New York State Forests
New York State Forests are administered by the Division of Lands and Forests of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). New York State Forests include reforestation, multiple use, and unique areas; and state nature and historic preserves, with approximately 600,000 acres (2,400 km2) classified as reforestation areas and approximately 100,000 acres (400 km2) classified as multiple use lands. Land within the Adirondack Park or the Catskill Park is not included as part of the State Forest system.
State forest management
The purpose of state forest management in New York is to promote forest conservation, improve ecosystem health and biodiversity, provide recreational opportunities, and derive economic benefits from forests by employing sustainable management practices.[1] As of 2016, more than 787,000 acres (3,180 km2; 1,230 sq mi) of forests are managed by the NYSDEC; this includes areas designated as state forests, reforestation areas, multiple-use areas, and unique areas, but does not include forest preserve lands within Adirondack Park and Catskill Park.[2]
Permissible activities on New York state forest lands include hunting, trapping, fishing, hiking, snowshoeing, cross-county skiing, horseback riding, snowmobiling, and camping, although some properties prohibit some of these activities.[2] Motorized vehicle use is prohibited except for on specified roads and trails. Camping for longer than three consecutive nights, or in groups of ten or greater people, requires a free permit issued by the NYSDEC; in addition, campsites must be located at least 150 feet (46 m) away from roads, trails, and streams unless previously established by the NYSDEC.[3]
Classifications
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/New_York_State_Forest_sign_-_East_Otto_State_Forest.jpg/225px-New_York_State_Forest_sign_-_East_Otto_State_Forest.jpg)
There are four categories of state forest lands established under New York State law; their descriptions are reproduced below.[4]
Reforestation areas
Lands obtained for reforestation and maintained for watershed protection, the production of timber and other forest products, and for recreation and related purposes. These areas must have at least 500 acres (200 ha) of contiguous lands that shall be forever devoted to the planting, growth and harvesting of such trees as shall be reforested.
Multiple use areas
Funded by the park and recreation land acquisition bond acts of 1960 and 1962 to provide opportunities for outdoor recreation, including public camping, fishing, hunting, boating, winter sports. Wherever possible, the multiple-use-areas should also serve multiple purposes involving the conservation and development of natural resources, including the preservation of scenic areas, watershed protection, forestry and reforestation.
Unique areas
Lands of special natural beauty, wilderness character, geological, ecological or historical significance; the unique areas may include lands within a forest preserve county outside the Adirondack and Catskill Parks.
State Nature and Historic Preserve
Lands dedicated to the State Nature and Historic Preserve (as referred to in Section 4 of Article XIV of the State Constitution) are declared to be put to their highest, best and most important use for one or more of the following purposes:
- As natural communities for maintaining plants, animals and natural communities;
- As reservoirs of natural materials and ecological processes that contribute to the state's biological diversity;
- As field laboratories for scientific research and education in the natural sciences, including the fields of biology, conservation, ecology, natural history and paleontology; and
- As places of natural and historical interest and beauty which provide the public with passive recreational opportunities including, where appropriate, fishing, hunting and trapping, or commercial fishing opportunities that are compatible with protecting the ecological significance, historic features and natural character of the area.[4]
List of New York state forests
The following sortable table includes several classifications of state forests in New York. Those labelled as "State Forests" are managed for a variety of goals; many are reforestation areas that are intended for timber production and watershed protection, in addition to providing space for outdoor recreation. "Multiple Use Areas" are managed primarily to provide space for outdoor recreation, with the additional purpose of land conservation and protection. "Unique Areas" are intended to protect areas with significant geological, ecological, aesthetic, or historical features.[4]
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Forest | County[5][6] | Classification | Area[7] | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Albert J. Woodford | Oneida | State Forest | ||
Allen Lake | Allegany | State Forest | 2,421 acres (9.80 km2) | |
Altmar | Oswego | State Forest | 959 acres (3.88 km2) | |
Ambler | Chenango | State Forest | 629 acres (2.55 km2) | |
Andersen Hill | Tioga | State Forest | 554 acres (2.24 km2) | |
Arctic-China | Delaware | State Forest | 2,959 acres (11.97 km2)[8] | |
Armlin Hill | Schoharie | State Forest | Managed as part of the 2,400-acre (9.7 km2) Keyserkill State Forest Complex, which also includes Keyserkill State Forest and Gates Hill State Forest.[9] | |
