Island City−Jamaica Line, Fifty-third Street−Jamaica Line, and Queens Boulevard−Jamaica Line prior to opening,[6][7][8] was of the original lines of the city-owned Independent Subway System (IND), planned to stretch between the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan and 178th Street and Hillside Avenue in Jamaica, Queens.[6][8][9]

The first section of the line, west from Roosevelt Avenue to 50th Street, opened on August 19, 1933.[10] E trains ran local to Hudson Terminal (today's World Trade Center) in Manhattan, while the GG (predecessor to current G service) ran as a shuttle service between Queens Plaza and Nassau Avenue on the IND Crosstown Line, which opened on the same day.[11][12][13][14][15][16]

The Cranberry Street Tunnel, extending the Eighth Avenue express tracks east under Fulton Street to Jay Street–Borough Hall in Brooklyn, was opened for the morning rush hour on February 1, 1933.[17] Until June 24, 1933, High Street was skipped.[1]

The first short section of the IND Culver Line opened on March 20, 1933, taking Eighth Avenue Express A trains (and for about a month from July to August C trains) south from Jay Street to Bergen Street.[18][19] The rest of the line opened on October 7, 1933 to the "temporary" terminal at Church Avenue,[18][20] three blocks away from the Culver elevated at Ditmas Avenue.[21][22] In 1936, the A was rerouted to the IND Fulton Street Line and E trains from the Queens Boulevard Line replaced them.[18]

Second Manhattan trunk line, 1936–1940

The first part of the IND Sixth Avenue Line, or what was then known as the Houston–Essex Street Line, began operations at noon on January 1, 1936 with two local tracks from a junction with the Washington Heights, Eighth Avenue and Church Street Line (Eighth Avenue Line) south of West Fourth Street–Washington Square east under Houston Street and south under Essex Street to a temporary terminal at East Broadway. E trains, which ran from Jackson Heights, Queens to Hudson Terminal, were shifted to the new line to East Broadway.[23] Two express tracks were built on the portion under Houston Street until Essex Street-Avenue A; the tracks were intended to travel under the East River and connect with the never-built IND Worth Street Line in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.[24][25][26][27]

Just after midnight on April 9, 1936, trains began running under the East River via the Rutgers Street Tunnel, which connected the Houston-Essex Street Line with the north end of the Jay–Smith–Ninth Street Line at a junction with the Eighth Avenue Line north of Jay Street–Borough Hall. E trains were sent through the connection to Church Avenue. Simultaneously, the Fulton Street Line was opened to Rockaway Avenue and the A and C trains, which had used Smith Street, were rerouted to Fulton Street.[28][29]

During construction, streetcar service along Sixth Avenue was terminated. The city had the choice of either restoring it upon the completion of construction or abandoning it immediately. As the city wanted to tear down the IRT Sixth Avenue Line right away and save on the costs of shoring it up while construction proceeded underneath it, the IRT Sixth Avenue Line was purchased for $12.5 million and terminated by the city on December 5, 1938.

On December 15, 1940, local subway service began on Sixth Avenue from the West Fourth Street subway station to the 47-50th Street subway station with track connections to the IND 53rd Street Line.[30] The Sixth Avenue Line's construction cost $59,500,000. The following routes were added with the opening of service:

Express service wasn't begun until 1968, after the Chrystie Street Connection opened.[1]

More branch lines open

The Fulton Street Line was opened from Jay Street to Rockaway Avenue on April 9, 1936, including the stub terminal at Court Street. A shuttle was operated between Court Street and Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets.[28][31]

On December 31, 1936, the Queens Boulevard Line was extended from Roosevelt Avenue to Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike.[32][33][34][10]

The Queens Boulevard Line was extended to Hillside Avenue and 178th Street, with a terminal station at 169th Street on April 24, 1937.[11][33][35][36] That day, express service began on the Queens Boulevard Line during rush hours, with E trains running express west of 71st–Continental Avenues, and GG trains taking over the local during rush hours.[37][38] The initial headway for express service was between three and five minutes.[39]

Smith–Ninth Streets

The entire Crosstown Line was completed and connected to the IND Culver Line on July 1, 1937, whereupon the GG was extended in both directions to Smith–Ninth Streets and Forest Hills–71st Avenue.[1][40]

