House of Representatives (Indonesia)
People's Representative Council Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia | |
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Type | |
Type | |
Term limits | None |
Leadership | |
Deputy Speaker | Azis Syamsuddin (Golkar) since 1 October 2019 |
Deputy Speaker | |
Deputy Speaker | |
Deputy Speaker | |
Structure | |
Seats | 575 |
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Political groups | Government (427) Opposition (148) |
Authority | passing laws and budgets (together with the President); oversight on the executive branch |
Elections | |
Party-list proportional representation | |
Last election | 17 April 2019 |
Next election | April 2024 |
Meeting place | |
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Legislative Complex Jakarta, Indonesia | |
Website | |
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This article is part of a series on the |
Politics of Indonesia |
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The People's Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia, DPR-RI), alternatively translatable as the House of Representatives or as the House of People's Representatives, is one of two elected national legislative assemblies in Indonesia.
Together with the Regional Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, DPD), a second chamber with limited powers, it makes up a legislative body, the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, MPR). For the 2014 session, there were 560 members, but following the 2019 elections, there will be 575 members, all elected.[1][2]
The house has been the subject of frequent public criticism due to perceived high levels of fraud and corruption.[3]
History
Volksraad
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Opening_van_de_Volksraad_door_gouverneur-generaal_Van_Limburg_Stirum_op_18_mei_1918_op_Java_TMnr_10001373.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Opening_van_de_Volksraad_door_gouverneur-generaal_Van_Limburg_Stirum_op_18_mei_1918_op_Java_TMnr_10001373.jpg)
In 1915, members of the Indonesian nationalist organisation Budi Utomo and others toured the Netherlands to argue for the establishment of a legislature for the Dutch East Indies, and in December 1916 a bill was passed to establish a Volksraad (People's Council).[4] It met for the first time in 1918. Ten of its nineteen members elected by local councils were Indonesians, as were five of the nineteen appointed members. However, it had only advisory powers, although the governor-general had to consult it on financial matters. The body grew in size to 60 members, half of who were elected by a total of 2,228 people.[5]
In 1925, the Volksraad gained some legislative powers. It had to agree to the budget and internal legislation, and could sponsor laws of its own. However, it had no power to remove the governor general and remained nothing more than a gesture.[5]
In 1940, after the German invasion of the Netherlands, and the fleeing of the Dutch government to exile in London, there was a motion calling for an inquiry into turning it into a quasi-legislature, but this was withdrawn after a negative response from the government.[6] In July 1941, the Volksraad passed a motion calling for the creation of a militia made up of up to 6,000 Indonesians[7] In February 1942, the Japanese invasion began, and in May 1942 the Dutch formally dissolved the Volksraad. It was replaced by a council made up of heads of departments.[8]
Japanese occupation
The Japanese invaded Indonesia in 1942. By 1943, the tide had turned against them, and to encourage support for the war effort, the Japanese appointed Indonesian advisors (sanyo) to the administration and appointed Sukarno leader of a new Central Advisory Board (Chuo Sani-kai) in Jakarta.[9] In March 1945, the Japanese established the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (Indonesian: Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan) or BPUPK, chaired by Radjiman Wediodiningrat, with Sukarno, Hatta and Thamrin among its members. This body drew up a constitution for an independent Indonesia over several weeks of meetings. At a session of the Committee on 1 June 1945, Sukarno laid down the principles of Pancasila by which an Indonesia would be governed.[10][11]
On 7 August, the day after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (Indonesian: Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia) or PPKI was established. Sukarno was chairman, and Hatta vice-chairman. The two proclaimed the Independence of Indonesia on 17 August.[12] On 18 August, the PPKI accepted the constitution drawn up by the BPUPK as the provisional Constitution of Indonesia and decided that during a six-month transition period, the new republic would be governed according to the constitution by a president, assisted by a National Committee, who would establish the two chamber legislature mandated by the constitution. The upper chamber, the People's Consultative Assembly would then have six months to draw up a new constitution, leaving open the possibility that this would be an entirely new document free of the influence of the situation prevailing during World War II.[11] The PPKI also named Sukarno as president and Hatta vice-president.[13]
