Hoklo people
Template:Contains Hokkien text
_(14597338250).jpg) A Hokkien family in Southern Fujian, 1920. | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| ~40,000,000[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Mainland China | Fujian Zhejiang Guangdong |
 Taiwan | Majority of Han Taiwanese people (~16,321,075) x |
 Malaysia | One of the largest groups of Malaysian Chinese |
 Philippines | Largest Group of Chinese Filipinos[2] |
 Singapore | Largest group of Chinese Singaporeans |
 Indonesia | Largest group of Indonesian Chinese[3] |
 Myanmar | One of the three largest groups of Burmese Chinese (figured combined with Cantonese)[4] |
 United States | >70,000[5] |
 Macau | Minority population |
 Vietnam | Significant group among ethnic Chinese people in Vietnam |
 Madagascar | Significant group among ethnic Sinoa |
| Languages | |
| Quanzhang Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese) others: Standard Mandarin Chinese, English; the national language(s) of respective countries they inhabit | |
| Religion | |
| Chinese folk religions (including Taoism, Confucianism, ancestral worship and others), Mahayana Buddhism and non-religious; minority: Christianity. | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Other Han Chinese people, Hoklo Taiwanese, Hoklo Americans, Ancient Minyue people† and other Min speakers | |
The Hoklo people or Hokkien people are Han Chinese people whose traditional ancestral homes are in southern Fujian, China and speakers of Hokkien which is the prestige language of the Southern Min varieties. They are also known by various endonyms (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hok-ló-lâng/Hō-ló-lâng/Ho̍h-ló-lâng/Hô-ló-lâng), or other related terms such as Banlam (Minnan) people (閩南儂; Bân-lâm-lâng) or Hokkien people (福建儂; Hok-kiàn-lâng). "Hokkien" is sometimes erroneously used to refer to all Fujianese people.
"Hoklo people" of this page refers to people whose native language is the Quanzhang Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese) spoken in Southern Fujian (China's province), Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, the Philippines and by many overseas Chinese throughout Southeast Asia.
Etymology
In Taiwan, there are three common ways to write Hoklo in Chinese characters (Hokkien pronunciations are given in Pe̍h-ōe-jī), although none have been established as etymologically correct:[6]
- 福佬; Hok-ló; 'Fujian folk' – mistakenly used by outsiders to emphasize their native connection to Fujian province. It is not an accurate transliteration in terms from Hokkien itself although it may correspond to an actual usage in Hakka.
- 河洛; Hô-lo̍k; 'Yellow River and Luo River' – emphasizes their purported long history originating from the area south of the Yellow River. This term does not exist in Hokkien. The transliteration is a phonologically inaccurate folk etymology, though the Mandarin pronunciation Héluò has gained currency through the propagation of the inaccurate transliteration.[6]
- 鶴佬; Ho̍h-ló; 'crane folk' – emphasizes the modern pronunciation of the characters (without regard to the meaning of the Chinese characters); phonologically accurate.
Meanwhile, Hoklo people self-identify as 河老; Hô-ló; 'river aged'.[7]
In Hakka, Teochew, and Cantonese, Hoklo may be written as Hoglo (學老; 'learned aged') and 學佬 ('learned folk').
Despite the many ways to write Hoklo in Chinese, the term Holo[8][9] (Hō-ló/Hô-ló)[10] is used in Taiwan to refer to the ethnicity and language (Taiwanese Hokkien).
Culture
Architecture
Hoklo architecture is for the most part similar to any other traditional Chinese architectural styles, Hoklo shrines and temples have tilted sharp eaves just like the architecture of Han Chinese in all parts of China due to superstitious beliefs, however Hoklo shrines and temples do have special differences from the styles in other regions of China: the top roofs are high and slanted with exaggerated finely-detailed decorative inlays of wood and porcelain.
The main halls of Hoklo temple are also a little different, they are usually decorated with two dragons on the rooftop at the furthest left and right corners, and a miniature figure of a pagoda at the centre rooftop. One such example of this is the Kaiyuan Temple in Fujian, China. Other than all these minor differences, Hoklo architecture is the basically same as any other traditional Chinese architecture of any other regions by Han Chinese.
