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July 1912

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July 7, 1912: The Automat opens, introduces "fast food"
July 30, 1912: The Emperor Meiji dies after 44 years of transforming Japan into a major world power.
July 7, 1912: Harry Houdini escapes handcuffs, leg irons, and an underwater coffin

The following events occurred in July 1912:

July 1, 1912 (Monday)

  • The Woolworth Building in New York City became the world's tallest skyscraper, at 792 feet, with the driving in of the final rivet to its steel frame, and would be completed by April 1, 1913.[1]
  • The French Chamber of Deputies voted 460–79 to approve the protectorate over Morocco.[2]
  • The first payroll deductions under the British unemployment insurance act were taken, with the first benefits to be paid on January 1, 1913.[3]
  • The British Copyright Act went into effect.[4]
  • A new law went into effect in Egypt, making all ancient artifacts there property of the state. Dealers were required to have a license, items could not be exported without a permit, and any evasion of the law would be punishable by confiscation of the items.[5]
  • Russian ethnologist Shloyme Ansky, with the backing of philanthropist Goratsii Gintsburg (Horace Günzburg), launched the Jewish Ethnographic Expedition, that collected and preserved thousands of Jewish artifacts in Russia until the outbreak of World War I.[6]
Harriet Quimby

July 2, 1912 (Tuesday)

Governor Wilson

July 3, 1912 (Wednesday)

July 4, 1912 (Thursday)

The wreck of Lackawanna Train Number 9

July 5, 1912 (Friday)

  • In the second fatal American railroad crash in two days, 26 people were killed and 29 injured when a freight train rear-ended a passenger train on the Ligonier Valley Railroad near the resort town of Wilpen, Pennsylvania.[28] Most of the victims were women and children, who were returning home after a day at the Wilpen Fair Grounds.[22]
  • The first International Radiotelegraph Convention was signed in London. It would be replaced in 1927 by the Radiotelegraph General Convention.[29]

July 6, 1912 (Saturday)

July 7, 1912 (Sunday)

  • The first Automat in New York City, providing fast food to customers in a self-service format, was opened by Horn & Hardart at 1557 Broadway in Times Square. Similar to a vending machine, the service featured foods prepared in a kitchen and then placed in windowed slots, which a diner could access by placing coins into a machine. The service had existed in Philadelphia since 1902.[33]
  • Magician and escape artist Harry Houdini performed his most dangerous stunt up to that time. In addition to his familiar act of having to escape being locked up in handcuffs and leg irons, Houdini was placed in a wooden box that was weighted down, nailed shut, and then thrown off of the tugboat Catherine Moran into the East River at New York City. A minute after the coffin sank, Houdini surfaced before hundreds of spectators, including reporters and photographers.[34]
  • A dynamite explosion in Rancagua, Chile, killed 38 people.[2]
  • Died: William Howard Durham, 39, American theologian, advocate of the Finished Work in Pentecostalism (b. 1873)[35]

July 8, 1912 (Monday)

July 9, 1912 (Tuesday)

July 10, 1912 (Wednesday)

July 11, 1912 (Thursday)

July 12, 1912 (Friday)

July 13, 1912 (Saturday)

  • The United States Senate voted 55–28 to remove William Lorimer from his post as U.S. Senator from Illinois, after determining that his election by the Illinois Senate had been secured by corruption.[49] Lorimer would earn what a U.S. Senate historian called "the dubious distinction of being the last senator to be deprived of office for corrupting a state legislature".[50]
  • The weekly newspaper Al-Hilal, published by Indian Muslim activist Abul Kalam Azad to persuade Urdu-speaking Muslims to join in the move to gain independence from the United Kingdom, made its first appearance.[51]
  • Dr. Théodore Tuffier, a surgeon in France, performed the first successful surgery for aortic stenosis on a human patient, an unidentified man from Belgium. The operation went so well that the man was able to return home twelve days later, and was still doing well eight years later. The next procedure to treat narrowing of the aortic valve did not take place again until 36 years later.[52]

July 14, 1912 (Sunday)

July 15, 1912 (Monday)

July 16, 1912 (Tuesday)

July 17, 1912 (Wednesday)

July 18, 1912 (Thursday)

July 19, 1912 (Friday)

  • A large meteorite streaked over the town of Holbrook, Arizona, at 6:30 pm local time and then exploded, showering an area six miles eastward with more than 15,000 pieces. Based on the fragments recovered, the meteor was estimated to weigh more than 400 pounds.[67]
  • In the Italo-Turkish War, the Turkish defenders sank two Italian torpedo boats with cannon fire after a fleet of eight Italian boats attempted to block the entrance to the Dardanelles.[68]
  • Albanian rebels agreed to a truce with Ottoman troops, after the Ottoman government agreed to send a commission of Parliament to investigate grievances in the Ottoman province.[2]