From April 30, 1939 to October 28, 1940, the Queens Boulevard Line served the 1939 New York World's Fair via the World's Fair Railroad. The World's Fair line ran via a connection through the Jamaica Yard and through Flushing Meadows–Corona Park along the current right-of-way of the Van Wyck Expressway.[12][33][41] After calls from public officials such as Queens Borough President George Harvey to make the line a permanent connection to Flushing and northern Queens, the line was demolished in 1941.[12]

Proposed expansion

Main article: Proposed New York City Subway expansion

Mayor John Hylan proposed some never-built lines in 1922 even before the first leg of the IND was completed. These lines included:[1]

  • A West Side trunk line in Manhattan between 14th Street and the city limits at Yonkers. The line would be 4 tracks between 14th Street and 162nd Street, 3 tracks to Dyckman Street, and 2 tracks to the terminal. There would be a two-track spur from 162nd Street to 190th Street via Amsterdam Avenue. From 14th Street, the line would split; two tracks would connect to the BMT Canarsie Line and two tracks would continue south to a loop at Battery Park and an East River tunnel to Atlantic Avenue and Hicks Street, Brooklyn. Supposedly, there was also a plan of a line to Red Hook.
  • A trunk line, 4 tracks, on First Avenue from the Harlem River to 10th Street. From 10th Street, the line would split. Two tracks would run via Third Avenue and the Bowery to a new Lafayette Avenue subway in Brooklyn. The other two would run to a loop near City Hall. From the Harlem River, the line would run to 161st Street, and split into two 3-track routes: one to Fordham Road & Southern Blvd and the other to Webster Ave. & Fordham Road, where it would join the current IRT White Plains Road line and continue to 241st Street. Since this portion of the IRT El was already built to BMT clearances, and Hylan's system would consider using BMT clearances as well, all that would have to be done along this section is shave back the platforms.
  • A line from 125th Street (near today's Henry Hudson Parkway) crosstown, to and across the East River, to Astoria, Queens, likely connecting to the BMT Astoria Line.
  • A new subway line, with between two and four tracks at various areas, from approximately the Hunters Point Avenue station on today's IRT Flushing Line in Queens, heading in a southeasterly direction to Lafayette Avenue, Brooklyn. At Lafayette Avenue, the line would split. Two tracks would turn into a four-track line along Lafayette Avenue. The other two tracks would run to Flatbush and Franklin Avenues.
  • A 4-track subway line from Brooklyn's Borough Hall via the Lafayette Avenue subway to Bedford Avenue. From there it was three tracks to Broadway to Cypress Hills, Brooklyn where the line would continue on the present-day BMT Jamaica Line. (The line would have ended at 168th Street, where the BMT Jamaica Line once ended.) The subway would have run directly under the line along Broadway giving it direct competition for passengers, and (in Hylan's opinion) draining revenues from the BMT. Two tracks of the Lafayette Avenue subway would connect with the proposed First Avenue line.
  • A new branch off the IRT Eastern Parkway Line in Brooklyn onto Utica Avenue, running under Utica to Flatlands Avenue.
  • A 4-track subway under Flatbush Avenue in Brooklyn to Nostrand Avenue, to Emmons Avenue in Sheepshead Bay, turning west onto Emmons Avenue to Surf Avenue in Coney Island. A branch of this line would head out to Floyd Bennett Field under Flatbush Avenue.
  • Extension of the BMT Canarsie Line to the BMT Jamaica Line somewhere beyond 121st Street in Queens.
  • A new line running from Prospect Avenue via Fort Hamilton Parkway, to 10th Avenue, terminating at 90th Street. BMT Culver Line trains would use this line.
  • Extension of the BMT Fourth Avenue Line in Brooklyn, south to Bay Ridge – 95th Street. (This was the only other line that was complete.)
  • Extension of the BMT Fourth Avenue Line east to the Fort Hamilton Parkway Line and the BMT West End Line.
  • A two-track line from the BMT Fourth Avenue Line at 67th Street to Staten Island via the Staten Island Tunnel.
  • Extension of the IRT New Lots Line from New Lots Avenue to Lefferts Boulevard.
  • Extension of the IRT Flushing Line to Bell Boulevard in Bayside via Main Street, Kissena Boulevard, and Northern Boulevard.
  • A branch off the IRT Flushing Line to Jamaica from Roosevelt Avenue.[1]

