Mirandese language
| Mirandese | |
|---|---|
| Mirandés | |
| Native to | Portugal |
| Region | Northeast (Miranda do Douro, Sendim, Vimioso and Mogadouro) |
Native speakers | 15,000 (2000)[1] (10,000 use it regularly, 5,000 when they return to the area. 2,000 Sendinese in Sendim Vila.)[2] |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Co-official recognition. Special protection status in Miranda do Douro, Portugal. Statutory language of provincial identity in 4 municipalities, northeast Portugal (1999, Law No. 7-99 of 29 January).[3] |
| Regulated by | Anstituto de la Lhéngua Mirandesa |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | mwl |
| ISO 639-3 | mwl |
| Glottolog | mira1251 |
| ELP | Miranda do Douro |
| Linguasphere | 51-AAA-cb |
 Locator map of the Miranda do Douro municipality, which harbors the vast majority of Mirandese speakers. | |
The Mirandese language (autonym: mirandés or lhéngua mirandesa; Portuguese: mirandês or [língua mirandesa] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) is a Romance language belonging to the Astur-Leonese linguistic group, sparsely spoken in a small area of northeastern Portugal, in the municipalities of Miranda do Douro, Mogadouro and Vimioso. The Portuguese Parliament granted it co-official recognition (along with the Portuguese language) for local matters on 17 September 1998 with the law 7/99 of 29 January 1999.
Mirandese has a distinct phonology, morphology and syntax, and has been distinct at least since the formation of Portugal in the 12th century.[citation needed] It has its roots in the spoken Latin of the north of the Iberian Peninsula (Portuguese developed in the northwest).
It is a descendant of the ancient Astur-Leonese language of northern Iberia, the last remnant of the ancient language of the Kingdom of León, and closely related to the modern Astur-Leonese languages in Spain. However, these amalgamations in the Spanish territory did not affect Mirandese, which preserves distinct linguistic differences in relation to both Portuguese and Spanish. It shares a great deal of lexicon with regional Portuguese dialects. [citation needed]
Speakers
In the 19th century, José Leite de Vasconcelos described it as "the language of the farms, of work, home, and love between the Mirandese". Since 1986–1987 it has been taught to students between the ages of 10 and 11, and so it is recovering.
Today Mirandese retains fewer than 5,000 speakers (but the number can be up to 15,000 if counting second-language speakers) in the villages of the Municipality of Miranda do Douro and in some eastern villages (such as Vilar Seco and Angueira; in Caçarelhos, it is considered recently extinct) of the Municipality of Vimioso, and some linguistic influence can be observed at other villages of the municipality of Vimioso and the municipalities of Mogadouro, Macedo de Cavaleiros and Bragança.
Variants
Three variants of the Mirandese language exist: Border Mirandese (Mirandés Raiano), Central Mirandese (Mirandés Central) and Sendinese (Sendinés). Most speakers of Mirandese also speak Portuguese.
The main differences between Mirandese in Portugal and the Astur-Leonese languages in Spain are caused by the dominant languages in each region. Mirandese has been influenced phonetically and in lexicon by Portuguese and the Astur-Leonese languages in Spain by Spanish (Castilian). All have distinctive orthography that phonetically reflects the respective main national languages. Another difference is that Mirandese and Leonese remain very conservative, while Asturian has undergone a greater amount of change.[citation needed]
Features
Phonology
Some historical developments in Mirandese are:
- Mirandese maintains distinct reflexes of all seven medieval Ibero-Romance sibilants:
| Ibero-Romance | Mirandese | European Portuguese |
North/Central Castilian Spanish |
|---|---|---|---|
| /tʃ/ | /tʃ/ ⟨ch⟩ |
/ʃ/ ⟨ch⟩ |
/tʃ/ ⟨ch⟩ |
| /ʃ/ | /ʃ/ ⟨x⟩ |
/ʃ/ ⟨x⟩ |
/x/ ⟨j⟩ |
| /ʒ/ | /ʒ/ ⟨g⟩ / ⟨j⟩ |
/ʒ/ ⟨g⟩ / ⟨j⟩ |
/x/ ⟨g⟩ / ⟨j⟩ |
| /s̻/ | /s̻/ ⟨c⟩ / ⟨ç⟩ |
/s̻/ ⟨c⟩ / ⟨ç⟩ |
/θ/ ⟨c⟩ |
| /z̻/ | /z̻/ ⟨z⟩ |
/z̻/ ⟨z⟩ |
/θ/ ⟨z⟩ |
| /s̺/ | /s̺/ ⟨s⟩ / ⟨-ss-⟩ |
/s̻/ ⟨s̻⟩ / ⟨-ss-⟩ |
/s̺/ ⟨s⟩ |
| /z̺/ | /z̺/ ⟨s⟩ |
/z̻/ ⟨s⟩ |
/s̺/ ⟨s⟩ |
The /s̺/ and /z̺/ indicate apico-alveolar sibilants (as in modern Catalan, northern/central peninsular Spanish, and coastal northern European Portuguese), while /s̻/ and /z̻/ are dentalized laminal alveolar sibilants (as in most modern Portuguese and French).
Portuguese spelling still distinguishes all seven, and is identical to Mirandese spelling in this respect, but in pronunciation has reduced them to four /s, z, ʃ, ʒ/, except in northern hinterland European Portuguese dialects, including those of the area where Mirandese is located. Northern/central Peninsular Spanish has also reduced them to four but in a quite different way: /tʃ, θ, s̺, x/. Andalusian Spanish and Latin American Spanish have further reduced them to three: /tʃ, s̻, h/.
