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April 1959

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April 9, 1959: The Mercury Seven astronauts are introduced. Pictured front row, Wally Schirra, Deke Slayton, John Glenn and Scott Carpenter, and back row, Alan Shepard, Gus Grissom and Gordon Cooper

The following events occurred in April 1959:

April 1, 1959 (Wednesday)

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  • Kazuo Inamori founded worldwide office copy complex machine and solar panel brand Kyocera in Japan; the predecessor name was Kyoto Ceramic.[citation needed]
  • After the Soviet Union restricted travel of American diplomats, the U.S. did the same for the Soviets in America.[1]
  • The Research Steering Committee on Manned Space Flight, chaired by Harry J. Goett of the Ames Research Center, was created to assist NASA in long-range planning and basic research on human spaceflight. The Goett Committee would meet for the first time on May 25 to concentrate on NASA's long-range objectives, particularly the issue of a flight program to follow Project Mercury. H. Kurt Strass of the Space Task Group (STG) at Langley Field envisioned that the next project would include an enlarged Mercury capsule to place two astronauts in orbit for three days, or accompanied by a large cylindrical structure to support a two-week mission.[2]
  • The Navajo Nation Supreme Court came into existence, along with a set of district courts with jurisdiction in Navajo territory in Arizona and New Mexico.[3]
  • A U.S. Air Force cargo plane crashed at Orting, Washington, killing all four of the crew on board. Witnesses reported that the C-118 had collided with another object in midair, and the incident has become part of UFO lore.[4] The pilot, Lt. Robert R. Dimmick, radioed, "We have hit something, or something has hit us", moments before the crash.[5]

April 2, 1959 (Thursday)

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  • The Soviet Union's Council for Russian Orthodox Church Affairs advised the Russian Orthodox patriarch of new measures to reduce the number of convents, followed by property and income tax increases on the convents.[6]
  • NASA completed the selection of seven men as astronauts for Project Mercury.[7] Originally planning to pick only six men, the STG screened 508 records and found 110 candidates who met the minimum standards. STG interviewed 69, invited 32 to go through tests and then narrowed the number down to 18. Deputy Administrator Robert Gilruth suggested picking the seven finalists with the most flying experience.[8]
  • At the same meeting, prospective bidders from 20 companies were briefed on construction of the worldwide tracking range for Project Mercury. The preliminary plan called for an orbital mission tracking network of 14 sites. Contacts had not been made with the governments of any proposed locations except for Bermuda. All sites would have facilities for telemetry, voice communications with the pilot, and teletype (wire or radio) communications with centers in the United States for primary tracking. The tracking sites would provide the Mercury Control Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida, with trajectory predictions; landing-area predictions; and vehicle, systems, and pilot conditions.[7]
  • After the initial meeting with contractors, plans were made for the Project Mercury animal payload program with monkeys used to cover nine flights, involving four different rocket launch vehicles (Little Joe, Redstone, Jupiter and Atlas). [7]
  • The U.S. Navy Chief of Naval Operations directed the Atlantic Fleet to support Project Mercury's recovery operations. [7]
  • A superbolt, more powerful than an ordinary lightning bolt, struck a cornfield near Leland, Illinois, leaving a crater 1 foot (0.30 m) deep, and breaking windows in homes almost 1 mile (1.6 km) away.[9]
  • Born: Juha Kankkunen, Finnish rally car driver and four-time world champion; in Laukaa

April 3, 1959 (Friday)

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April 4, 1959 (Saturday)

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  • In a speech at Gettysburg College, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower announced the first American commitment to keeping South Vietnam as a separate, non-Communist nation. "We reach the inescapable conclusion", said Eisenhower, "that our own national interests demand some help from us in sustaining in Vietnam the morale, the economic progress, and the military strength necessary to its continued existence in freedom."[12]

April 5, 1959 (Sunday)

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  • In Dortmund, West Germany, Rong Guotuan of Communist China defeated Ferenc Sido of Hungary to win the 25th World Table Tennis Championships, becoming the first Chinese player to do so.
  • At the Southmoor Hotel in Chicago, black nationalist S.A. Davis, Chairman of the Joint Council of Repatriation, and eight of his associates met with George Lincoln Rockwell, white supremacist, and two of his associates in the American Nazi Party, to discuss a joint resolution in support of government-supported "repatriation" of African-Americans to a homeland on the African continent.[13]

April 6, 1959 (Monday)