A major expansion of the IND was first planned in 1929.[42] It would have added over 100 miles of new routes in Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx, merging with, intersecting or extending the existing IND rights-of way. It was claimed that this expansion, combined with the operating IRT, BMT, and IND lines, would provide subway service within a half mile of anyone's doorstep within these four boroughs.[42] Pricing—excluding acquisition and equipment costs—was estimated at US$438 million; the entire first phase had only cost US$338 million (including acquisition and equipment costs). Not long after these plans were unveiled, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 occurred and the Great Depression was ushered in, and the plans essentially became history overnight.[42] Various forms of the expansion resurfaced in 1939,[1] 1940,[43] 1951,[44] 1968,[45][46] and 1998[47] but were never realized. This was the time when the IND had planned widespread elevated construction.[1]

The Second Avenue Subway, one of the main parts of the plan, is open between 63rd and 105th Streets as of January 1, 2017.

Post-unification

The Court Street station on the IND Fulton Street Line was closed on June 1, 1946 due to low ridership.[48][49][50] After World War II ended, workers and materials became available for public use again. The badly needed extension to the more efficient terminal at Broadway − East New York (the current Broadway Junction station) opened on December 30, 1946.[51][52] The extension of the Fulton Street Line, the completion of which had been delayed due to war priorities, was finished by funds obtained by Mayor William O'Dwyer and was placed in operation on November 28, 1948, running along Pennsylvania Avenue and Pitkin Avenue to Euclid Avenue near the Queens border. Forty additional R10 cars were placed into service for the extension. The cost of the extension was about $46,500,000. It included the construction of the new Pitkin Avenue Storage Yard, which could accommodate 585 subway cars on 40 storage tracks.[51][38][53][54][55]

The existing 169th Street station provided an unsatisfactory terminal setup for a four track line, and this required the turning of F trains at Parsons Boulevard, and no storage facilities were provided at the station. Therefore, the line was going to be extended to 184th Place with a station at 179th Street with two island platforms, sufficient entrances and exits, and storage for four ten-car trains. The facilities would allow for the operation of express and local service to the station.[56][57] Construction on the extension started in 1946, and was projected to be completed in 1949.[57] The extension was completed later than expected and opened on December 11, 1950.[58] This extension was delayed due to the Great Depression and World War II. Both E and F trains were extended to the new station.[58][59]

During the 1950s, the IND was extended over two pieces of elevated line that were disconnected from the original BMT system: the BMT Culver Line in 1954, and the Liberty Avenue extension of the BMT Fulton Street Line in 1956.[1] On October 30, 1954 the Culver Ramp opened, connecting the IND Culver Line to the BMT Culver Line at Ditmas Avenue. IND trains begin operating over the BMT Culver Line to Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue.[1] On April 29, 1956, the Liberty Avenue Elevated, the easternmost section of the former BMT Fulton Street Line, was connected to the IND Fulton Street Line. IND service was extended from Euclid Avenue out to Lefferts Boulevard via a new station at Grant Avenue.[1]

On June 28, 1956, service on the IND Rockaway Line began between Euclid Avenue and Rockaway Park at 6:38 PM and between Euclid Avenue and Wavecrest at 6:48 PM.[60][61][62][63][64][65] A new station at Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue opened on January 16, 1958, completing the Rockaway Line.[66]

On November 26, 1967, the first part of the Chrystie Street Connection opened and Sixth Avenue Line express tracks opened from 34th Street–Herald Square to West Fourth Street–Washington Square. With the opening of the connection to the Manhattan Bridge, BB service was renamed B and it was extended via the new express tracks and the connection to the West End Line in Brooklyn. D service was routed via the connection and onto the Brighton Line instead of via the Culver Line. It only ran express during rush hours. F service was extended from Broadway–Lafayette Street during rush hours, and from 34th Street during other times to Coney Island via the Culver Line.[51][67][68] On July 1, 1968, the 57th Street station opened and the portion of the Chrystie Street Connection connecting the line with the Williamsburg Bridge was opened. Service on the KK was inaugurated, running from 57th Street to 168th Street on the BMT Jamaica Line. B service was extended during non-rush hours from West Fourth Street to 57th Street. D trains began running express via the Sixth Avenue Line at all times.[69]

On December 11, 1988 the IND Archer Avenue Line opens from Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer to Jamaica–Van Wyck.[70][71]

A month shy of twenty years after construction began, the IND 63rd Street Line went into service on October 29, 1989, after an expenditure of $898 million,[72] extending service from 57th Street with new stations at Lexington Avenue, Roosevelt Island, and 21st Street at 41st Avenue in Queens. The IND line was served by Q trains on weekdays and B trains on weekends. The 1,500-foot connector to the Queens Boulevard Line had not yet started construction.[73] The BMT line was not in use at that time. It was built for future service options, including a connection to the Second Avenue Subway for service from the Upper East Side to Lower Manhattan.

