White ethnostate
A white ethnostate is a proposed type of state in which residence or citizenship would be limited to white people and would exclude non-whites such as Black people, non-White Hispanics, Jewish people, Muslims etc. In the United States, the idea to create such states is advanced by white supremacist/nationalist and white separatist factions such as Ku Klux Klansmen, neo-Nazis, white power skinheads and the alt-right whether through claiming a certain part or the whole of the country to have a white majority.[1][2]
Historically, Australia attempted to establish a whites-only state through restriction of non-white immigration and assimilation of Aborigines in its White Australia policy. Apartheid-era South Africa, attempted to do so by pushing non-white population in areas known as Bantustans, through various means including deportations and racial segregation, with the aim of establishing separate states out of the resulting ethnically cleansed areas, the largest of which would be a white state.[3]
Proposed white ethnostates
North America
Historically as well as in modern times, the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon, Idaho and a portion of Montana) has been proposed by many white supremacists as a location for the establishment of a white ethnostate. This Northwest Territorial Imperative was promoted by Richard Girnt Butler, Robert Jay Mathews, David Lane and Harold Covington, the terrorist organization The Order, the neo-Nazi Christian Identity organization Aryan Nations, the white power skinhead Volksfront, and the Northwest Front, among others. The Northwest Territorial Imperative also has loose overlap with the Cascadia independence movement which also seeks to create an independent republic between the Northwest and parts of Northern California in the United States and British Columbia in Canada.[4][5] Some in the far-right use the term American Redoubt to describe a similar migration to the Northwestern United States.[6] Additionally other areas have looked into as sites for a potential white ethnostate by certain groups most notably the South and the self-proclaimed "Southern Nationalist" League of the South (LS) given the region's history of secessionism and once being an independent nation known as the Confederate States of America (1861-1865). Another example is Billy Roper's Shield Wall Network (SWN), a neo-Nazi organization located in Mountain View, Arkansas seeks to build a "white ethnostate" in the Ozark region and is affiliated with other separatist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) Knights Party located near Harrison, Arkansas, League of the South (LS) and National Socialist Movement (NSM) of the now defunct Nationalist Front.[7] Conversely, the Ozarks have been a "hotbed" for adherents of the Christian Identity movement including the Church of Israel and various members of the Christian Patriot movement who have set up paramilitary training camps to prepare for a coming Armageddon.[7][8][9] The defunct neo-Nazi organization Traditionalist Workers Party (TWP) led by Matthew Heimbach also sought to create a white ethnostate called "Avalon" built upon the ideological principles of Nazism, various strands of European fascism such as Legionarism and British Fascism and Eastern Orthodoxy.
South Africa
After the end of apartheid, some Afrikaner nationalist organizations, including Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging, started to promote the idea of a Volkstaat that would be created in the Western Cape region.[10]
Historical attempts at creating a white ethnostate
South Africa
During the apartheid era, the South African government, led by the National Party, attempted to turn South Africa into a whites-only state by forcing millions of black people to move to bantustans.[3][clarification needed] Post-apartheid, some Afrikaner groups such as Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) and Afrikaner Volksfront have promoted the idea of a Volkstaat or a homeland for Afrikaners only. The town of Orania, Northern Cape is a manifestation of the Volkstaat idea.[11]
Australia
For 72 years, from 1901 until 1973, Australia implemented a White Australia Policy to exclude people of non-European origin.
United States
In 2013, white supremacist Craig Cobb attempted to take over the small town of Leith, North Dakota, and turn it into a neo-Nazi enclave; this failed due to Cobb's violent behavior towards Leith residents, which got him arrested. The events form the basis of the documentary Welcome to Leith. The United States also had historical white nationalist ideas, in the form of the Naturalization Act of 1790 which granted citizenship only to free white persons of good moral character. Non-white citizens would only be given the right to naturalize with the enacting of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, and discrimination in immigration only ended legally by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.
Nazi Germany
Adolf Hitler's plan was to create a Nordic/Aryan superstate that would rule over most of Europe and dominate its geopolitical landscape and eradicate everyone who was not considered "pure" by the Nazis. The objective of Nazi Germany was to turn a large part of central and eastern Europe into an "Aryan" homeland by cleansing its population through the genocide and mass deportation of non-Aryans such as Jews, Slavs (i.e. Poles, Russians, Serbs, Ukrainians), Roma/Gypsies, homosexuals, Black Africans etc.
Rhodesia
In 1965, then prime-minister Ian Smith declared the independence of Rhodesia to prevent blacks from rulling the country and preserve white colonial culture.
See also
- White nationalism
- Ethnonationalism
- Ethnocracy
- White supremacy
- Identitarianism
- Fourteen Words
- Fourth Reich
References
- ^ Dickson, Caitlin (2 February 2018). "The Neo-Nazi Has No Clothes: In Search Of Matt Heimbach's Bogus 'White Ethnostate'" – via Huff Post.
- ^ Rosenberg, David (24 October 2017). "Opinion Richard Spencers Israeli Ethno-state Is a neo-Nazi's Nightmare" – via Haaretz.
- ^ a b "Bantustan - historical territory, South Africa". Britannica.
- ^ Barry J. Balleck (2014). Allegiance to Liberty: The Changing Face of Patriots, Militias, and Political Violence in America. Praeger. pp. 122–123. ISBN 1440830959. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
- ^ Buck, Christopher (2009). Religious myths and visions of America : how minority faiths redefined America's world role. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. pp. 114–115. ISBN 0313359598. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
- ^ https://www.inlander.com/Bloglander/archives/2018/04/26/does-this-anti-sodomite-slavery-defending-holocaust-denying-idaho-pastor-lead-a-hate-group
- ^ a b https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/shield-wall-network-swn
- ^ https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/combating-hate/Gayman-Dan-EIA-1.pdf
- ^ https://www.resist.com/Instauration/OtherPubs-20120723/SilentBrotherhood.pdf
- ^ Bevan, Stephen (31 May 2008). "AWB leader Terre'Blanche rallies Boers again" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
- ^ Schonteich, Martin; Boshoff, Henri (2003). 'Volk' Faith and Fatherland. The Security Threat Posed by the White Right (PDF). Institute for Security Studies. p. ee. Retrieved 28 July 2019.