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  • The Academy Awards ceremony took place at the RKO Pantages Theatre in Hollywood. Gigi won a record nine Oscars, including the award for Best Picture.[14]
  • Texas A&M University won in its fight against admitting women as students, as the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed an appeal by two women from a state court decision.[15]
  • Robert Sobukwe founded the Pan Africanist Congress as a black African alternative to the African National Congress.[16]
  • Hal Holbrook began his career of portraying a retired author, with his first performance of Mark Twain Tonight! at the Forty-first Street Theatre in Manhattan.[17]
  • The "escudo" was created as the new currency of the South American nation of Chile, with the signing by President Jorge Alessandri of Law 13,305 in response to runaway inflation. The new escudo was worth 1,000 old pesos, which would be completely replaced by January 1, 1960. The "new peso" would replace the Chilean escudo on September 29, 1975, at a rate of one new peso for every 1,000 escudos (or every one million "old pesos").

April 7, 1959 (Tuesday)

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  • In Washington, the National Safety Council first warned parents about the risk of suffocation posed by plastic bags, particularly those used by dry cleaners.[18] The AMA, as well as a trade association of dry-cleaning stores, joined in the warning. In January, Dr. Paul B. Jarrett of Phoenix had begun a campaign to educate the public after five children had suffocated in the previous year.[19]
  • The first photograph of a falling meteorite was taken in Příbram, Czechoslovakia.[20]
  • For the first time, a radar signal was sent between the Earth and the Sun. A team led by Dr. Von R. Eshleman, Lt. Col. Robert C. Barthle, and Dr. Philip B. Gallagher, transmitted the beam from Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, and received the return 17 minutes later. The morning experiments were repeated on April 10 and April 12, and the data was published in the journal Science on February 5, 1960.[21]
  • By a margin of 386,845 to 314,380 voters in Oklahoma elected to repeal the state's constitutional prohibition on the sale of alcohol, leaving Mississippi as the only dry American state. Liquor sales began on September 1.[22]
  • The town of Jackpot, Nevada, was founded. Located a few miles south of the border with Idaho, the gambling center was created after Idaho banned gambling.[23]
  • Israel created the first Holocaust Memorial Day by vote of the Knesset in Tel Aviv, to be observed on the 27th day of Nisan, which fell on May 5 in 1959. If the 27th falls on a Friday, the observation is held on the 26th. In 2009, Nisan 27 was on April 21.[24]
  • The Philippine government began use of the presidential yacht, the R.P.S. Lapu-Lapu (PY-77).[25]

April 8, 1959 (Wednesday)

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April 9, 1959 (Thursday)

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April 9, 1959: Mercury Seven press conference
Frank Lloyd Wright

April 10, 1959 (Friday)

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April 10, 1959: Crown Prince Akihito marries Michiko Shōda in Japan's royal wedding
30-yen commemorative stamp

April 11, 1959 (Saturday)

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  • Bill Pickering, director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, announced America's plans for a crewed lunar mission "within the next 5 to 10 years". Speaking to a group of Caltech alumni, Pickering said that the Nova rocket, once perfected, would "be able to transport two or three men to the moon and return them to earth."[43]

April 12, 1959 (Sunday)

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  • The body of former Haitian presidential candidate Clement Jumelle was hijacked from the funeral procession in Port-au-Prince. It has been speculated that Haitian dictator François Duvalier wanted to use the brain in a voodoo ceremony.[44]
  • The myth of the Chinese word for "crisis" was perpetuated by Senator John F. Kennedy, who said, "When written in Chinese, the word crisis is composed of two characters—one represents danger and the other represents opportunity."[45]
  • NASA's STG conducted the second full-scale beach abort test on Wallops Island. After a deliberate thrust misalignment of 1 inch (25 mm) was programmed into the escape combination, the test was fully successful. Two further tests were conducted the next day. [7]

April 13, 1959 (Monday)

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April 14, 1959 (Tuesday)

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  • The Robert A. Taft Memorial, a carillon with 27 bells, was dedicated in Washington. President Eisenhower and former president Hoover delivered remarks before a crowd of 5,000 people.[50]
  • The Atlas D missile was launched from Cape Canaveral in its first test. With a range of 10,360 miles (16,670 km), the missile could travel farther than any previously produced in the United States. The rocket exploded soon after launch, as did two other Atlas D launches, until succeeding on July 29, 1959.[51]
  • The Grumman OV-1 Mohawk, built as the U.S. Army's reconnaissance airplane, made its first flight.[52]

April 15, 1959 (Wednesday)

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April 16, 1959 (Thursday)