Language
The Hoklo people speak the mainstream Minnan (Hokkien) dialect which is mutually intelligible to the Teochew dialect but to a small degree. Minnan can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, and it also has roots from earlier periods such as the Northern and Southern Dynasties and also a little influence from other dialects as well.
Hokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among Chinese varieties, with more consonants than Standard Mandarin or Cantonese. Vowels are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties. These include the retention of the /t/ initial, which is now /tʂ/ (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' 竹 is tik, but zhú in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Chinese varieties.[11] Hokkien has 5 to 7 tones or 7 to 9 tones according to traditional sense, depending on variety of hokkien spoken such as the Amoy dialect for example has 7-8 tones.
Diaspora
In Taiwan
About 70% of the Taiwanese people descend from Hoklo immigrants who arrived to the island prior to the start of Japanese rule in 1895. They could be categorized as originating from Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou based on their dialects and districts of origin.[12] People from the former two areas (Quanzhou-speaking) were dominant in the north of the island and along the west coast, whereas people from the latter two areas (Zhangzhou-speaking) were dominant in the south and perhaps the central plains as well.
Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and Philippines Hoklo or Hokkien-lang (Hokkien People)
The Hoklo or Hokkien-lang (as they are known in these countries) are the largest dialect group among the Malaysian Chinese, Singapore and southern part of Thailand. They constitute the highest concentrations of Hoklo or Hokkien-lang in the region. The various Hokkien dialects/Minnan are still widely spoken in these countries but the daily use are slowly decreasing in favor of Mandarin Chinese, English or local language.
The Hoklo or Hokkien-lang are also the largest group among the Chinese Indonesians . Most speak only Indonesian.
In the Philippines, the Hoklo or Hokkien-lang form the majority of the Chinese people in the country. The Hokkien dialect/Minnan is still spoken there.
Hailufeng Hokkiens
The Minnan speaking people in Haifeng and Lufeng are known as Hailufeng Hokkiens or Hailufeng Minnan, in a narrow scope, but are often mistaken by outsiders as Chaozhou/Teochew people in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia.
Chen Jiongming is a famous Hailufeng Hokkien who served as the governor of the Guangdong and Guangxi provinces during the Republic of China.
America
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2016) |
After the 1960s, many Hokkiens from Taiwan began immigrating to the United States and Canada.
Notable Hoklo people
See also
References
- ^ [1]
- ^ Ng, Maria; Philip Holden (1 September 2006). Reading Chinese transnationalisms: society, literature, film. Hong Kong University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-962-209-796-4.
- ^ Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2005), "Indonesia", Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.), Dallas, T.X.: SIL International, ISBN 978-1-55671-159-6, retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ Mya Than (1997). Leo Suryadinata (ed.). Ethnic Chinese As Southeast Asians. ISBN 0-312-17576-0.
- ^ 2005-2009 American Community Survey
- ^ a b "Language Log » Hoklo". languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu.
- ^ Gu Yanwu (1985). 《天下郡國利病書》:郭造卿《防閩山寇議》. 上海書店. OCLC 19398998.
漳猺人與虔汀潮循接壤處....常稱城邑人為河老，謂自河南遷來畏之，繇陳元光將卒始也
- ^ Exec. Yuan (2014), pp. 36, 48.
- ^ Exec. Yuan (2015), p. 10.
- ^ Naoyoshi Ogawa, ed. (1931–1932). "hô-ló (福佬)". 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese and Taiwanese Hokkien). Vol. 2. Taihoku: Governor-General of Taiwan. p. 829. OCLC 25747241.
- ^ Kane, Daniel (2006). The Chinese language: its history and current usage. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 100–102. ISBN 978-0-8048-3853-5.
- ^ Davidson (1903), p. 591.
Bibliography
- Brown, Melissa J (2004). Is Taiwan Chinese? : The Impact of Culture, Power and Migration on Changing Identities. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23182-1.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Davidson, James W. (1903). The Island of Formosa, Past and Present. London and New York: Macmillan. OCLC 1887893. OL 6931635M.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - The Republic of China Yearbook 2014 (PDF). Executive Yuan, R.O.C. 2014. ISBN 9789860423020. Retrieved 2016-06-11.
- The Republic of China Yearbook 2015. Executive Yuan, R.O.C. 2015. ISBN 9789860460131. Archived from the original on 2016-05-31. Retrieved 2016-06-06.