Arnold Lake | Otsego | State Forest | 1,266 acres (5.12 km2) | |
Ashland Pinnacle | Schoharie, Greene | State Forest | 948 acres (3.84 km2) | |
Baker School House | Cortland | State Forest | 1,277 acres (5.17 km2)[10] | |
Bald Mountain | Allegany | State Forest | 764 acres (3.09 km2) | |
Balsam | Lewis | State Forest | 559 acres (2.26 km2) | |
Balsam Swamp | Chenango | State Forest | 2,679 acres (10.84 km2) | |
Barbour Brook | Delaware | State Forest | 768 acres (3.11 km2) | |
Bare Hill | Yates, Ontario | Unique Area | 393 acres (1.59 km2) | |
Basswood | Chenango | State Forest | 938 acres (3.80 km2) | |
Basswood Pond | Otsego | State Forest | 720 acres (2.9 km2) | |
Bates | Schoharie | State Forest | 1,139 acres (4.61 km2) | |
Battenkill | Washington | State Forest | 535 acres (2.17 km2)[11] | |
Battle Hill | Oswego | State Forest | 1,738 acres (7.03 km2)[12] | |
Beals Pond | Delaware | State Forest | 1,116 acres (4.52 km2) | |
Bear Creek | Cattaraugus | State Forest | 547 acres (2.21 km2) | |
Bear Swamp | Cayuga | State Forest | 3,316 acres (13.42 km2) | |
Bear Swamp | Otsego | State Forest | 1,750 acres (7.1 km2) | |
Bearpen Mountain | Greene, Delaware | State Forest | 2,848 acres (11.53 km2) | |
Beartown | Lewis | State Forest | 7,211 acres (29.18 km2) | |
Beaver Creek | Madison | State Forest | 3,484 acres (14.10 km2) | |
Beaver Creek | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 3,694 acres (14.95 km2) | |
Beaver Dam | Tioga | State Forest | 1,148 acres (4.65 km2) | |
Beaver Dams | Steuben, Schuyler | State Forest | 534 acres (2.16 km2) | |
Beaver Flow | Chenango, Broome | State Forest | 1,028 acres (4.16 km2) | |
Beaver Meadow | Chenango | State Forest | 5,816 acres (23.54 km2) | |
Beaver Pond | Broome | State Forest | 791 acres (3.20 km2) | Formerly known as Page Pond State Forest.[13] |
Beebe Hill | Columbia | State Forest | ||
Beech Hill | Delaware | State Forest | 1,116 acres (4.52 km2)[8] | |
Berlin | Rensselaer | State Forest | ||
Big Brook | Oneida | State Forest | 3,895 acres (15.76 km2)[14] | |
Big Buck Mountain | Putnam | State Forest | 146 acres (0.59 km2) | |
Birdseye Hollow | Steuben | State Forest | 3,446 acres (13.95 km2) | |
Black Creek | Herkimer | State Forest | 998 acres (4.04 km2)[15] | |
Black Creek | Ulster | State Forest | 595 acres (2.41 km2) | |
Blenheim Hill | Schoharie | State Forest | 783 acres (3.17 km2)[16] | |
Bobell | Chenango | State Forest | 2,156 acres (8.73 km2) | |
Bog Brook | Putnam | Unique Area | ||
Bombay | Franklin | State Forest | 2,747 acres (11.12 km2)[17] | |
Bonaparte's Cave | Lewis | State Forest | 1,435 acres (5.81 km2) | |
Bonner Lake | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 98 acres (0.40 km2) | |
Boutwell Hill | Chautauqua | State Forest | 2,944 acres (11.91 km2) | |
Boyce Hill | Cattaraugus | State Forest | 971 acres (3.93 km2) | |
Brandow Point | Greene | Unique Area | ||
Brasher | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 19,751 acres (79.93 km2)[17] | |
Brokenstraw | Chautauqua | State Forest | 951 acres (3.85 km2) | |
Brookfield Railroad | Madison | State Forest | 848 acres (3.43 km2)[18] | |
Bryant Hill | Cattaraugus | State Forest | 509 acres (2.06 km2) | |
Buck Hill | Oneida | State Forest | 1,692 acres (6.85 km2)[19] | |
Buck's Brook | Chenango | State Forest | 2,178 acres (8.81 km2) | |
Buckton | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 1,092 acres (4.42 km2) | |
Bucktooth | Cattaraugus | State Forest | 2,248 acres (9.10 km2) | |
Bully Hill | Allegany | State Forest | 3,513 acres (14.22 km2) | |
Bumps Creek | Chenango | State Forest | 528 acres (2.14 km2)[20] | |
Burnt Hill | Clinton | State Forest | 1,575 acres (6.37 km2)[21] | |
Burnt-Rossman Hills | Schoharie | State Forest | 9,788 acres (39.61 km2)[16] | |
Burt Hill | Steuben | Multiple Use Area | 403 acres (1.63 km2) | |
Bush Hill | Cattaraugus | State Forest | 3,278 acres (13.27 km2) | |
Cadyville | Clinton | State Forest | 371 acres (1.50 km2) | |
Cairo Lockwood | Greene | State Forest | 48 acres (0.19 km2) | |
Calhoun Creek | Otsego | State Forest | 727 acres (2.94 km2) | |
California Hill | Putnam | State Forest | 982 acres (3.97 km2) | |
California Road | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 1,410 acres (5.7 km2) | |
Cameron | Steuben | State Forest | 1,990 acres (8.1 km2) | |
Cameron Mills | Steuben | State Forest | 54 acres (0.22 km2) | |
Camillus Forest | Onondaga | Unique Area | 355 acres (1.44 km2)[22] | |
Canacadea | Steuben | State Forest | 1,623 acres (6.57 km2) | |
Canada Creek | Oneida | State Forest | 627 acres (2.54 km2)[19] | |
Canaseraga | Livingston | State Forest | 1,287 acres (5.21 km2) | |
Carpenter Falls | Cayuga | Unique Area | 36 acres (0.15 km2)[23] | |
Cascade Valley | Broome | State Forest | 533 acres (2.16 km2) | |
Castle Rock | Putnam | Unique Area | 129 acres (0.52 km2) | |
Cat Hollow | Broome | State Forest | 759 acres (3.07 km2) | |
Catherineville | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 1,623 acres (6.57 km2) | |
Catlin | Chemung | State Forest | 613 acres (2.48 km2) | |
Cattaraugus | Cattaraugus | State Forest | 1,059 acres (4.29 km2) | |
Charles Baker | Madison | State Forest | 9,400 acres (38 km2) | |
Charleston | Montgomery | State Forest | 3,954 acres (16.00 km2)[24] | |