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  • The United States deployed the first Thor missiles in Great Britain, under the command of Royal Air Force crews. The nuclear warheads on the missiles remained under American control.[56]
  • At an altitude of 11,700 metres (38,400 ft), an Air France flight from Paris to Dijon lost power 265 kilometres (165 mi) from its destination. The crew glided the plane the rest of the way.[57]
  • NASA asked the U.S. Air Force to furnish two TF-102B and two T-33 aircraft for the Project Mercury astronauts for training in order to maintain their proficiency in high performance aircraft.[7]
  • Voters in Harlem Heights, a neighborhood near Chicago, elected in a referendum to incorporate as the city of Palos Heights, Illinois.[58]
  • Rioters at the Montana State Prison in Deer Lodge took 16 guards and 7 other people hostage. The disturbance broke out at 4:30. Two hostages were released the next day.[59]
  • "Judgment at Nuremberg" was telecast as a live television broadcast on Playhouse 90 and was then adapted to a 1961 film.[60][unreliable source]

April 17, 1959 (Friday)

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April 18, 1959 (Saturday)

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Corvette Stingray

April 19, 1959 (Sunday)

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April 20, 1959 (Monday)

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Promo for the CBS pilot
  • The pilot for what would become the ABC television series The Untouchables was first shown, appearing in the first of two installments as part of the Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse anthology series CBS. The show was based on the autobiography of retired federal agent Eliot Ness, whose role was played by actor Robert Stack.[70] The ABC network picked up the contract to make a regular series that would premiere on October 15.
  • Born: Clint Howard, American film and television actor; in Burbank, California
  • Died: Morris K. Jessup, 59, American mathematician, astronomer, and authority on UFOs, was found dead in his car from carbon monoxide poisoning, an apparent suicide,[71] although some conspiracy theorists believe that he was murdered.[72]

April 21, 1959 (Tuesday)

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  • Alfred Dean set a record by catching a 2,664-pound (1,208 kg) great white shark off the coast of Ceduna, South Australia.[73]
  • The tradition of a cannon firing at noon in Rome was started again after a 20-year hiatus.[74]

April 22, 1959 (Wednesday)

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  • In a game between the Kansas City Athletics and the Chicago White Sox, the Sox scored 11 runs in the seventh inning on only one base hit, and went on to win 20–6. John Callison singled to bring in two players who had reached base on Athletics' errors. After the bases were loaded, eight other players (including Callison) scored from third base by a player being walked, while another scored from third after a batter was struck by a pitch.[75]
  • In 1955, Florence Houteff, whose husband Victor had founded the Branch Davidian sect in Waco, Texas, had predicted that God would establish the Kingdom of Palestine on April 22, 1959. The prophecy failed, but the Davidians continued, dying in a fire at Waco in 1993.[76][77]
  • Norman Rosen filed a patent for the mesh crib bumper, designed to prevent infant suffocation by providing an alternative to the traditional cloth or vinyl sides within a crib. Rosen would receive U.S. Patent No. 3,018,492 on January 30, 1962, for his invention.[78]
Mercury spacecraft and escape system configuration
  • In a meeting at Langley, NASA officials concluded that the tower configuration was the best escape system for the Mercury spacecraft and development would proceed using this concept. [7]
  • The second of two recording dates of Miles Davis' Kind of Blue at Columbia Records' 30th Street Studio in New York City.
  • Born:

April 23, 1959 (Thursday)

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  • The press secretary for Ernesto de la Guardia, the President of Panama, charged that American actor John Wayne was financing an attempt by Roberto Arias to overthrow the government there. Wayne dismissed the accusations as ridiculous, and noted, "Roberto never talked politics, and I never heard him say anything about overthrowing the Panamanian government."[81]

April 24, 1959 (Friday)

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  • The 34 Shan States were merged into one region by the government of Burma (now Myanmar).[82]
  • The bond graph was invented, described as "one of the most effective and most elegant tools for modeling system dynamics".[83]
  • DeMarquis D. Wyatt, NASA's Assistant to the Director of Space Flight Development, testified before Congress]] in support of a request for $3 million in Fiscal Year 1960 for research into techniques and problems of space rendezvous, which would be a goal of Project Gemini.[84][85]
  • Your Hit Parade was broadcast for the last time.[86]
  • Died: Omaha, 27, American thoroughbred racehorse and winner of the 1935 Triple Crown, died at the age of 24 on a farm in Nebraska City, Nebraska. The horse was buried somewhere on the Ak-Sar-Ben Raceway grounds, but the location has been lost.[87]