July 20, 1912 (Saturday)

July 21, 1912 (Sunday)

  • The Ahmed Muhtar Pasha was appointed as the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, after the Sultan declined to accede to the demand by Ahmet Tevfik Pasha to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies.[71]
  • Born: Karl Deutsch, Czech-American philosopher, coined the terms "deutocracy" and "cyberdeutocracy" to describe autocratic regimes that control using mass and cyber communications, in Prague (d. 1992)

July 22, 1912 (Monday)

July 23, 1912 (Tuesday)

  • The first automatic telephone exchange in the United Kingdom, replacing human operators on switchboards, was inaugurated in London by the General Post Office with a system capable of handling 1,500 lines.[73]

July 24, 1912 (Wednesday)

  • An earthquake measuring 7.0 in magnitude rocked the Piura region in Peru, killing 101 people.[74]
  • The First International Congress on Eugenics convened in London, with 400 delegates from twelve nations.[75] Major Leonard Darwin, a son of Charles Darwin, presided over the Congress, and told delegates that "The unfit amongst men are now no longer necessarily killed off by hunger and disease, but are cherished with care, thus being enabled to reproduce their kind, however bad that may be... the effect likely to be produced by our charity on future generations is, to say the least, but weakness and folly."[76]
  • The United States Senate approved creation of a territorial legislature for Alaska, a single chamber of 16 members.[2] The bill would be signed into law on August 24.[77]
  • Died: Emma Cons, 74, British activist, early promoter of women's suffrage, theater manager of The Old Vic in London (b. 1838)

July 25, 1912 (Thursday)

Grand Duchess Marie-Adelaide

July 26, 1912 (Friday)

July 27, 1912 (Saturday)

  • Evacuation of American women and children from the four Mormon colonies in Mexico at Chihuahua state, was ordered by the senior Mormon official, Junius Romney. In all, there were 4,000 Americans in twelve colonies.[46]
  • Bonar Law, conservative Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, declared in a speech that, "We regard the Government as a revolutionary committee which has seized by fraud upon domestic power... We shall use any means to deprive them of the power which they have usurped and to compel them to face the people they have deceived."[83]
  • The Turkish cabinet announced that it would investigate the grievances of its citizens in Northern Albania and that armed force would not be used against them.[2]
  • Born: Cheikh Raymond, Algerian musician, noted performer of the oud with a fan base of Jewish and Muslim groups, as Raymond Leyris, in Constantine, French Algeria (now Qusantina) ( d. 1961, assassinated)

July 28, 1912 (Sunday)

July 29, 1912 (Monday)

July 30, 1912 (Tuesday)

  • The Emperor Meiji, also called Mutsuhito, died at 12:43 am after a 44-year reign as Emperor of Japan, during which the nation rose from isolationism to becoming a world power. Crown Prince Yoshihito of Japan was proclaimed as the Emperor Taishō after the death of his father.[86] In Japanese history, the event marked the end of the Meiji era and the beginning of the Taishō era.
  • The report of the British Court of Inquiry on the sinking of the Titanic, signed by the Chairman Lord Mersey), was presented to British Parliament after hearing testimony from 97 witnesses over 38 days. The Court concluded that the cause of the disaster "was due to collision with an iceberg, brought about by the excessive speed at which the ship was being navigated".[87] On the same day, the first of the 710 Titanic survivors died, 21-month-old Mary Nakid, of meningitis. Millvina Dean, 16 months younger, would be the last survivor, dying on May 31, 2009.[88]
  • The ministry of the Ottoman Grand Vizier Ahmed Muhtar Pasha survived a vote of confidence by a margin of 113–95.[2]

July 31, 1912 (Wednesday)

