Foreign relations of Panama
Panama's foreign relations are conventional in outlook, with Panama being especially aligned with United States since the 1989 US invasion to topple the regime of General Manuel Noriega. The United States cooperates with the Panamanian government in promoting economic, political, security, and social development through U.S. and international agencies.
Diplomatic relations
[edit]List of countries which Panama maintains diplomatic relations with:[1][2]
# | Country | Date |
---|---|---|
1 | United States | 13 November 1903 |
2 | France | 18 November 1903 |
3 | Russia | 21 November 1903 |
4 | Costa Rica | 29 December 1903 |
5 | Italy | 15 January 1904 |
— | Venezuela (suspended)[3] | 3 February 1904 |
6 | Cuba | 7 April 1904 |
7 | Netherlands | 10 April 1904 |
8 | Switzerland | 6 May 1904 |
9 | Spain | 10 May 1904 |
10 | Portugal | 21 May 1904 |
11 | Japan | 7 January 1904 |
12 | Uruguay | 28 October 1904 |
13 | Honduras | 18 September 1907 |
14 | Belgium | 15 February 1908 |
15 | Chile | 1 March 1908 |
16 | Peru | 2 March 1908 |
17 | Brazil | 3 March 1908 |
18 | United Kingdom | 9 April 1908 |
19 | Ecuador | 1 September 1908[4] |
20 | El Salvador | 9 March 1909 |
21 | Argentina | 5 November 1920 |
22 | Mexico | 29 May 1923 |
— | Holy See | 21 September 1923 |
23 | Colombia | 9 July 1924 |
24 | Czech Republic | 25 March 1929[5] |
25 | Guatemala | 25 January 1937 |
26 | Dominican Republic | 17 March 1937 |
27 | Sweden | 3 July 1937 |
28 | Denmark | 30 July 1937 |
29 | Norway | 31 July 1937 |
30 | Nicaragua | 13 December 1938 |
31 | Bolivia | 28 August 1942 |
32 | Paraguay | 31 October 1942 |
33 | Haiti | 11 October 1945 |
34 | Lebanon | 30 April 1946 |
— | Sovereign Military Order of Malta | 2 August 1948 |
35 | Turkey | 14 April 1950 |
36 | Germany | 17 December 1951 |
37 | Serbia | 26 March 1953 |
38 | Austria | 18 October 1955 |
39 | Greece | 17 May 1956 |
40 | Egypt | 21 February 1958 |
41 | Madagascar | 20 September 1960[6] |
42 | Canada | 11 August 1961 |
43 | India | 1 July 1962 |
44 | South Korea | 30 September 1962 |
45 | Jamaica | 18 August 1966 |
46 | Ethiopia | 17 August 1967 |
47 | Pakistan | 7 November 1967 |
48 | Cyprus | 1 April 1971 |
49 | Romania | 5 October 1971 |
50 | Bangladesh | 5 June 1972 |
51 | Algeria | 9 February 1973 |
52 | Guyana | 16 March 1973 |
53 | Bulgaria | 29 March 1973 |
54 | Libya | 29 March 1973 |
55 | Guinea | 29 March 1973 |
56 | Poland | 15 August 1973 |
57 | Philippines | 28 September 1973 |
58 | Guinea-Bissau | 16 October 1973 |
59 | Australia | 20 February 1974 |
60 | Grenada | 18 November 1974 |
61 | Iran | 7 January 1975 |
62 | Bahrain | 27 February 1975 |
63 | Hungary | 5 August 1975 |
64 | Vietnam | 28 August 1975 |
65 | Syria | 17 February 1976 |
66 | Finland | 19 February 1976 |
67 | Malta | 19 February 1976 |
68 | Sri Lanka | 8 March 1976 |
69 | Kuwait | 23 March 1976 |
70 | Iraq | 8 June 1976 |
71 | Israel | 18 June 1976 |
72 | Morocco | 15 February 1977 |
73 | Albania | 20 August 1978 |
74 | Indonesia | 27 March 1979 |
75 | Suriname | 1 May 1979 |
— | Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (suspended)[7] | 1 June 1979 |
76 | Equatorial Guinea | 13 May 1981 |
77 | Belize | 1 December 1981 |
78 | Myanmar | 15 July 1982 |
79 | Singapore | 6 August 1982 |
80 | Thailand | 20 August 1982 |