April 25, 1959 (Saturday)

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  • The St. Lawrence Seaway opened at 8:00 a.m.. The icebreaker D'Iberville was at the front of 70 ships that would sail from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake Ontario, starting at Montreal. At the same time, 600 miles (970 km) away in Ogdensburg, New York, 19 cargo ships began the journey from the other end of the seaway. The project had taken five years and cost $475,000,000 with a majority of the funding from Canada.[88] The Seaway was dedicated on June 26, 1959.
  • At the Nazareth, Pennsylvania, Motor Speedway, 19-year-old Mario Andretti made his racing debut, winning the race in a 1948 Hudson.[89]
  • In Poplarville, Mississippi, a lynch mob kidnapped 23-year-old Mack Charles Parker from his jail cell.[90] His body was found on May 4 in the Pearl River, where he was thrown after being tortured and killed.
  • A force of about 80 rebels invaded Panama from the Caribbean Sea in an attempt to overthrow the government there. Although Cuban revolutionary leader Fidel Castro denounced the attack along with other OAS members, it was alleged that he had sponsored the attack.[91]

April 26, 1959 (Sunday)

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April 27, 1959 (Monday)

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  • Liu Shaoqi was named as the new President of the People's Republic of China, as Mao Zedong gave up the ceremonial post to concentrate on the job of First Secretary of the Communist Party.[93]
  • Philibert Tsiranana was elected the first president of the Malagasy Republic on the island of Madagascar.[94]
  • At 7:00 a.m. Eastern time, NBC's national broadcasts were shut down by a walkout of engineering personnel. The dispute arose over the planned airing of a Today show segment that had been recorded without union personnel. Programming resumed three hours later.[95]
  • The radio program One Man's Family was broadcast for the last time, after 27 years on NBC radio.[96]
  • The seven Project Mercury astronauts reported for duty and their training program was undertaken immediately.[7] Actual training began the next day. Within 3 months the astronauts were acquainted with the various facets of the Mercury program. [7]
  • Born: Sheena Easton, Scottish-born pop singer; as Sheena Shirley Orr in Bellshill, North Lanarkshire

April 28, 1959 (Tuesday)

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  • Former President Harry S Truman told students at Columbia University that he had made the decision to drop nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and on Nagasaki because an invasion would have cost millions of lives.[citation needed]
  • Casa de las Americas was founded in Cuba by order of Fidel Castro.[97]
  • The Vatican announced that Roman Catholics worldwide would receive dispensation to eat meat on Friday during the May Day holiday.[98]
  • The U.S. Senate confirmed Clare Boothe Luce as ambassador to Brazil by a 79–11 vote, in spite of efforts by Senator Wayne Morse to block the nomination. In thanking the Senate, Mrs. Luce then caused an uproar when she said in a statement, "My difficulties, of course, go some years back and began when Senator Wayne Morse was kicked in the head by a horse",[99] referring to a 1951 accident in which the Senator's jaw had been broken, and calls were made for her resignation. Ambassador Luce quit on May 1.[100] During the debate, Senator Everett Dirksen made a memorable gaffe in defending Mrs. Luce, saying "Why thresh old straws or beat an old bag of bones?"[101][102]

April 29, 1959 (Wednesday)

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April 30, 1959 (Thursday)