- Retention of the initial /f/ from Latin, like nearly all dialects of Western Romance (the major maverick being Spanish, where /f/ > /h/ > ∅).
- The Latin initial consonant clusters /pl/, /kl/, /fl/ evolve into /ʃ/.
- Proto-Romance medial clusters -ly- and -cl- became medial /ʎ/.
- The cluster /-mb-/ is kept.
- Proto-Romance -mn- becomes /m/: lūm'nem > lume.
- Falling diphthongs /ei/, /ou/ preserved.
- Final -o becomes /u/.
- Voiced sibilants are still maintained.
- Retention of intervocalic /l/, /n/.
- Western Romance /ɛ/, /ɔ/ diphthongize to /jɛ/, /wo/, unlike Spanish /we/. This happens not only before palatals (as in Aragonese), but before nasals as well.
- /l/ is palatalized word-initially (as in Catalan and other Astur-Leonese languages).
Morphology
As in conservative Portuguese, Mirandese still uses the following synthetic tenses:
- Synthetic pluperfect in -ra.
- Future subjunctive in -r(e).
- Personal infinitive in -r(e). This has the same endings as the future subjunctive but differs in many cases because the personal infinitive always uses the infinitive stem while the future subjunctive uses the past-tense stem.
Sample text
The following is a sample text of the Mirandese language, written by Amadeu Ferreira, and published in the newspaper Público, on 24 July 2007.
| Mirandese | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|
|
Muitas lhénguas ténen proua de ls sous pergaminos antigos, de la lhiteratura screbida hai cientos d'anhos i de scritores hai muito afamados, hoije bandeiras dessas lhénguas. Mas outras hai que nun puoden tener proua de nada desso, cumo ye l causo de la lhéngua mirandesa. |
Muitas línguas têm orgulho dos seus pergaminhos antigos, da literatura escrita há centenas de anos e de escritores muito famosos, hoje bandeiras dessas línguas. Mas há outras que não podem ter orgulho de nada disso, como é o caso da língua mirandesa. |
Many languages are proud of their ancient scrolls, of the literature written hundreds of years ago and of famous writers, today flags of those languages. But others can't be proud of that, as is the case of the Mirandese language. |
Then a comparison of the previous text in three modern languages of the Asturo-leonese group:
| Mirandese | Leonese | Asturian |
|---|---|---|
|
Muitas lhénguas ténen proua de ls sous pergaminos antigos, de la lhiteratura screbida hai cientos d'anhos i de scritores hai muito afamados, hoije bandeiras dessas lhénguas. Mas outras hai que nun puoden tener proua de nada desso, cumo ye l causo de la lhéngua mirandesa. |
Muitas llinguas tien arguyu de los sous pergaminos antiguos, de la lliteratura escrita van cientos d'annos y d'escritores bien famosos; guei bandeiras d'eisas llinguas. Peru hai outras que nun pueden tener arguyu de nada d'eisu, cumu ye'l casu de la llingua mirandesa. |
Munches llingües tienen arguyu de los sos pergaminos antiguos, de la lliteratura escrita hai cientos d'años y d'escritores enforma famosos, güei banderes d'eses llingües. Pero hai otres que nun pueden tener arguyu de nada d'eso, como ye'l casu de la llingua mirandesa. |
National attention
Mirandese, given its status as second official language in Portugal after Portuguese, has been the subject in recent years of some publicity and attention in other parts of Portugal. A monthly chronicle in Mirandese, by researcher and writer Amadeu Ferreira, appears in the daily Portuguese national newspaper Público. The first volume of the The Adventures of Asterix, named Asterix, L Goulés (Asterix the Gaul), was published in a Mirandese translation by Amadeu Ferreira in 2005, and sold throughout Portugal. Amadeu Ferreira also translated into Mirandese the epic poem by Camões, Os Lusíadas (Ls Lusíadas), under his pseudonym Francisco Niebro and published it in 2009.[4] In 2011, the four Gospels of the Bible's New Testament were translated into Mirandese, and in 2013 the entire Bible was translated into the language by Domingos Augusto Ferreira.[5]
See also
References
- ^ Mirandese at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ "Mirandese". Ethnologue.com. 1999-02-19. Retrieved 2015-04-10.
- ^ "Mirandese". Ethnologue. 1999-02-19. Retrieved 2015-04-10.
- ^ "Oito anos para traduzir "Os Lusíadas" em língua mirandesa - Cartaz - DN". Dn.pt. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
- ^ Galvan, Virginia. "Exposição "Bíblia Sagrada" traduzida em mirandês em Miranda do Douro". Local.Pt. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
Further reading
- Ferreira, Manuela Barros e Raposo, Domingos (coord) (1999), Convenção Ortográfica da Língua Mirandesa, Miranda do Douro, Lisbon, ed. Câmara Municipal de Miranda do Douro / Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa
External links
- Mirandese as an Endangered Language (PDF, in English)
- Template:Pt icon Orthographic Convention for Mirandese Language (PDF)
- Excerpt of The Lusiads in Mirandese
- L Mirandés: Ũa Lhéngua Minoritaira an Pertual Mirandese: A minority language in Portugal (PDF, in Mirandese)
- Template:Pt icon Piece of legislation which officially recognizes Mirandese as a language of Portugal
- Seth Kugel, "In Portugal, Mirandese spoken here—and only here", The New York Times, January 17, 2012