References

  1. ^ Gail Fenske, The Skyscraper and the City: The Woolworth Building and the Making of Modern New York (University of Chicago Press, 2008) p. 186
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x The Britannica Year-Book 1913: A Survey of the World's Progress Since the Completion in 1910 of the Encyclopædia Britannica] (Encyclopædia Britannica, 1913) pp. xxx-xxxiii
  3. ^ Keith Laybourn, Modern Britain Since 1906: A Reader (I.B.Tauris, 1999) p. 19
  4. ^ Anne-Marie Mooney Cotter and Garrett Breen, Intellectual Property Law (Cavendish Publishing, 2003) p. 4
  5. ^ T. G. Wakeling, Forged Egyptian Antiquities (Coachwhip Publications, 2006) p. 8
  6. ^ S. Ansky, David G. Roskies and Golda Werman, The Dybbuk and Other Writings (Yale University Press, 2002) p. xviii
  7. ^ "Miss Quimby Dies in Airship Fall", New York Times, July 2, 1912
  8. ^ Doris Weatherford, Women's Almanac (Greenwood Publishing, 2002) p. 168
  9. ^ The Official railway guide: North American freight service edition, 1905, p. 941
  10. ^ BR Minors
  11. ^ "Wilson Is Named for President", New York Times, July 3, 1912
  12. ^ John Milton Cooper, Jr., The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt (Harvard University Press, 1983) p. 140
  13. ^ "Vaniman Killed with Four Men aloft in Airship", New York Times, July 3, 1912
  14. ^ Butler, Daniel Allen (1998). Unsinkable: The Full Story of RMS Titanic. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-8117-1814-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  15. ^ Marius Vassiliou, The A to Z of the Petroleum Industry (Scarecrow Press, 2009) pp. 107-108
  16. ^ "Fires at Sir Francis May"", New York Times, July 4, 1912
  17. ^ "Wilson Greets Marshall", New York Times, July 4, 1912
  18. ^ "running mate", in Safire's Political Dictionary, by William Safire (Oxford University Press, 2008) p. 636
  19. ^ "Fourteen German Miners Killed", New York Times, July 4, 1912
  20. ^ Hamit Palabiyik, Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age (USAK Books, 2008) p. 85
  21. ^ Meredith Willson: The Unsinkable Music Man (Savas Publishing, 2015), p. 200
  22. ^ a b "41 Dead, 50 Hurt as Express Hits Excursion Train", New York Times, July 3, 1912; Edgar A. Haine, Railroad Wrecks (Associated University Presses, 1993) pp. 79-83
  23. ^ Bill Mallon and Jeroen Heijmans, Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement (Scarecrow Press, 2011) p. xiv
  24. ^ Marc Leepson and Nelson DeMille, Flag: An American Biography (Macmillan, 2006) p. 223
  25. ^ "State Police Stop Johnson-Flynn Bout", New York Times, July 5, 1912
  26. ^ "Both Men Are Knocked Out; Wolgast Gets the Decision", Toronto World, July 5, 1912, p. 3
  27. ^ Morton Grosser, Gossamer Odyssey: The Triumph of Human-Powered Flight (Zenith Imprint, 2004) p. 6
  28. ^ "21 Killed, 30 Hurt in Railroad Wreck", New York Times, July 6, 1912
  29. ^ Edmund Jan Osmańczyk and Anthony Mango, Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: A to F (Taylor & Francis, 2003) p. 1893
  30. ^ "Americans Lead All in Olympics, New York Times, July 7, 1912
  31. ^ Olympic.org
  32. ^ "No-Confidence Amendment Carried", New Zealand Colonist (Wellington), July 8, 1912, p. 6
  33. ^ Albert Jack, What Caesar Did for My Salad: The Curious Stories Behind Our Favorite Foods (Penguin, 2011)
  34. ^ "Thrown Overboard Manacled in a Box", New York Times, July 8, 1912; Milbourne Christopher, Houdini: The Untold Story (Crowell Publishing, 1969) p. 126
  35. ^ Vinson Synan, The Holiness-Pentecostal Tradition: Charismatic Movements in the Twentieth Century (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1997) p. 151
  36. ^ G. Patrick March, Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific (ABC-CLIO, 1996) pp. 196-197
  37. ^ "Portuguese Rebels Have Seized a Town"", New York Times, July 10, 1912
  38. ^ Barrett, John (2014). Wimbledon: The Official History (4th ed.). Vision Sports Publishing. ISBN 9-781909-534230.
  39. ^ "World's Records Go as Americans Win", New York Times, July 8, 1912
  40. ^ "Marquard Driven from Box by Cubs; Giants' Great Pitcher Defeated After Winning Nineteen Successive Games", New York Times, July 9, 1912, p. 10
  41. ^ Baseball-Almanac.com
  42. ^ "King in Coal Mine Despite Explosion", New York Times, July 8, 1912
  43. ^ "One Vote for Archbald"", New York Times, July 12, 1912
  44. ^ U.S. Patent No. 1,186,856
  45. ^ Bernard F. Dick, Engulfed: The Death of Paramount Pictures and the Birth of Corporate Hollywood (University Press of Kentucky, 2001) p. 5
  46. ^ a b Thomas Cottam Romney, The Mormon Colonies in Mexico (University of Utah Press, 1938) pp. 172-173