Planning for the connection to the IND Queens Boulevard Line began in December 1990, with the final design contract awarded in December 1992. Construction began on September 22, 1994.[74][75][76][77][78] The remaining section from 21st Street to the Queens Boulevard Line cost $645 million. In December 2000, the 63rd Street Connector was opened for construction reroutes.[79] The Connector came into regular use on December 16, 2001 with the rerouting of F service at all times to 63rd Street. The construction project also extended the lower level LIRR tunnel and involved a number of other elements, including the integration of ventilation plants, lowering a sewer siphon 50 feet, rehabilitation of elements of the existing line, mitigating ground water, diverting trains which continued to run through the project area and widening of the entry point to the Queens Boulevard Line to six tracks. This new tunnel connection allowed rerouting the Queens Boulevard Line F trains via the 63rd Street Tunnel, which increased capacity on the heavily travelled Queens Boulevard Line. It also allowed a new local service, the V train, to run along the Sixth Avenue and Queens Boulevard lines; this service has since been discontinued and replaced with an extension of the M train.[72]

As built

Service patterns of the IND c. 1940

The Bronx and Manhattan

East River crossings

Brooklyn and Queens

  • Queens Boulevard Line (E, ​F, <F>, ​M, and ​R trains): from 169th Street, west under Hillside Avenue, Queens Boulevard, Broadway, Northern Boulevard and 44th Drive to the 53rd Street Tunnel to Manhattan
  • Crosstown Line (G train): from the Queens Boulevard Line at Queens Plaza, south under Jackson Avenue, Manhattan Avenue, Union Avenue, Marcy Avenue and Lafayette Avenue, coming into the middle of the Fulton Street Line and connecting south into the Culver Line
  • Culver Line (originally the Smith Street Line) (F, <F>, and ​G trains): from the Rutgers Street Tunnel, south under Jay Street and Smith Street, coming to the surface and turning east over the Gowanus Canal at Ninth Street, then back underground, under Ninth Street, Prospect Park West, Prospect Avenue, Fort Hamilton Parkway and McDonald Avenue, ending at Church Avenue (later extended south along the BMT Culver Line)
  • Fulton Street Line (A and ​C trains): from Court Street (now the New York Transit Museum) and the Cranberry Street Tunnel east under Fulton Street to Rockaway Avenue (later extended east along the BMT Liberty Avenue Elevated) – parallel to the BMT Fulton Street Elevated[1]

Extensions after 1940

The following extra extensions and connections were built after unification in 1940:

The following extension is partially open:

Line planning

Many IND lines were designed to be parallel to existing IRT and BMT subway lines in order to compete with them.

Additionally, some never-built lines were designed to replace old elevated lines.

Service letters

As originally designed, the IND train identification scheme was based on three things: the Manhattan trunk line served (8th Avenue or 6th Avenue), the northern branch line served (Washington Heights, Grand Concourse/Bronx, or Queens Boulevard), and the service level (Express or Local). The 8th Avenue routes were A, C, and E, while the 6th Avenue routes were B, D, and F. The A and B served Washington Heights, the C and D served the Grand Concourse, and the E and F served Queens Boulevard via the 53rd Street Tunnel. A single letter indicated express service, while a double letter indicated local service. In addition, G was used for Brooklyn-Queens "Crosstown" service, and H was used for any service on the extended Fulton Street (Brooklyn) line that did not originate in Manhattan.[81]

The first designations were as follows:

style="color:white; background-color:#Template:NYCS color"|A style="color:white; background-color:#Template:NYCS color"|AA Eighth Avenue – Washington Heights
style="color:white; background-color:#Template:NYCS color"|BB Sixth Avenue – Washington Heights
style="color:white; background-color:#Template:NYCS color"|C style="color:white; background-color:#Template:NYCS color"|CC Eighth Avenue – Concourse
style="color:white; background-color:#Template:NYCS color"|D Sixth Avenue – Concourse
style="color:white; background-color:#Template:NYCS color"|E Eighth Avenue – Queens Boulevard
style="color:white; background-color:#Template:NYCS color"|F Sixth Avenue – Queens Boulevard
style="color:white; background-color:#Template:NYCS color"|G style="color:white; background-color:#Template:NYCS color"|GG Brooklyn-Queens Crosstown
style="color:white; background-color:#Template:NYCS color"|HH Fulton Street
S Special

Virtually all possibilities were used at one time or another, either in regular service or as brief special routes.[1] The "G" single-letter service was used for G service to World's Fair Station in 1939.

