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APG IV system

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See also: Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

The APG IV system of flowering plant classification is the fourth version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy for flowering plants (angiosperms) being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). It was published in 2016, seven years after its predecessor the APG III system was published in 2009, and 18 years after the first APG system was published in 1998.[1] In 2009, a linear arrangement of the system was published separately;[2] the APG IV paper includes such an arrangement, cross-referenced to the 2009 one.[1]

Compared to the APG III system, the APG IV system recognizes five new orders (Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusales and Vahliales), along with some new families, making a total of 64 angiosperm orders and 416 families.[1] In general, the authors describe their philosophy as "conservative", based on making changes from APG III only where "a well-supported need" has been demonstrated. This has sometimes resulted in placements that are not compatible with published studies, but where further research is needed before the classification can be changed.[3]

Short version

Detailed version

Key to symbols used:

* = the family has been added or its circumscription changed since the APG III system of 2009
† = the order has been added since the APG III system

Basal angiosperms

Magnoliids

Independent lineage: unplaced to more inclusive clade

Monocots

Probable sister of eudicots

Eudicots

Core eudicots

Superrosids

Rosids

COM clade; placement uncertain

Rosids continued

Superasterids

Asterids

Phylogeny

Like the earlier APG systems, the APG IV revision is based on a phylogenetic tree for the angiosperms, as shown below.[4]

angiosperms

fabids

malvids

campanulids

lamiids

References

  1. ^ a b c APG IV (2016)
  2. ^ Haston et al. (2009)
  3. ^ APG IV (2016), p. 5
  4. ^ Cole & Hilger (2016)

Bibliography

  • Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 105–121, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x, retrieved 2010-12-10
  • Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV" (PDF), Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 181 (1): 1–20, doi:10.1111/boj.12385, retrieved 2016-06-11
  • Haston, E.; Richardson, J.E.; Stevens, P.F.; Chase, M.W.; Harris, D.J. (2009), "The Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III: a linear sequence of the families in APG III" (PDF), Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161: 128–131, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01000.x, retrieved 2016-06-13 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  • Fay, Michael (9 May 2016), "APG - classification by consensus", Kew Science, RBG Kew, retrieved 2016-06-12
  • Cole, Theodor C.H.; Hilger, Hartmut H. (April 2016), Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster - Flowering Plant Systematics (PDF), retrieved 2016-06-12 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
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