  47. ^ "The Prohibition Ticket: Eugene W. Chafin for President and A.S. Watkins for Vice President", New York Times, July 13, 1912
  48. ^ Irish Times. 12/07/1912. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  49. ^ "Lorimer Ousted by Decisive Vote", New York Times, July 14, 1912
  50. ^ Richard A. Baker, Two Hundred Notable Days: Senate Stories, 1787 to 2002 (Government Printing Office, 2006) p. 106
  51. ^ K.R. Gupta & Amita Gupta, Concise Encyclopaedia of India, Volume 3 (Atlantic Publishers, 2006) p. 1040
  52. ^ Harris B. Shumacker, The Evolution of Cardiac Surgery (Indiana University Press, 1992) pp. 116-117
  53. ^ "Marathon Is Won by South African", New York Times, July 15, 1912, p. 1
  54. ^ David E. Martin and Roger W. H. Gynn, The Olympic Marathon (Human Kinetics, 2000) pp. 85-94
  55. ^ "Thirteen Killed in Wreck Near Chicago", New York Times, July 15, 1912, p. 1
  56. ^ "Alliance-Sebring Twins". BR Bullpen. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  57. ^ Holl, Jim. "Ohio–Pennsylvania League of 1905". Society for American Baseball Research. Archived from the original on November 7, 2003. Retrieved 2007-03-04.
  58. ^ George Davey Smith, Poverty, Inequality and Health in Britain, 1800-2000: A Reader (The Policy Press, 2001)
  59. ^ Commonwealth Bank website
  60. ^ "Banking and Financial Notes". The Bankers Magazine. Vol. 86. Bradford-Rhodes & Company. 1913. p. 403.
  61. ^ "Sir Percy Girouard In Business", New York Times, July 18, 1912
  62. ^ "Gambler Who Defied Police Is Shot Dead", New York Times, July 17, 1912
  63. ^ Edward Robb Ellis, The Epic Of New York City: A Narrative History (Basic Books, 2004) pp. 484-85
  64. ^ John Chrysochoos, Ikaria: Paradise in Peril (Dorrance Publishing, 2010) pp. 117-123
  65. ^ "Turkish Cabinet Quits", New York Times, July 18, 1912
  66. ^ "Cuban Troops Kill the Rebels' Leader", New York Times, July 19, 1912
  67. ^ ("Holbrook, Arizona, Meteorite Fall Of 1912", by George & Eve DeLange); William Graves Hoyt, Coon Mountain Controversies: Meteor Crater and the Development of Impact Theory (University of Arizona Press, 1987) p. 192
  68. ^ "Turks' Fire Sinks Italian Warships", New York Times, July 11, 1912
  69. ^ "Meatpackers' Trust Has Been Dissolved", New York Times, July 21, 1912
  70. ^ "60 Killed and Wounded", New York Times, July 21, 1912
  71. ^ Turkey Has New Cabinet", New York Times, July 22, 1912
  72. ^ "Hanford Resigns; No Impeachment", New York Times, July 23, 1912
  73. ^ Anton A. Huurdeman, The Worldwide History of Telecommunications (John Wiley & Sons, 2003) p. 244
  74. ^ "Significant Earthquake: PERU: HUANCABAMBA,CAJAMARCA; ECUADOR: GUAYAQUIL". National Geophysical Data Center. July 24, 1912. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
  75. ^ "First Eugenics Congress", New York Times, July 25, 1912
  76. ^ Donald De Marco and Benjamin Wiker, Architects of the Culture of Death (Ignatius Press, 2004) p. 101
  77. ^ Claus M. Naske, 49 at Last: The Fight for Alaska Statehood (Epicenter Press, 2009) p. 40
  78. ^ Pit Péporté, Inventing Luxembourg: Representations of the Past, Space and Language from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century (BRILL, 2010) p. 90
  79. ^ Patrick Robertson, Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time (Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2011)
  80. ^ Hugh Reilly and Kevin Warneke, Father Flanagan of Boys Town: A Man of Vision (Boys Town Press, 2008) p. 28
  81. ^ Lyle L. Vander Werff, Christian Mission to Muslims: The Record : Anglican and Reformed Approaches in India and the Near East, 1800-1938 (William Carey Library, 1977) p. 167
  82. ^ "Radio- Naval aircraft carry the most powerful and efficient radio equipment yet to be perfected by engineers", by Comm. G. B. H. Hall, Flying and Popular Aviation Magazine (June 1942) p. 157
  83. ^ Britain in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge University Press, 1966) p. 52
  84. ^ "Many Lose Lives When Landing Stage Sinks into Ocean", Pittsburgh Press, July 29, 1912, p. 13
  85. ^ Bernard Diederich, Somoza and the Legacy of U.S. Involvement in Central America (Markus Wiener Publishers, 2007) p. 9; "Rush More Marines into Nicaragua", New York Times, August 6, 1912
  86. ^ "Mutsuhito Dies; Son Rules Japan", New York Times, July 31, 1912"
  87. ^ Richard Howells, The Myth of the Titanic: Centenary Edition (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012)
  88. ^ Richard Davenport-Hines, Voyagers of the Titanic: Passengers, Sailors, Shipbuilders, Aristocrats, and the Worlds They Came From (HarperCollins, 2012)
  89. ^ Ray Gamache, A History of Sports Highlights: Replayed Plays from Edison to ESPN (McFarland, 2010) p. 47; Important Federal Laws (B.F. Bowen, 1917) p. 653