The final pre-Chrystie Street Connection service is shown here; for more details, see the individual service pages. Terminals shown are the furthest the service reached.[81]

Line Routing Notes
A Washington Heights Express 207th Street – Lefferts Boulevard or Far Rockaway or Rockaway Park (via Eighth Avenue) still in use
AA Washington Heights Local 168th Street – Hudson Terminal (via Eighth Avenue) became K (no longer operated)
BB Washington Heights Local 168th Street – 34th Street (via Sixth Avenue) became B (now goes from Bedford Park Boulevard to Brighton Beach)
C Bronx Concourse Express 205th Street – Utica Avenue (via Eighth Avenue) no longer operated; combined into A and D trains
CC Bronx Concourse Local Bedford Park Boulevard – Hudson Terminal (via Eighth Avenue) became C (now goes from 168th Street to Euclid Avenue)
D Bronx Concourse Express 205th Street – Coney Island (via Sixth Avenue and Culver Line) still in use, though trains now use the West End Line
E Queens–Manhattan Express 179th Street – Rockaway Park or Hudson Terminal (via Eighth Avenue and Houston Street) still in use, though all trains go from Jamaica Center to Hudson Terminal (now called World Trade Center)
F Queens–Manhattan Express 179th Street – Hudson Terminal or Coney Island (via Sixth Avenue) still in use, though all trains go to Coney Island or Kings Highway
GG Queens Brooklyn Local Forest Hills – Church Avenue (via Crosstown Line) became G, though all trains short turn at Court Square
HH Court Street Shuttle Court Street – Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets no longer operated, but the trackage is used for moving trains in and out of the New York Transit Museum, located in the Court Street station
HH Rockaway Local Euclid Avenue – Rockaway Park or Far Rockaway became H, then S, though now, all trains only go to Rockaway Park

After the Chrystie Street Connection opened, the original IND Service Letter scheme was gradually abandoned. All lines, whether local or express, now use a single letter, and only the 8th Avenue/6th Avenue distinction (A, C, E vs. B, D, F) has been maintained.[1]

Platform lengths

The IND was built with longer platforms than those of the IRT or BMT. Initial plans called for stations to be built with 660 feet (201 m) long platforms to accommodate trains of eleven 60-foot (18.3 m) cars. However, these lengths were shortened, as stations on the IND Eighth Avenue Line between 72nd Street and 163rd Street – Amsterdam Avenue have lengths of exactly 600 feet (183 m). There were two exceptions: 96th Street was 615 feet (187 m) on both levels, as that was the standard length of platforms built for the IND after the 1940s. The 81st Street–Museum of Natural History station had an uptown platform that was 630 feet (192 m) long, and a downtown platform that was 615 feet (187 m). Platforms of exactly 600 feet (183 m) length can also be found on the IND Queens Boulevard Line between Elmhurst Avenue and 67th Avenue.[1]

Some of the IND Sixth Avenue Line stations, on the other hand, have much greater platform lengths. In 34th Street–Herald Square, the uptown platform was originally 745 feet (227 m) (long enough to hold a 12-car train of 60-foot (18.3 m) cars), and the downtown platform was originally 685 feet (209 m). Both platforms of the 23rd Street station are 670 feet (204 m), and 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center has platforms that are 665 feet (203 m).[1]

In the IND Second System, planned stations would have been 700 to 720 feet (213 to 219 m) long and tile work would have been more "modern".[1]