Chateaugay | Oswego | State Forest | 3,465 acres (14.02 km2) | |
Chautauqua Gorge | Chautauqua | State Forest | 538 acres (2.18 km2) | |
Chazy Highlands | Clinton | State Forest | 5,261 acres (21.29 km2) | |
Cherry Valley | Otsego | State Forest | 1,460 acres (5.9 km2) | |
Chestnut Woods | Washington | State Forest | 801 acres (3.24 km2)[11] | |
Cinnamon Lake | Schuyler, Steuben | State Forest | 1,786 acres (7.23 km2) | |
Clapper Hollow | Schoharie | State Forest | 818 acres (3.31 km2) | |
Clark Hill | Oneida | State Forest | 2,872 acres (11.62 km2)[19] | |
Cliffside | Schuyler | State Forest | 977 acres (3.95 km2) | |
Clinton | Clinton | State Forest | ||
Cobb Brook | Oneida | State Forest | 690 acres (2.8 km2)[14] | |
Cobb Creek | Lewis | State Forest | 2,185 acres (8.84 km2) | |
Cold Creek | Allegany | State Forest | 501 acres (2.03 km2) | |
Cold Spring Brook | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 1,068 acres (4.32 km2) | |
Cole Hill | Albany | State Forest | 876 acres (3.55 km2) | |
Columbia Lake | Delaware | State Forest | 700 acres (2.8 km2) | |
Coon Hollow | Schuyler | State Forest | 2,456 acres (9.94 km2) | |
Cottrell | Lewis | State Forest | 473 acres (1.91 km2) | |
Cotton Hill | Schoharie | State Forest | ||
Coventry | Chenango | State Forest | 1,156 acres (4.68 km2) | |
Coyle Hill | Allegany | State Forest | 2,343 acres (9.48 km2) | |
Coyote Flats | Jefferson | State Forest | 553 acres (2.24 km2) | |
Crab Hollow | Allegany | State Forest | 1,154 acres (4.67 km2) | |
Crary Mills | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 587 acres (2.38 km2) | |
Croton Gorge | Westchester | Unique Area | 21 acres (0.085 km2) | |
Cuyler Hill | Cortland, Chenango | State Forest | 5,507 acres (22.29 km2) | |
Daketown | Saratoga | State Forest | 506 acres (2.05 km2) | |
Danby | Tompkins | State Forest | 7,337 acres (29.69 km2) | |
Daniel's Road | Saratoga | State Forest | 523 acres (2.12 km2) | |
Dannemora | Clinton | State Forest | ||
Decatur | Otsego | State Forest | 582 acres (2.36 km2) | |
Deer River | Franklin | State Forest | ||
Degrasse | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 1,180 acres (4.8 km2) | |
Depot Hill | Dutchess | Multiple Use Area | 260 acres (1.1 km2) | |
DeRuyter | Madison | State Forest | 972 acres (3.93 km2) | |
Dobbins | Cattaraugus | State Forest | 1,100 acres (4.5 km2) | |
Dog Hollow | Cortland | State Forest | 723 acres (2.93 km2) | |
Donahue Woods | Cortland | State Forest | 1,165 acres (4.71 km2)[10] | |
Downerville | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 1,443 acres (5.84 km2) | |
Dry Run | Schuyler | State Forest | 1,062 acres (4.30 km2) | |
Dunkin's Reserve | Clinton | State Forest | 2,433 acres (9.85 km2) | |
Dutch Settlement | Schoharie | State Forest | ||
Dutton Ridge | Schoharie | State Forest | 1,248 acres (5.05 km2) | |
Earlville | Madison | State Forest | 634 acres (2.57 km2) | |
East Branch Fish Creek | Lewis | State Forest | 1,350 acres (5.5 km2) | |
East Osceola | Lewis | State Forest | 1,975 acres (7.99 km2) | |
East Otto | Cattaraugus | State Forest | 1,354 acres (5.48 km2) | |
Erwin Hollow | Steuben | State Forest | 531 acres (2.15 km2) | |
Erwin Mountain | Steuben | State Forest | 507 acres (2.05 km2) | |
Eldridge Swamp | Washington | State Forest | 515 acres (2.08 km2)[11] | |
Elkdale | Cattaraugus | State Forest | 422 acres (1.71 km2) | |
English Hill | Allegany | State Forest | 1,395 acres (5.65 km2) | |
Exeter | Otsego | State Forest | 1,957 acres (7.92 km2) | |
Fairfield | Tioga | State Forest | 815 acres (3.30 km2) | |
Fall Brook | Oneida | State Forest | 4,456 acres (18.03 km2)[14] | |
Farmersville | Cattaraugus | State Forest | 1,144 acres (4.63 km2) | |
Featherstonhaugh | Schenectady | State Forest | 697 acres (2.82 km2)[24] | |
Fire Fall | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 1,570 acres (6.4 km2) | |
Fish Creek | Oneida | State Forest | 678 acres (2.74 km2)[25] | |
Five Streams | Chenango | State Forest | 6,353 acres (25.71 km2) | |
Flat Rock | Clinton | State Forest | 1,931 acres (7.81 km2)[26] | |
Florence Hill | Oneida | State Forest | 1,361 acres (5.51 km2)[14] | |
Fort Jackson | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 914 acres (3.70 km2) | |
Frank E. Jadwin | Lewis | State Forest | 20,412 acres (82.60 km2) | |
Franklin 10 | Franklin | State Forest | ||
Frozen Ocean | Cayuga | State Forest | 754 acres (3.05 km2) | |
Furnace Creek | Oneida | State Forest | 1,395 acres (5.65 km2)[14] | |
Gas Springs | Allegany | State Forest | 2,263 acres (9.16 km2) | |
Gates Hill | Schoharie | State Forest | Managed as part of the 2,400-acre (9.7 km2) Keyserkill State Forest Complex, which also includes Keyserkill State Forest and Armlin Hill State Forest.[9] | |
Gee Brook | Cortland | State Forest | 878 acres (3.55 km2)[10] | |
Genegantslet | Chenango | State Forest | 3,181 acres (12.87 km2)[27] | |
General Jacob Morris | Otsego | State Forest | 1,190 acres (4.8 km2) | |
Gillies Hill | Allegany | State Forest | 2,332 acres (9.44 km2) | |
Glenmeal | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 826 acres (3.34 km2) | |
Gobbler's Knob | Orange | State Forest | 303 acres (1.23 km2) | |
Golden Hill | Cattaraugus | State Forest | 2,283 acres (9.24 km2) | |
Goose Egg | Washington | State Forest | 456 acres (1.85 km2)[11] | |