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ "U.S. Defies Russia on Berlin; Soviet Travel Ban Matched". Oakland Tribune. April 1, 1959. p. 1.
  2. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Brooks, Courtney G.; Ertel, Ivan D.; Newkirk, Roland W. "PART I: Early Space Station Activities -1923 to December 1962.". SKYLAB: A CHRONOLOGY. NASA Special Publication-4011. NASA. p. 8. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  3. ^ French, Laurence (2003). Native American Justice. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 151–152.
  4. ^ "Air Force C-118 Aircraft Has Airborne Collision and Then Crashes - Killing Crew of Four". UFOs Northwest.
  5. ^ "4 Die in Fiery Crash of Plane". Oakland Tribune. April 2, 1959. p. 28.
  6. ^ Davis, Nathaniel (2003). Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy. Westview Press. p. 34.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M. "PART II (A) Research and Development Phase of Project Mercury October 3, 1958 through December 1959". Project Mercury - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4001. NASA. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  8. ^ Haynsworth, Leslie; Toomey, David M. (2000). Amelia Earhart's Daughters. HarperCollins. pp. 190–191.
  9. ^ Burt, Christopher C. (2007). Extreme Weather: A Guide & Record Book. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 149.
  10. ^ Sam Roberts, A Kind of Genius: Herb Sturtz and His Work on Society's Toughest Problems (PublicAffairs, 2009), p25
  11. ^ "'Thy Brother's Blood'": Capital Punishment in West Virginia" Archived 2008-08-10 at the Wayback Machine, by Stan Bumgardner and Christine Kreiser, West Virginia Historical Society Quarterly (March 1996)
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  14. ^ Gene Lees, The Musical Worlds of Lerner and Loewe (University of Nebraska Press, 2005), pp166–67
  15. ^ "College Wins Fight to Keep Women Out", Oakland Tribune, April 6, 1959, p1
  16. ^ John J. Ansbro, The Credos of Eight Black Leaders: Converting Obstacles Into Opportunities (Rowman & Littlefield, 2005), p153
  17. ^ "Holbrook, Hal", Current Biography Yearbook: 1998 (H.W. Wilson Company, 1999)
  18. ^ "Plastic Bags Cause Deaths", UPI rept in Albuquerque Tribune, April 8, 1959, p1
  19. ^ "Plastic Bags Deadly Toy", Tucson Daily Citizen, January 21, 1959, p1
  20. ^ "Fireball, meteorite, bolide, meteor in video, footage and photo".
  21. ^ "Sun Reached With Radar At Stanford", Oakland Tribune, February 5, 1960, p1
  22. ^ Arrell Morgan Gibson, Oklahoma: A History of Five Centuries (University of Oklahoma Press, 1981), p247
  23. ^ "Jackpot Nevada Tourism". Archived from the original on 2008-11-19. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
  24. ^ James E. Young, "Mandating the National Memory of Catastrophe", in Law and Catastrophe (Stanford University Press, 2007), p139
  25. ^ http://www.gov.ph/news/printerfriendly.asp?i=23792 [dead link]
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  27. ^ Bizzarro, Salvatore (2005). Historical Dictionary of Chile. Scarecrow Press. p. 380. ISBN 9780810840973 – via Internet Archive.
  28. ^ "Food Poisons At Least 100 In Union Meet". Oakland Tribune. April 8, 1959. p. 1.
  29. ^ Burgess, Colin (2011). Selecting the Mercury Seven: The Search for America's First Astronauts. Chichester, UK: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 98–104, 273–274. ISBN 978-1-4419-8404-3.
  30. ^ "Greek Archbishop Dies". The Los Angeles Times. April 9, 1959. p. I-7.
  31. ^ "U.S. Bares Names of 7 Spacemen". Oakland Tribune. April 9, 1959. p. 1.
  32. ^ "Haiti Rebels Slay Pilot, Fly to Cuba". Oakland Tribune. April 10, 1959. p. 1.
  33. ^ Lender, Doug. "The Trials of Lenny Bruce". Archived from the original on 28 March 2009.
  34. ^ "Celts Beat Lakers 4th Straight Time For Pro Cage Title". Oakland Tribune. April 10, 1959. p. 52.
  35. ^ Fleming, E. J. (2004). The Fixers: Eddie Mannix, Howard Strickling, and the MGM Publicity Machine. McFarland. p. 256.
  36. ^ "Frank Lloyd Wright Dies In Phoenix". Oakland Tribune. April 9, 1959. p. 1.
  37. ^ "Japan Prince To Wed in Tokyo Today". Oakland Tribune. April 9, 1959. p. 1.
  38. ^ "Student Attacks Royal Newlyweds". Oakland Tribune. April 10, 1959. p. 1.
  39. ^ "Salvaged Bomb Blast Kills 34 Filipinos". Fresno Bee. April 10, 1959. p. 1.
  40. ^ "Sniper Tries to Ambush Gov. Almond". Oakland Tribune. April 11, 1959. p. 1.
  41. ^ "Youth, 17 Dies in Gas Chamber". The Baltimore Sun. April 11, 1959. p. 28.
  42. ^ McShane, Marilyn D.; Williams, Franklin P. (2007). Youth Violence and Delinquency: Juvenile Treatment and Crime Prevention. University of South Carolina Press. p. 172.