Surviving IND equipment

Main article: Arnines

The Independent Subway System operated solely with one family of subway cars, commonly referred to as the Arnines. These include the R1s, R4s, R6s, R7/As and R9s. After the equipment was retired in the 1970s, twenty cars were sent to various museums. Eleven of these cars are preserved by the New York Transit Museum and Railway Preservation Corp, while the other nine are on private property or preserved at other museums.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag nycsubway.org—History of the Independent Subway
  2. ^ "About New York; Alphabet Soup: Telling an IRT From a BMT". The New York Times. June 30, 1990. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
  3. ^ a b "Gay Midnight Crowd Rides First Trains in New Subway". New York Times. September 10, 1932. p. 1.
  4. ^ "Two Subway Routes Adopted by City". New York Times. August 4, 1923. p. 9.
  5. ^ "Plans Now Ready to Start Subways". New York Times. March 12, 1924. p. 1.
  6. ^ a b Duffus, R.L. (September 22, 1929). "OUR GREAT SUBWAY NETWORK SPREADS WIDER; New Plans of Board of Transportation Involve the Building of More Than One Hundred Miles of Additional Rapid Transit Routes for New York". The New York Times. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  7. ^ "QUEENS SUBWAY WORK AHEAD OF SCHEDULE: Completion Will Lead to Big Apartrnent Building, Says William C. Speers". The New York Times. April 7, 1929. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
  8. ^ a b "Queens Lauded as Best Boro By Chamber Chief". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. September 23, 1929. p. 40. Retrieved October 4, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ New York Times, New Subway Routes in Hylan Program to Cost $186,046,000, March 21, 1925, page 1.
  10. ^ a b Seyfried, Vincent F. (1995). Elmhurst : from town seat to mega-suburb. Vincent F. Seyfried.
  11. ^ a b Kramer, Frederick A. (January 1, 1990). Building the Independent Subway. Quadrant Press. ISBN 978-0-915276-50-9.
  12. ^ a b c Raskin, Joseph B. (2013). The Routes Not Taken: A Trip Through New York City's Unbuilt Subway System. New York, New York: Fordham University Press. doi:10.5422/fordham/9780823253692.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-82325-369-2.
  13. ^ "Independent Subway Services Beginning in 1932". thejoekorner.com. August 21, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  14. ^ "TWO SUBWAY UNITS OPEN AT MIDNIGHT; Links in City-Owned System in Queens and Brooklyn to Have 15 Stations" (PDF). The New York Times. August 18, 1933. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
  15. ^ "New Queens Subway Service Will Be Launched Tonight; Tunnel From Manhattan Open to Jackson Heights; Service Will Eventually Be Extended Through To Jamaica". Long Island Daily Press. Fultonhistory.com. August 18, 1933. p. 20. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  16. ^ "New Queens Tube To Open Saturday: Brooklyn-Long Island City Link of City Line Also to Be Put in Operation". New York Evening Post. Fultonhistory.com. August 17, 1933. p. 18. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  17. ^ "City Opens Subway to Brooklyn Today". New York Times. February 1, 1933. p. 19.
  18. ^ a b c "Independent Subway Services Beginning in 1932". thejoekorner.com. August 21, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  19. ^ "City Subway Adds a New Link Today". New York Times. March 20, 1933. p. 17.
  20. ^ New York Times, City Subway Extended, October 7, 1933, page 16
  21. ^ Schmalacker, Joseph H. (January 2, 1941). "New One-Fare Link to Coney Imminent: Transportation Board to Seek Bids For Culver Ramp to Independent Line". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. pp. 1, 5. Retrieved September 15, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  22. ^ "MTA Neighborhood Maps: neighborhood". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  23. ^ "LaGuardia Opens New Subway Link". The New York Times. January 2, 1936. p. 1. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  24. ^ Pirmann, David (November 1997). "IND Second System – 1929 Plan". www.nycsubway.org. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
  25. ^ Kabak, Benjamin (November 2, 2010). "The history of a subway shell at South 4th Street". Second Ave. Sagas. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
  26. ^ Brennan, Joseph (2002). "Abandoned Stations : IND Second System unfinished stations". columbia.edu. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
  27. ^ Pirmann, David; Darlington, Peggy; Aryel, Ron. "Second Avenue station IND 6th Avenue Line". www.nycsubway.org. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
  28. ^ a b "Two Subway Links Start Wednesday". The New York Times. April 6, 1936. p. 23. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  29. ^ "New Subway Link Opened by Mayor". The New York Times. April 9, 1936. p. 23. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  30. ^ "New Subway Line on 6th Ave. Opens at Midnight Fete". The New York Times. December 15, 1940. p. 1. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  31. ^ "NEW SUBWAY LINK OPENED BY MAYOR; He Tells 15,000 in Brooklyn It Will Be Extended to Queens When Red Tape Is Cut". The New York Times. April 9, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  32. ^ "Reproduction Poster of Extension to Union Turnpike – Kew Gardens". Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  33. ^ a b c Roger P. Roess; Gene Sansone (August 23, 2012). The Wheels That Drove New York: A History of the New York City Transit System. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 416–417. ISBN 978-3-642-30484-2.
  34. ^ "PWA Party Views New Subway Link: Queens Section to Be Opened Tomorrow Is Inspected by Tuttle and Others" (PDF). nytimes.com. The New York Times. December 30, 1936. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
  35. ^ "Subway Link Opens Soon: City Line to Jamaica Will Start About April 24" (PDF). nytimes.com. The New York Times. March 17, 1937. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
  36. ^ "Trial Run to Jamaica on Subway Tomorrow: Section From Kew Gardens to 169th Street Will Open to Public in Two Weeks" (PDF). nytimes.com. The New York Times. April 9, 1937. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  37. ^ "Independent Subway Services Beginning in 1932". thejoekorner.com. August 21, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  38. ^ a b Sparberg, Andrew J. (October 1, 2014). From a Nickel to a Token: The Journey from Board of Transportation to MTA. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-6190-1.