Gorton Lake | Madison, Oneida | State Forest | 500 acres (2.0 km2) | |
Gould Corners | Jefferson | State Forest | 2,045 acres (8.28 km2) | |
Groundry Hill | Schuyler | State Forest | 2,112 acres (8.55 km2) | |
Granger | Lewis | State Forest | 734 acres (2.97 km2) | |
Grant Powell | Lewis | State Forest | 8,077 acres (32.69 km2) | |
Grantville | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 775 acres (3.14 km2) | |
Greenwood | Steuben | State Forest | 906 acres (3.67 km2) | |
Greenwood Creek | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 1,009 acres (4.08 km2) | |
Griggs Gulf | Cortland, Tioga | State Forest | 2,365 acres (9.57 km2) | |
Gulf | Clinton | Unique Area | 605 acres (2.45 km2)[26] | |
Hall Island | Oswego | State Forest | 2,079 acres (8.41 km2)[12] | |
Hammond Hill | Tompkins, Tioga | State Forest | 3,618 acres (14.64 km2) | |
Hand Hollow | Columbia | State Forest | 518 acres (2.10 km2) | |
Hannacroix | Greene | Unique Area | ||
Harris Hill | Chautauqua | State Forest | 2,271 acres (9.19 km2) | |
Hartwick | Otsego | State Forest | 1,242 acres (5.03 km2) | |
Harvey Mountain | Columbia | State Forest | ||
Hatch Creek | Chautauqua | State Forest | 1,283 acres (5.19 km2) | |
Hawkins Pond | Broome | State Forest | 539 acres (2.18 km2) | |
Hemlock Ridge | Ulster | Multiple Use Area | 83 acres (0.34 km2) | |
Hemlock-Canadice | Livingston, Ontario | State Forest | 6,849 acres (27.72 km2) | |
Henderson Shores | Jefferson | Unique Area | 1,160 acres (4.7 km2) | |
Hewitt | Cortland | State Forest | 937 acres (3.79 km2) | |
Hickok Brook | Sullivan | Multiple Use Area | 1,036 acres (4.19 km2) | |
Hickory Lake | St. Lawrence | State Forest | ||
High Flats | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 2,018 acres (8.17 km2) | |
High Knob | Schoharie | State Forest | 1,344 acres (5.44 km2) | |
High Towers | Lewis | State Forest | 729 acres (2.95 km2) | |
High Woods | Ulster | Multiple Use Area | 43 acres (0.17 km2) | |
Hill Higher | Chautauqua | State Forest | 1,156 acres (4.68 km2) | |
Hiltonville | Allegany | State Forest | 999 acres (4.04 km2) | |
Hinckley | Herkimer | State Forest | 1,590 acres (6.4 km2)[15] | |
Hogsback | Lewis | State Forest | 624 acres (2.53 km2) | |
Hogsback | Oneida | State Forest | 1,115 acres (4.51 km2)[15] | |
Honey Hill | Schoharie | State Forest | 1,017 acres (4.12 km2) | |
Hooker Mountain | Otsego | State Forest | 801 acres (3.24 km2) | |
Hoxie Gorge | Cortland | State Forest | 2,115 acres (8.56 km2)[10] | |
Huckleberry Ridge | Orange | State Forest | 1,450 acres (5.9 km2) | |
Huntersfield | Schoharie, Greene | State Forest | 1,300 acres (5.3 km2) | |
Hunts Pond | Chenango | State Forest | 1,397 acres (5.65 km2) | |
Independence River | Lewis | State Forest | 673 acres (2.72 km2) | |
Indian Pipe | Lewis | State Forest | 597 acres (2.42 km2) | |
Italy Hill | Yates | State Forest | 1,899 acres (7.68 km2) | |
Jackson Hill | Oneida | State Forest | 1,409 acres (5.70 km2)[19] | |
James Kennedy | Cortland | State Forest | 4,422 acres (17.90 km2) | |
Jenksville | Tioga | State Forest | 1,349 acres (5.46 km2) | |
Jersey Hill | Allegany | State Forest | 1,088 acres (4.40 km2) | |
Junius Ponds | Seneca | Unique Area | ||
Karr Valley Creek | Allegany | State Forest | 1,917 acres (7.76 km2) | |
Kasoag | Oswego | State Forest | 909 acres (3.68 km2) | |
Keeney Swamp | Allegany | State Forest | 2,408 acres (9.74 km2) | |
Kerryville | Delaware | State Forest | 698 acres (2.82 km2) | |
Ketchumville | Tioga | State Forest | 503 acres (2.04 km2)[28] | |
Kettlebail | Cortland | State Forest | 588 acres (2.38 km2) | |
Keyserkill | Schoharie | State Forest | Managed as part of the 2,400-acre (9.7 km2) Keyserkill State Forest Complex, which also includes Armlin Hill State Forest and Gates Hill State Forest.[9] | |
Kings Park | Suffolk | Unique Area | ||
Klipnocky | Allegany | State Forest | 2,634 acres (10.66 km2) | |
Klondike | Oswego | State Forest | 867 acres (3.51 km2) | |
Knapp Station | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 1,006 acres (4.07 km2) | |
Kowawese | Orange | Unique Area | ||
Labrador Hollow | Cortland, Onondaga | Unique Area | 1,474 acres (5.97 km2)[29] | |
Lafayetteville | Dutchess | Multiple Use Area | 715 acres (2.89 km2) | |
Lake Desolation | Saratoga | State Forest | 443 acres (1.79 km2)[30] | |
Lassellsville | Fulton | State Forest | ||
Lebanon | Madison | State Forest | 779 acres (3.15 km2) | |
Leonard Hill | Schoharie | State Forest | 1,616 acres (6.54 km2) | |
Lesser Wilderness | Lewis | State Forest | 13,793 acres (55.82 km2) | |
Lincklaen | Chenango | State Forest | 4,655 acres (18.84 km2) | |
Lincoln Mountain | Saratoga | State Forest | 993 acres (4.02 km2)[30] | |
Line Brook | Lewis | State Forest | 1,116 acres (4.52 km2) | |
Lonesome Bay | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 1,122 acres (4.54 km2) | |
Long Pond | Chenango | State Forest | 3,254 acres (13.17 km2) | |
Lookout | Lewis | State Forest | 3,915 acres (15.84 km2) | |
Lost Nation | Allegany | State Forest | 1,344 acres (5.44 km2) | |
Lost Nation | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 1,907 acres (7.72 km2) | |
Lost Valley | Montgomery | State Forest | 750 acres (3.0 km2)[24] | |
Ludlow Creek | Chenango | State Forest | 3,197 acres (12.94 km2)[27] | |
Lutheranville | Otsego, Schoharie | State Forest | 1,817 acres (7.35 km2) | |