81 | Barbados | 3 March 1983 |
82 | Nepal | 15 February 1984 |
83 | Luxembourg | 12 November 1985 |
84 | Senegal | 27 August 1987 |
85 | Sudan | 13 September 1988 |
86 | Angola | 16 February 1989 |
87 | Maldives | 19 February 1989 |
88 | Ghana | 24 February 1989 |
89 | Bahamas | 1 May 1991 |
90 | Lithuania | 19 November 1992 |
91 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 19 November 1992 |
92 | Moldova | 15 February 1993 |
93 | Slovakia | 15 February 1993 |
94 | United Arab Emirates | 9 March 1993 |
95 | New Zealand | 22 March 1993 |
96 | Seychelles | 21 May 1993 |
97 | Ukraine | 21 May 1993 |
98 | Malaysia | 24 July 1993 |
99 | Jordan | 7 February 1994 |
100 | Oman | 25 February 1994 |
101 | Latvia | 22 March 1994 |
102 | Trinidad and Tobago | 24 May 1994 |
103 | South Africa | 10 January 1995 |
104 | Estonia | 13 January 1995 |
105 | Azerbaijan | 6 April 1995 |
106 | Slovenia | 10 May 1995 |
107 | Saint Lucia | 10 July 1995 |
108 | Kazakhstan | 28 July 1995 |
109 | Cambodia | 15 February 1996 |
110 | Papua New Guinea | 5 March 1996 |
111 | Brunei | 28 March 1996 |
112 | Croatia | 12 July 1996 |
113 | Andorra | 16 July 1996 |
114 | Antigua and Barbuda | 27 September 1996 |
115 | Armenia | 7 August 1998 |
116 | Belarus | 22 October 1998 |
117 | Georgia | 18 November 1998 |
118 | Iceland | 4 June 1999 |
119 | Nigeria | 12 February 2001 |
120 | Ireland | 14 February 2001 |
121 | Qatar | 8 February 2002 |
122 | North Macedonia | 18 April 2002 |
123 | Namibia | April 2002[8] |
124 | Afghanistan | 3 May 2002 |
125 | San Marino | 22 January 2004 |
126 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 31 March 2004 |
127 | Benin | 20 September 2005 |
128 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 17 July 2006 |
129 | Tunisia | 15 June 2007 |
130 | Montenegro | 29 May 2008 |
131 | Burkina Faso | 29 July 2009 |
132 | Botswana | 15 December 2009 |
133 | Djibouti | 15 December 2009 |
134 | Monaco | 22 November 2010 |
135 | Cameroon | 14 August 2011 |
136 | Liechtenstein | 3 January 2012 |
137 | Mongolia | 17 January 2012 |
138 | Dominica | 13 March 2012 |
139 | Palau | 18 April 2012 |
140 | Solomon Islands | 11 September 2012 |
141 | Fiji | 9 November 2012 |
— | Kosovo | 28 August 2013[9] |
142 | Saudi Arabia | 14 January 2015 |
143 | Turkmenistan | 24 July 2015 |
144 | Ivory Coast | 29 April 2016 |
145 | China | 12 June 2017 |
146 | Tajikistan | 26 May 2018[10] |
147 | Togo | 26 March 2019 |
148 | Kenya | 26 September 2019 |
149 | Cape Verde | 9 April 2021[11] |
150 | Laos | 9 September 2021 |
151 | Kyrgyzstan | 24 September 2021 |
152 | Uzbekistan | 30 November 2021 |
153 | East Timor | 20 September 2022[12] |
154 | Federated States of Micronesia | 20 September 2022[13] |
155 | Mauritania | 22 September 2022 |
156 | Rwanda | 18 September 2023 |
157 | Uganda | 22 September 2023[14] |
158 | Vanuatu | 21 November 2023 |
159 | Zimbabwe | 28 December 2023 |
160 | Kiribati | 30 January 2024 |
— | Cook Islands | 8 March 2024[15] |
161 | Marshall Islands | 23 September 2024 |
162 | Zambia | 24 September 2024 |
Bilateral relations
[edit]Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Armenia | 7 August 1998 | |
Canada | 11 August 1961[1] | See Canada–Panama relations |
China | 2 January 1909[1] | See China–Panama relations and Panama–Taiwan relations.