  39. ^ "TRANSIT LINK OPEN TODAY; 8th Ave. Line Extended to Jamaica--Celebration Arranged". The New York Times. April 24, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
  40. ^ "New Crosstown Subway Line Is Opened". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 1, 1937. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
  41. ^ "TO BUILD FAIR SUBWAY P. T. Cox Co. Wins Award for Extending Independent System The first contract for the World's Fair spur from the Queens Boulevard line of the Independent Subway System was awarded yesterday by the Board of Transportation to the lowest bidder, the P. T. Cox Contracting Company, at the bid price of $308,770" (PDF). nytimes.com. The New York Times. October 27, 1937. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
  42. ^ a b c nycsubway.org—IND Second System
  43. ^ Track diagram of planned underground Fulton Street Line extension in Queens
  44. ^ "Board of Transportation – 1951". Thejoekorner.com. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
  45. ^ "1968 NYCTA Expansion Plans (Picture)". Second Avenue Sagas. Retrieved December 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  46. ^ Program for Action maps from thejoekorner.com
  47. ^ "Flashback To 1999 | www.qgazette.com | Queens Gazette". www.qgazette.com. June 27, 2007. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
  48. ^ Blauvelt, Paul (June 9, 1946). "Shortages Snarl $50,000,000 Tube Links". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 21. Retrieved October 9, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  49. ^ "IND Fulton Street Line". www.nycsubway.org. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
  50. ^ Foley, A.J. (1946). "Sign for the Closing of the Court Street Station, 1946 ; IND Crosstown Line". New York Transit Museum. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  51. ^ a b c Raskin, Joseph B. (2013). The Routes Not Taken: A Trip Through New York City's Unbuilt Subway System. New York, New York: Fordham University Press. doi:10.5422/fordham/9780823253692.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-82325-369-2.
  52. ^ Report for the three and one-half years ending June 30, 1949. New York City Board of Transportation. 1949. hdl:2027/mdp.39015023094926.
  53. ^ "Trains Roll on $47,000,000 Fulton St. Subway Extension". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. November 29, 1948. p. 2. Retrieved October 9, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  54. ^ Report for the three and one-half years ending June 30, 1949. New York City Board of Transportation. 1949. hdl:2027/mdp.39015023094926.
  55. ^ Fulton Subway Stations Open After All-Night 'Dry Runs'
  56. ^ Report including analysis of operations of the New York City transit system for five years, ended June 30, 1945. New York City: Board of Transportation of the City of New York. 1945. hdl:2027/mdp.39015020928621.
  57. ^ a b Report for the three and one-half years ending June 30, 1949. New York City Board of Transportation. 1949. hdl:2027/mdp.39015023094926.
  58. ^ a b "New Subway Link Opening in Queens" (PDF). nytimes.com. The New York Times. December 12, 1950. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  59. ^ "Subway Extension In Queens Is Voted" (PDF). nytimes.com. The New York Times. August 2, 1946. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  60. ^ "Fifty Years of Subway Service to the Rockaways". New York Division Bulletin. 49 (6). New York Division, Electric Railroaders' Association. June 2006. Retrieved August 31, 2016 – via Issu.
  61. ^ Freeman, Ira Henry (June 28, 1956). "Rockaway Trains to Operate Today" (PDF). nytimes.com. The New York Times. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  62. ^ "First Train On Rockaway Line Runs This Afternoon". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. June 28, 1956. p. 1. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  63. ^ "First Train On Rockaway Line Runs This Afternoon". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. June 28, 1956. p. 6. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  64. ^ "TA's New Line To Rockaways Begins Today: Fifty Piece Band To Play as Special Train Makes First Run". The Leader-Observer. Fultonhistory.com. June 28, 1956. p. 1. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  65. ^ "To Rockaways: Beach Trains In Operation". Greenpoint Weekly Star. Fultonhistory.com. June 29, 1956. p. 2. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  66. ^ "New Subway Unit Ready: Far Rockaway IND Terminal Will Be Opened Today" (PDF). nytimes.com. The New York Times. January 16, 1958. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  67. ^ Perlmutter, Emanuel (November 16, 1967). "SUBWAY CHANGES TO SPEED SERVICE: Major Alterations in Maps, Routes and Signs Will Take Effect Nov. 26" (PDF). nytimes.com. The New York Times. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  68. ^ Perlmutter, Emanuel (November 27, 1967). "BMT-IND CHANGES BEWILDER MANY; Transit Authority Swamped With Calls From Riders as New System Starts". The New York Times. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
  69. ^ Hofmann, Paul (July 1, 1968). "SKIP-STOP SUBWAY BEGINS RUN TODAY; KK Line Links 3 Boroughs --Other Routes Changed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
  70. ^ Johnson, Kirk (December 9, 1988). "Big Changes For Subways Are to Begin". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  71. ^ "New Subway Line Finally Rolling Through Queens," Newsday, December 11, 1988, page 7.
  72. ^ a b Darlington, Peggy. "IND 6th Ave./63rd St. Line". www.nycsubway.org. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  73. ^ Lorch, Donatella (October 29, 1989). "The 'Subway to Nowhere' Now Goes Somewhere". The New York Times. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
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  76. ^ Silano, Louis G.; Shanbhag, Radmas (July 2000). "The Final Connection". Civil Engineering. 86 (7): 56–61.
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  79. ^ "E, F Detour in 2001, F trains via 63 St, E no trains running, take R instead". The Subway Nut. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  80. ^ MTA releases Second Avenue subway images, says project on track NY Daily News, November 5, 2013
  81. ^ a b Brennan, Joseph (2012). "Subway FAQ: Letter, Number, and Color Designation Systems". www.nycsubway.org. Retrieved November 27, 2016.