Lyon Brook | Chenango | State Forest | 528 acres (2.14 km2) | |
Macomb Reservation | Clinton | State Forest | 1,068 acres (4.32 km2)[26] | |
Mad River | Oneida | State Forest | 2,929 acres (11.85 km2)[14] | |
Mallet Pond | Schoharie | State Forest | 2,525 acres (10.22 km2)[16] | |
Maple Hill | Chemung | State Forest | 604 acres (2.44 km2) | |
Maple Valley | Otsego | State Forest | 804 acres (3.25 km2) | |
Marisposa | Madison | State Forest | 3,002 acres (12.15 km2) | |
Marsh Pond | Broome | State Forest | 893 acres (3.61 km2) | |
Maxon Creek | Cortland | State Forest | 908 acres (3.67 km2) | Also known as Pease Hill State Forest.[31] |
McCarthy Hill | Cattaraugus | State Forest | ||
McCarthy Hill | Steuben | State Forest | 794 acres (3.21 km2) | |
McDonough | Chenango | State Forest | 6,772 acres (27.41 km2)[27] | Also known as Bowman Creek State Forest.[27] |
Meads Creek | Steuben | State Forest | 1,452 acres (5.88 km2) | |
Melondy Hill | Chenango, Broome | State Forest | 5,417 acres (21.92 km2) | |
Michigan Hill | Delaware | State Forest | 619 acres (2.51 km2) | |
Michigan Hill | Tioga | State Forest | 1,180 acres (4.8 km2) | |
Middle Ground Flats | Greene | Unique Area | ||
Middle Grove | Saratoga | State Forest | 576 acres (2.33 km2)[30] | |
Milford | Otsego | State Forest | 512 acres (2.07 km2) | |
Mohawk Springs | Lewis | State Forest | 1,210 acres (4.9 km2) | |
Montrose Point | Westchester | State Forest | 51 acres (0.21 km2) | Managed cooperatively with the Westchester County Parks Department.[32] |
Moon Pond | Clinton | State Forest | 786 acres (3.18 km2) | |
Morgan Hill | Onondaga, Cortland | State Forest | 5,284 acres (21.38 km2) | |
Morrow Mountain | Madison | State Forest | 1,290 acres (5.2 km2) | |
Moss Hill | Steuben | State Forest | 1,815 acres (7.35 km2) | |
Mount Hayden | Greene | State Forest | 844 acres (3.42 km2) | |
Mount Hunger | Oneida | State Forest | ||
Mount Loretto | Richmond | Unique Area | 241 acres (0.98 km2)[33] | |
Mount Pisgah | Greene, Schoharie | State Forest | 650 acres (2.6 km2) | |
Mount Pleasant | Chautauqua | State Forest | 1,522 acres (6.16 km2) | |
Mount Tom | Washington | State Forest | 1,724 acres (6.98 km2)[11] | |
Mount Washington | Steuben | Multiple Use Area | 440 acres (1.8 km2) | |
Muller Hill | Madison | State Forest | 3,090 acres (12.5 km2) | |
Murphy Hill | Delaware | State Forest | ||
Nanticoke Lake | Broome | Multiple Use Area | 338 acres (1.37 km2) | |
Nelson Swamp | Madison | Unique Area | 574 acres (2.32 km2)[34] | |
Neversink River | Sullivan | Unique Area | 6,580 acres (26.6 km2) | |
Newfield | Tompkins | State Forest | 1,552 acres (6.28 km2) | |
Nimham Mountain | Putnam | Multiple Use Area | 1,023 acres (4.14 km2) | |
Nine Mile Creek | Cattaraugus | State Forest | 3,162 acres (12.80 km2) | |
North Harmony | Chautauqua | State Forest | 2,561 acres (10.36 km2) | |
Nutten Hook | Columbia | Unique Area | ||
O'Hara | Oswego, Oneida | State Forest | 1,064 acres (4.31 km2)[12] | |
Oak Ridge | Ulster | Multiple Use Area | 96 acres (0.39 km2) | |
Oak Ridge | Chenango | State Forest | 576 acres (2.33 km2) | |
Oakley Corners | Tioga | State Forest | 1,025 acres (4.15 km2)[28] | |
Ohisa | Herkimer | State Forest | ||
Old Westbury | Nassau | Unique Area | ||
Onjebonge | Lewis | State Forest | 1,835 acres (7.43 km2) | |
Onondaga Escarpment | Erie | Unique Area | 52 acres (0.21 km2)[35] | |
Orebed Creek | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 791 acres (3.20 km2) | |
Orton Hollow | Oswego | State Forest | 507 acres (2.05 km2) | |
Ossian | Livingston | State Forest | 1,303 acres (5.27 km2) | |
Otselic | Chenango | State Forest | 1,043 acres (4.22 km2) | |
Otsquago | Herkimer | State Forest | ||
Otter Creek | Lewis | State Forest | 1,206 acres (4.88 km2) | |
Painter Hill | Sullivan | Multiple Use Area | 104 acres (0.42 km2) | |
Palmer's Pond | Allegany | State Forest | 3,645 acres (14.75 km2) | |
Panama | Chautauqua | State Forest | 1,224 acres (4.95 km2) | |
Papish Pond | Cortland | Multiple Use Area | 193 acres (0.78 km2)[10] | |
Partridge Run | Albany | State Forest | 880 acres (3.6 km2)[36] | |
Patria | Schoharie | State Forest | ||
Patriot's Hollow | Suffolk | State Forest | ||
Peck Hill | Fulton | State Forest | ||
Penn Mountain | Oneida | State Forest | 3,725 acres (15.07 km2)[19] | |
Perkins Pond | Chenango | State Forest | 1,895 acres (7.67 km2)[37] | |
Petersburg | Schoharie | State Forest | ||
Pharsalia Woods | Chenango | State Forest | 9,164 acres (37.09 km2)[37] | Formerly known as New Michigan State Forest.[38] |
Phillips Creek | Allegany | State Forest | 2,709 acres (10.96 km2) | |
Pigeon Hill | Chenango | State Forest | 736 acres (2.98 km2)[37] | |
Pigtail Hollow | Steuben | State Forest | 998 acres (4.04 km2) | |
Pinckney | Lewis, Jefferson | State Forest | 2,091 acres (8.46 km2) | |
Pine Hill | Cattaraugus | State Forest | 1,139 acres (4.61 km2) | |
Pine Hill | Delaware | State Forest | 1,089 acres (4.41 km2)[8] | |
Pine Ridge | Chenango | State Forest | 274 acres (1.11 km2) | |
Pitcher Springs | Chenango | State Forest | 1,836 acres (7.43 km2)[37] | |
Pittstown | Rensselaer | State Forest | ||
Plainfield | Otsego | State Forest | 1,403 acres (5.68 km2) | |
Plattekill | Delaware | State Forest | ||
Pleasant Lake | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 963 acres (3.90 km2) | |