Panama established a diplomatic relationship with the Qing dynasty in 1909. After the Xinhai Revolution, Panama recognized the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC), and retained diplomatic ties with the ROC until 2017. According to diplomatic cables published by WikiLeaks, in 2009, after President Ricardo Martinelli took office, Panama wished to switch diplomatic relations from the ROC to the People's Republic of China (PRC).[18] This was rejected by the PRC, which did not want to disrupt its improving diplomatic relations with the ROC during the ROC Presidency of Ma Ying-jeou.[18] On June 12, 2017, President Juan Carlos Varela announced that Panama has established a diplomatic relationship with People's Republic of China, and Panama has severed diplomatic relationship with the Republic of China (Taiwan).[19] |
Chile | 1 March 1908[1] |
|
Colombia | 9 July 1924 | See Colombia–Panama relations
|
Costa Rica | 29 December 1903 | See Costa Rica–Panama relations |
India | 1 June 1962[1] | See India–Panama relations
Panama is the first country in Central America where India established a resident embassy in 1973. Bilateral commercial and trade relations are steadily growing between India and Panama, with Panama seen as the gateway for expansion into Latin America.[22] |
Kosovo | 27 August 2013[26] |
Panama officially recognised the independence of the Republic of Kosovo on 16 January 2009.[27] Kosovo and Panama established diplomatic relations on 27 August 2013, following the establishment of diplomatic relations Kosovo announced it would be opening an embassy in Panama and that this embassy would be Kosovo's 'gateway to Latin America'.[28] Kosovo has an embassy in Panama City.[29] Both countries enjoy excellent relationships. |
Mexico | 29 May 1923[1] | See Mexico–Panama relations
|
Peru | 2 March 1908 |
|
Russia | 21 November 1903[1] | See Panama–Russia relations |
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | 1 June 1979[1] | See Panama–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations
Panama was the first Latin American country on recognizing the SADR in 1978, during the military rule of Omar Torrijos.[34] Panama also has the oldest Sahrawi embassy in Latin America. Relations were suspended from 20 November 2013 to 7 January 2016;.[35] |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 2006[1] |
|
Serbia | 1953[1] | |
South Africa | 1995[1] | |
South Korea | 30 September 1962[1] | See Panama–South Korea relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on Sep 30, 1962. |
Spain | 10 May 1904[1] | See Panama–Spain relations |
Thailand | 20 August 1982 | |
Turkey | April 14, 1950[46] | See Panama–Turkey relations |
United Kingdom | 9 April 1908 | See Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
The UK established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 9 April 1908.
Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization, as well as the Central America–UK Trade Continuity Agreement.[48] Bilaterally the two countries have an investment agreement.[49] |
United States | 13 November 1903 3 April 1964[1] |
See Panama–United States relations
The United States cooperates with the Panamanian government in promoting economic, political, security, and social development through U.S. and international agencies. Cultural ties between the two countries are strong, and many Panamanians go to the United States for higher education and advanced training. In 2007, the U.S. and Panama partnered to launch a regional health worker training center. The center provides training to community healthcare workers in Panama and throughout Central America. About 25,000 American citizens reside in Panama, many retirees from the Panama Canal Commission and individuals who hold dual nationality. There is also a rapidly growing enclave of American retirees in the Chiriqui Province in western Panama.
|
Uruguay | 28 October 1904 | See Panama–Uruguay relations
|
Venezuela | 1717 | See Panama–Venezuela relations |
Multilateral relations
[edit]Panama is a member of the UN General Assembly (and most major UN agencies) and has served three terms in the UN Security Council. In November 2006, it was elected to serve a two-year term on the Security Council, beginning January 1, 2007. It maintains membership in several international financial institutions, including the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, and the International Monetary Fund.
Panama is a member of the Organization of American States and was a founding member of the Rio Group. Although it was suspended from the Latin American Economic System — known informally both as the Group of Eight and the Rio Group — in 1988 due to its internal political system under Manuel Noriega, Panama was readmitted in September, 1994 as an acknowledgment of its present democratic credentials.
Panama is also one of the founding members of the Union of Banana Exporting Countries and belongs to the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission. Panama is a member of the Central American Parliament (PARLACEN) as well as the Central American Integration System (SICA). Panama joined its six Central American neighbors at the 1994 Summit of the Americas in signing the Alliance for Sustainable Development known as the Conjunta Centroamerica-USA or CONCAUSA to promote sustainable economic development in the region.
Panama is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ" (PDF). p. 195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ "Diplomatic relations between Panama and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ "Panama suspends diplomatic relations with Venezuela pending election review". 29 July 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
- ^ "PANAMÁ BUSCA OTORGAR UN IMPULSO RENOVADO A LAS RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS CON ECUADOR". 6 February 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- ^ Las relaciones entre Checoslovaquia y América Latina 1945-1989. En los archivos de la República Checa (in Spanish). Karolinum Press. 2015. p. 267.