  43. ^ "U.S. Plans Manned Round Trip to Moon". Sunday Express and News. San Antonio, Texas. April 12, 1959. p. 1.
  44. ^ Fordi9.com
  45. ^ Shafritz, Jay M. (August 27, 2004). Dictionary of Public Policy and Administration. Westview Press. p. 81.
  46. ^ "Surface Nuclear Test Ban Offered by West to Russia". Oakland Tribune. April 13, 1959. p. 1.
  47. ^ "Ike Offers Russ New A-Ban Plan". Oakland Tribune. April 21, 1959. p. 1.
  48. ^ "Mario Lanza, 1921-1959". Sicilian Culture. Archived from the original on 15 February 2009.
  49. ^ "Baton in Hand, Van Beinum, 58, Dies on Podium— Conductor Stricken at Rehearsal". Chicago Tribune. April 14, 1959. pp. 2–11.
  50. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  53. ^ "Anniversary of Fidel Castro U.S. visit 49 years ago". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011.
  54. ^ "New Cancer Forces Secy. Dulles to Quit". Oakland Tribune. April 15, 1959. p. 1.
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  61. ^ ConceptCarz.com
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  63. ^ "Troops Smash Mutiny With Bazookas, Free All Hostages". Oakland Tribune. April 18, 1959. p. 1.
  64. ^ "Swiss Woman Votes". Oakland Tribune. April 20, 1959. p. 2.
  65. ^ Leonard, Thomas M. (2004). Fidel Castro: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 48.
  66. ^ "Fidel Castro through the years". Los Angeles Times. 16 September 2014.
  67. ^ "Pepsi Cola, Joan Crawford, and Albion". Albion Morning Star. Albion, Michigan. March 1, 1998. p. 6.
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  70. ^ "Gripping TV Story of Capone", by Robert Anderson, Chicago Daily Tribune, April 21, 1959, p3-10
  71. ^ "Saucer Man Suicide", The News-Press (Fort Myers, FL), April 22, 1959, p1
  72. ^ Jonathan Vankin and John Whalen, The 80 Greatest Conspiracies of All Time: History's Biggest Mysteries, Coverups, and Cabals (Citadel Press, 2004) pp620–621
  73. ^ Sutton, Keith (June 27, 2007). "Fascinating Fishing Facts". ESPN.com.
  74. ^ "Rome Off The Beaten Path". VirtualTourist.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2009.
  75. ^ "Big Inning Wrap-up: 11 Runs on One Hit". Milwaukee Journal. April 23, 1959. p. 17 – via Google News.
  76. ^ "Cult of Death". Time. March 15, 1993. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007.
  77. ^ Sutton, Robert P. (2005). Modern American Communes: A Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 39.
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  80. ^ "Ryan Stiles". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
  81. ^ "John Wayne Link In Panama Plot". Oakland Tribune. April 23, 1959. p. 1.
  82. ^ "The Shans: People Forgotten By the World". Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
  83. ^ Gussn, Nasser; Cellier, Francois. "On the Extension of the Bondgraphic Power Postulate to some Relativistic Phenomena" (PDF). The Society for Computer Simulation.
  84. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M.; Hacker, Barton C.; Vorzimmer, Peter J. "PART I (A) Concept and Design April 1959 through December 1961". Project Gemini Technology and Operations - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4002. NASA. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  85. ^ Brooks et al., pp. 8-9.
  86. ^ "A Nostalgic Finale". The New York Times. April 24, 1959.
  87. ^ "Burial site of Triple Crown winner Omaha shrouded in mystery". Thoroughbred Times. September 3, 2006. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2009.
  88. ^ "St. Lawrence Seaway Gets First Ships". Oakland Tribune. April 25, 1959. p. 1.
  89. ^ Binder, Al (April 1, 2002). "Rearview Mirror". Ward's AutoWorld. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011.
  90. ^ "FBI Hunts Lynch Mob; Fear Dixie Victim Dead". Oakland Tribune. April 25, 1959. p. 1.
  91. ^ Brecher, Michael; Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (1997). A Study of Crisis. University of Michigan Press. p. 505.
  92. ^ "CNN/SI - Baseball - AL Recap (Texas-Baltimore) - May 24, 1999". Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
  93. ^ "Red China Names New President". Oakland Tribune. April 27, 1959. p. 1.
  94. ^ "Madagascar: Late French Colonialism (1945-1960)". EISA.org.
  95. ^ "Walkout of Technicians Hits NBC-TV". Oakland Tribune. April 27, 1959. p. 1.
  96. ^ www.archive.org
  97. ^ "Preparations for Havana Casa Literary Prizes in Full Swing". JuventudRebelde.co.cu. February 3, 2009. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011.
  98. ^ "Pope Gives May Day Meat Dispensation". Oakland Tribune. April 28, 1959. p. 1.
  99. ^ "Ike Backs Mrs. Luce In Row With Morse". Fresno Bee. April 29, 1959. p. 1.
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