Plumbottom | Allegany | State Forest | 1,666 acres (6.74 km2) | |
Pochuck | Orange | State Forest | 503 acres (2.04 km2) | |
Point Rock | Oneida | State Forest | 1,202 acres (4.86 km2)[19] | |
Popple Pond | Oneida | State Forest | 2,446 acres (9.90 km2)[15] | |
Potato Hill | Tompkins | State Forest | 915 acres (3.70 km2) | |
Pulpit Rock | Jefferson | State Forest | 1,603 acres (6.49 km2) | |
Punkeyville | Oneida | State Forest | 535 acres (2.17 km2)[15] | |
R. Milton Hick | Otsego | State Forest | 1,293 acres (5.23 km2) | |
Raecher | Cattaraugus | State Forest | 832 acres (3.37 km2) | |
Ralph Road | Warren | State Forest | 515 acres (2.08 km2)[30] | |
Raymondville | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 641 acres (2.59 km2) | |
Raywood | Lewis | Unique Area | 307 acres (1.24 km2) | |
Red Brook | Chenango | State Forest | 601 acres (2.43 km2) | |
Reinstein Woods Nature Preserve | Erie | Unique Area | 292 acres (1.18 km2)[39] | |
Relay | Delaware | State Forest | ||
Rensselaerville | Albany, Schoharie | State Forest | 2,849 acres (11.53 km2)[36] | |
Robinson Hollow | Tioga, Tompkins, Cortland | State Forest | 1,938 acres (7.84 km2) | |
Rock City | Cattaraugus | State Forest | ||
Rock Creek | Steuben | State Forest | 704 acres (2.85 km2) | |
Rockwood | Fulton | State Forest | ||
Roeliff Jansen Kill | Dutchess | Multiple Use Area | 128 acres (0.52 km2) | |
Rome Sand Plains | Oneida | Unique Area | 1,700 acres (6.9 km2)[40] | |
Roosa Gap | Sullivan | State Forest | 680 acres (2.8 km2) | |
Roseboom | Otsego | State Forest | 620 acres (2.5 km2) | |
Rural Grove | Montgomery | State Forest | 1,289 acres (5.22 km2)[24] | |
Rush Creek | Allegany | State Forest | 1,404 acres (5.68 km2) | |
Rush Oak Openings | Monroe | Unique Area | 230 acres (0.93 km2) | |
Saint Regis | Franklin | State Forest | ||
Salmon River | Oswego | State Forest | 2,033 acres (8.23 km2)[12] | |
Salmon River Falls | Oswego | Unique Area | 112 acres (0.45 km2) | |
Sand Bay | Lewis | State Forest | 326 acres (1.32 km2) | |
Sand Flats | Lewis | State Forest | 2,532 acres (10.25 km2) | |
Sandy Creek | Oswego | State Forest | 538 acres (2.18 km2) | |
Scott Patent | Schoharie, Albany | State Forest | 1,220 acres (4.9 km2) | |
Sears Pond | Lewis | State Forest | 5,648 acres (22.86 km2) | |
Shawangunk | Ulster | Multiple Use Area | 58 acres (0.23 km2) | |
Shawangunk Ridge | Ulster, Sullivan | State Forest | 1,411 acres (5.71 km2) | |
Shindagin Hollow | Tompkins, Tioga | State Forest | 5,266 acres (21.31 km2) | |
Silver Hill | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 783 acres (3.17 km2) | |
Skinner Hill | Chenango | State Forest | 1,666 acres (6.74 km2) | |
Skyline Drive | Broome | State Forest | 533 acres (2.16 km2) | |
Slader Creek | Allegany | State Forest | 1,229 acres (4.97 km2) | |
Snow Bowl | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 797 acres (3.23 km2) | |
Sodom | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 1,426 acres (5.77 km2) | |
Sonyea | Livingston | State Forest | 922 acres (3.73 km2) | |
South Bradford | Steuben | State Forest | 1,819 acres (7.36 km2) | |
South Hammond | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 2,086 acres (8.44 km2) | |
South Hill | Chenango | State Forest | 1,314 acres (5.32 km2) | |
South Hill | Delaware, Otsego | State Forest | 521 acres (2.11 km2) | |
South Hill | Oneida | State Forest | 522 acres (2.11 km2)[19] | |
South Mountain | Schoharie, Greene | State Forest | 1,498 acres (6.06 km2) | |
South Valley | Cattaraugus | State Forest | 4,227 acres (17.11 km2) | |
Southville | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 551 acres (2.23 km2) | |
Split Rock | Onondaga | Unique Area | 29 acres (0.12 km2)[41] | |
Spring Brook | Clinton | State Forest | 1,157 acres (4.68 km2) | |
Squaw Island | Ontario | Unique Area | 0.2 acres (0.00081 km2)[42] | Managed by the DEC Bureau of Wildlife.[42] |
Stammer Creek | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 460 acres (1.9 km2) | |
Steam Mill | Delaware | State Forest | 5,618 acres (22.74 km2)[8] | |
Steuben Hill | Herkimer | State Forest | ||
Stewart | Orange | State Forest | 6,700 acres (27 km2) | |
Stid Hill | Ontario | Multiple Use Area | 847 acres (3.43 km2)[43] | |
Stissing Mountain | Dutchess | Multiple Use Area | 590 acres (2.4 km2) | |
Stockton | Chautauqua | State Forest | 977 acres (3.95 km2) | |
Stone Barn | Oneida | State Forest | 621 acres (2.51 km2)[25] | |
Stone Hill | Oswego | State Forest | 866 acres (3.50 km2) | |
Stone Store | Schoharie | State Forest | 732 acres (2.96 km2) | |
Stoney Pond | Madison | State Forest | 1,469 acres (5.94 km2) | |
Sugar Hill | Schuyler | State Forest | 9,085 acres (36.77 km2) | |
Summer Hill | Cayuga | State Forest | 4,355 acres (17.62 km2) | |
Susquehanna | Otsego | State Forest | 423 acres (1.71 km2) | |
Swancott Hill | Oneida, Lewis | State Forest | 2,012 acres (8.14 km2)[14] | |
Swancott Mill | Lewis | State Forest | 744 acres (3.01 km2) | |
Swift Hill | Allegany | State Forest | 1,569 acres (6.35 km2) | |
Taconic Hereford | Dutchess | Multiple Use Area | 917 acres (3.71 km2) | |
Taconic Ridge | Rensselaer | State Forest | 3,834 acres (15.52 km2) | |
Tassell Hill | Oneida | State Forest | ||
Taylor Creek | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 1,860 acres (7.5 km2) | |