Sources

Books:

  • Cudahy, Brian J. (1988). Under the Sidewalks of New York (revised ed.). Lexington, Mass: The Stephen Greene Press.
  • Cunningham, Joseph; DeHart, Leonard (1977). A History of the New York City Subway System: The Independent System and City Ownership.
  • Dahl, Gerhard M. (1924). Transit Truths. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation.
  • Fischler, Stan (1997). The Subway: A Trip Through Time on New York's Rapid Transit. Flushing, NY: H & M Productions, Inc.
  • George, Herbert (1993). Change at Ozone Park. Flanders, NJ: RAE Publishing Inc.
  • Kahn, Alan Paul; May, Jack (1977). The Tracks of New York, Number 3. New York: Electric Railroaders' Association, Inc.
  • Kramer, Frederick A. (1990). Building the Independent Subway. New York: Quadrant Press, Inc.
  • Kramer, Frederick A. (1991). Subway to the World's Fair. Westfield, NJ: Bells and Whistles.
  • Snyder, Robert W. (1997). Transit Talk. Brooklyn, NY, New Brunswick, NJ and London: New York Transit Museum and Rutgers University Press.

Periodicals:

  • Electric Railroaders' Association: Headlights Magazine: August 1956, February 1968, February 1973, August 1974, July/September 1977, May/June 1988

Newspapers:

  • The New York Times (before 1977), most notably: 1929: September 16, 22; 1932: September 4, 8, 9, 10; 1940: June 1, 2, 12, 13; 1967: November 22, 26, 28
  • Unpublished document from New York City Transit Authority—precursor to "Facts and Figures", 1977
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