- ^ "03. ANEXO" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ^ "Comunicado De Suspensión De Relaciones Diplomáticas Con La República Árabe Saharaui Democrática". MIRE-Panamá (in Spanish). 21 November 2024. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
- ^ "Namibia muestra interés en fortalecer lazos con Panamá". mire.gob.pa (in Spanish). 1 February 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
- ^ Gëzim Visoka (2018). Acting Like a State: Kosovo and the Everyday Making of Statehood. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 219–221. ISBN 9781138285330.
- ^ "Panama establishes diplomatic relations with Tajikistan". 26 May 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
- ^ "ENCUENTRO ENTRE LOS EMBAJADORES DE PANAMÁ Y CABO VERDE, ACREDITADOS EN LISBOA" (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 May 2022.
- ^ "Together with Foreign Minister ErikaMouynes of Panama, I signed Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between TimorLeste & Panama in the margins on the 77th Session of the #NGA (20/09)". 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "The Federated States of Micronesia Establishes Diplomatic Relations with the Republic of Panama & the Kingdom of Bahrain". 22 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
- ^ "En el marco de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, me reuní con mi homólogo de Uganda, Jeje Odongo, para el establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas entre nuestras naciones" (in Spanish). 23 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ "THE COOK ISLANDS FORMALISE DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH PANAMA". 8 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ "Embassy of Canada in Panama City (in English, French and Spanish)". 27 May 2021.
- ^ "Embassy of Panama in Ottawa (in English and Spanish)".
- ^ a b "WikiLeaks: China rejects Panama's wish for ties". Fox News. 27 March 2015.
- ^ Xin, Qiang (2024). "Selective Engagement: Mainland China's Dual-Track Taiwan Policy". In Zhao, Suisheng (ed.). The Taiwan Question in Xi Jinping's Era: Beijing's Evolving Taiwan Policy and Taiwan's Internal and External Dynamics. London and New York: Routledge. p. 69. ISBN 9781032861661.
- ^ Embassy of Chile in Panama City
- ^ Embassy of Panama in Santiago de Chile
- ^ "India-Panama Relations" (PDF). Ministry of External Affairs. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
- ^ "Indian Embassy in Panama".
- ^ "Indian mission in Panama".
- ^ "Panama Embassy in India".
- ^ "Panamá puerta de entrada de Kosovo a América Latina" (in Spanish). 27 August 2013. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
- ^ Panama recognised independent state of Kosovo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2009-01-16
- ^ Panamá puerta de entrada de Kosovo a América Latina Archived 2016-09-17 at the Wayback Machine, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República de Panamá, 2013-08-27 (in Spanish)
- ^ Panama, Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme-Ambasada e Republikës së Kosovës në. "Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme - Ambasada e Republikës së Kosovës në Panama". Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme - Ambasada e Republikës së Kosovës në Panama. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
- ^ "Embassy of Mexico in Panama City (in Spanish)".
- ^ Embassy of Panama in Mexico City (in Spanish)
- ^ "Embassy of Panama in Moscow (in Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2014-11-30.
- ^ "Embassy of Russia in Panama City (in Russian and Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2009-06-24. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
- ^ "Panamá y la república Saharaui". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
- ^ "Algeria: Sahrawi Embassy in Panama Reopens". AllAfrica. 2016-01-07. Retrieved 2015-01-13.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Panama". Archived from the original on 2020-07-04. Retrieved 2016-12-31.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-01-01. Retrieved 2016-12-31.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b c d "Panama (Republic of)".
- ^ "주한파나마대사관" [Embassy of Panama in Korea]. naver.com (in Korean).
- ^ "주 파나마 대한민국 대사관".
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Latin America and Caribbean". Archived from the original on 2015-07-05. Retrieved 2017-07-26.
- ^ "Korea-Panama Relations".
- ^ "Embassy of Panama in Madrid (in Spanish)".
- ^ "Embassy of Spain in Panama City (in Spanish)".
- ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Panama".
- ^ "British Embassy Panama City". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
- ^ "UK and Central America sign continuity agreement". GOV.UK. 18 July 2019. Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ "Panama - United Kingdom BIT (1983)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
- ^ Embassy of Panama in Washington, D.C.
- ^ Embassy of the United States in Panama City
Further reading
[edit]- Ealy, Lawrence O. The Republic of Panama in world affairs, 1903-1950 (U of Pennsylvania Press, 1951). online
- Farnsworth, David N., and James W. McKenney. US-Panama relations, 1903–1978: A study in linkage politics (Routledge, 2020).
- Major, John. "‘Pro mundi beneficio’? The Panama Canal as an international issue, 1943–8." Review of International Studies 9.1 (1983): 17–34.
- Williams Jr, Harold E. Panamanian-US Relations Towards 2000: An Opportunity for Partnership (Naval Postgraduate School, 1995) online.