Taylor Valley | Cortland | State Forest | 4,639 acres (18.77 km2)[10] | |
Terry Mountain | Clinton | State Forest | 4,739 acres (19.18 km2)[21] | |
Texas Hill | Madison | State Forest | 704 acres (2.85 km2) | |
Texas Hollow | Schuyler | State Forest | 937 acres (3.79 km2) | |
Texas School House | Otsego | State Forest | 1,245 acres (5.04 km2) | |
Three Springs | Madison | State Forest | 797 acres (3.23 km2) | |
Tibbetts | Rensselaer | State Forest | ||
Titusville Mountain | Franklin | State Forest | ||
Tomannex | Delaware | State Forest | ||
Toothaker Creek | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 709 acres (2.87 km2) | |
Tracy Creek | Broome, Tioga | State Forest | 512 acres (2.07 km2) | |
Tracy Creek | Steuben | State Forest | 569 acres (2.30 km2) | |
Tri-County | Oneida | State Forest | 1,290 acres (5.2 km2)[14] | |
Triangle | Broome | State Forest | 661 acres (2.67 km2) | |
Trout Brook | Oswego | State Forest | 622 acres (2.52 km2) | |
Trout Lake | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 1,087 acres (4.40 km2) | |
Trout River | Franklin | State Forest | ||
Tug Hill | Jefferson, Lewis | State Forest | 12,242 acres (49.54 km2) | |
Tuller Hill | Cortland | State Forest | 2,440 acres (9.9 km2) | |
Turkey Hill | Tioga | State Forest | 1,108 acres (4.48 km2) | |
Turkey Point | Ulster | State Forest | 139 acres (0.56 km2) | |
Turkey Ridge | Steuben | State Forest | 676 acres (2.74 km2) | |
Turnpike | Allegany | State Forest | 4,744 acres (19.20 km2) | |
Urbana | Steuben | State Forest | 2,690 acres (10.9 km2) | |
Ushers Road | Saratoga | State Forest | 88 acres (0.36 km2)[30] | |
Vandermark | Allegany | State Forest | 2,384 acres (9.65 km2) | |
Vernooykill | Ulster | State Forest | ||
Wagner Farm | Otsego | State Forest | 463 acres (1.87 km2) | |
Wassaic | Dutchess | Multiple Use Area | 488 acres (1.97 km2) | |
Webster Hill | Oneida | State Forest | 1,064 acres (4.31 km2)[19] | |
Wellman | Chautauqua | State Forest | 447 acres (1.81 km2) | |
West Branch | Oneida | State Forest | 527 acres (2.13 km2)[19] | |
West Hill | Steuben | State Forest | 887 acres (3.59 km2) | |
West Mountain | Dutchess | State Forest | 830 acres (3.4 km2) | |
West Oscela | Oswego, Lewis | State Forest | 1,900 acres (7.7 km2)[12] | |
West Parishville | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 792 acres (3.21 km2) | |
Whalen | Chautauqua | State Forest | 1,325 acres (5.36 km2) | |
Whaupaunaucau | Chenango | State Forest | 1,188 acres (4.81 km2) | |
Whippoorwill Corners | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 1,281 acres (5.18 km2) | |
Whiskey Flats | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 2,533 acres (10.25 km2) | |
White Pond | Putam | Multiple Use Area | 276 acres (1.12 km2) | |
Whittacker Swamp | Broome | State Forest | 812 acres (3.29 km2) | |
Wiley Brook | Chenango | State Forest | 1,240 acres (5.0 km2) | |
Windfall Creek | Cattaraugus | State Forest | 968 acres (3.92 km2) | |
Winona | Jefferson, Oswego | State Forest | 9,233 acres (37.36 km2) | |
Witch's Hole | Ulster | Multiple Use Area | 451 acres (1.83 km2) | |
Wolf Brook | Sullivan | Multiple Use Area | 585 acres (2.37 km2) | |
Wolf Lake | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 4,316 acres (17.47 km2) | |
Woodhull | Oneida | State Forest | 567 acres (2.29 km2)[15] | |
Wurtsboro Ridge | Sullivan | State Forest | 1,139 acres (4.61 km2) | |
Yatesville Falls | Montgomery | State Forest | 714 acres (2.89 km2)[24] | |
Yellow Barn | Tompkins | State Forest | 1,289 acres (5.22 km2) | |
Yellow Lake | St. Lawrence | State Forest | 751 acres (3.04 km2) | |
Zoar Valley | Cattaraugus, Erie | Multiple Use Area | 3,014 acres (12.20 km2) | Acreage includes lands designated as the Zoar Valley Unique Area, which is contained within the Zoar Valley Multiple Use Area. |
Zoar Valley | Cattaraugus, Erie | Unique Area | 1,492 acres (6.04 km2)[44] | Covers the gorge and a buffer area within the Zoar Valley Multiple Use Area.[45] |
See also
References
- ^ Strategic Plan for State Forest Management (PDF). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. July 15, 2011. p. iii. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
- ^ a b "State Forests". NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
- ^ "Rules for Using Lands Managed by the Division of Lands and Forests". NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
- ^ a b c "State Land Classifications". NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
- ^ "List of State Forests". NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
- ^ "Title 9, Chapter I, Subchapter A, Part 384: Listing of State Parks, Parkways, Recreation Facilities, State Land and Historic Sites (Facilities), DEC Facilities". Official Compilation of Codes, Rules and Regulations of the State of New York. WestlawNext. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, acreages are sourced from individual pages listed at: "List of State Forests". NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
- ^ a b c d Treaty Line Unit Management Plan (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. p. 4. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
- ^ a b c "Keyserkill State Forest Complex". NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f Taylor Valley Unit Management Plan (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. February 2015. p. 5. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e Northern Piedmont Unit Management Plan (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. July 2013. p. 11. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e Upper Salmon River Unit Management Plan (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. April 2014. p. 10. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
- ^ "Beaver Pond State Forest". NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h 46 Corners Unit Management Plan (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. January 2013. pp. 197–206. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f "Adirondack Foothills Management Unit". NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
- ^ a b c Eminence Unit Management Plan (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. 1995. p. 5. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
- ^ a b "St. Lawrence Flatlands Management Unit". NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
- ^ Brookfield Unit Management Plan (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. February 2016. p. 18. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Oneida Hills Unit Management Plan (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. June 2013. p. 13. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
- ^ Chenango Trail Unit Management Plan (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. November 2009. p. 8. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
- ^ a b Taylor Pond Management Complex Unit Management Plan (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. February 2013. p. 4. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
- ^ Camillus Unit Management Plan (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. May 2004. p. 1. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
- ^ "Bahar Preserve & Carpenter's Falls". Finger Lakes Land Trust. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e Charleston Unit Management Plan (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. August 2009. p. 8. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
- ^ a b Vienna Woods Unit Management Plan (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. August 2015. p. 13. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
- ^ a b c "DEC to Prepare Management Plan for State Lands in Clinton County". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Archived from the original on June 25, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
- ^ a b c d McDonough Unit Management Plan (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. 1999. p. 5. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
- ^ a b Tioga Unit Management Plan (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. September 2006. p. 3. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
- ^ Hill and Hollow Unit Management Plan (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. January 2013. p. 8. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e Draft Unit Management Plan for State Forests in Saratoga and Warren Counties (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. April 2002. pp. 9–10. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
- ^ "Maxon Creek State Forest". NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
- ^ "Montrose Point State Forest". NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
- ^ Southern Staten Island Unit Management Plan (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. February 2009. p. 18. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
- ^ Nelson Swamp Unique Area Unit Management Plan (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. 1999. p. 5. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
- ^ "Onondaga Escarpment". ProtectedPlanet. IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
- ^ a b Helderbergs Unit Management Plan (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. 2001. pp. 4–5. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
- ^ a b c d Pharsalia Woods Unit Management Plan (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. February 2013. p. 20. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
- ^ "Pharsalia Woods State Forest". NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
- ^ Dr. Victor Reinstein Woods Nature Preserve Unit Management Plan Unit Management Plan (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. 2006. p. 8. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
- ^ Rome Sand Plains Consolidated Management Plan (PDF) (Report). NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. March 3, 2006. p. 10. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
- ^ "Region 7 Recreation Master Plan For State Forests/ Draft Generic Environmental Impact Statement" (PDF). New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. February 2006.
- ^ a b "Squaw Island Unique Area". NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
- ^ "Stid Hill". NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
- ^ "New York State Assembly Bill A07542". New York State Assembly. April 18, 2007. Retrieved May 28, 2016.
- ^ "Zoar Valley Multiple Use Area". NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
External links
Media related to State forests in New York at Wikimedia Commons