KNIP
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/KNIP1947.jpg/250px-KNIP1947.jpg)
The Central Indonesian National Committee (Indonesian: Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat) or KNIP was a body appointed to assist the president of the newly independent Indonesia, Sukarno, on 29 August 1945. It was originally planned to have a purely advisory function, but on 18 October, Vice-president Hatta issued Edict No.X transferring the powers the Constitution conferred on the People's Consultative Assembly and People's Representative Council from the president to the KNIP. The day-to-day tasks of the KNIP would be carried out by a Working Committee.[14][15]
During the War of Independence, the entire KNIP was unable to meet regularly. Therefore, the KNIP acted as the upper house, the People's Consultative Assembly in the constitution, meeting only infrequently to discuss fundamental and pressing national issues, while the Working Committee acted as the day-to-day parliament.[16]
The Federal Legislature
In January 1948, the Dutch authorities established the Provisional Federal Council for Indonesia (Voorlopige Federale Raad voor Indonesia) comprising Lieutenant Governor Hubertus van Mook and eight Indonesians chosen by him to represent the views of Indonesia. Two months later, the council made up of heads of departments that the Dutch had set up to replace the pre-war Volksraad officially became the Provisional Federal Government (Voorlopige Federale Regering). This body invited heads of the states making up the United States of Indonesia to send delegates to the Federal Conference in Bandung in May 1948. That month, leaders of states and other areas joined together to establish the Federal Consultative Assembly (Bijeenkomst voor Federaal Overleg or BFO) to represent the federal regions.[17]
Following the transfer of sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia (RIS), in December 1949, the state adopted a bicameral system, with a 150-member People's Representative Council (DPR-RIS)and a Senate with two representatives from each of the 16 component areas of the RIS. Initially People's Representative Council had 50 representatives from the Republic of Indonesia and 100 from the 15 component parts of the RIS. The plan was for elections within a year. The KNIP met for the last time on 15 December 1949 to agree to the Republic of Indonesia joining the RIS.[18]
This People's Representative Council met for the first time on 15 February 1950 at the former Sociëteit Concordia Building on Jalan Wahidin, Jakarta. Most of the sessions were held n this building, but it also met at other buildings, inclusing the Hotel Des Indies. The DPR-RIS passed seven laws in its six months of existence, but was soon overtaken by events as the federal system collapsed as the individual states dissolved themselves into the unitary Republic of Indonesia.[18][19][20]
Liberal Democracy
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Old_DPR_Bldg.jpg/200px-Old_DPR_Bldg.jpg)
Given that the Republic of Indonesia did not want the RIS parliament to become the legislature of the unitary republic, in May 1950, Hatta and representatives from the federal states agreed to establish a new parliament comprising the 150 members of the RIS parliament, 46 members of the KNIP Working Committee, 13 from the Republic of Indonesia Supreme Advisory council and 32 RIS senators, making 241 members. On 17 August 1950, the RIS was formally dissolved and the unitary Republic of Indonesia came into being.
The Provisional People's Representative Council met for the first time on 16 August 1950. By then there had been minor changes to the agreed composition as three RIS senators had refused to take their seats and 21 representatives from the State of Pasundan were replaced by 19 members appointed by the Republic. Of the 236 members, only 204 took their oaths of office on 20 August, and only 170 voted in the election of the speaker, which was narrowly won by Sartono of the Indonesian National Party (PNI). Masyumi was the largest parliamentary party with 49 seats. The PNI had 36 seats and no other party had more than 17.[21]
In 1952, the DPR demanded a reorganisation of the Ministry of Defense and the dismissal of the Army leadership in response to military opposition to troop reductions. This led to the '17 October 1952' incident with large-scale demonstrations at the presidential palace by soldiers and civilians demanding the DPR be dissolved. The crowd dispersed after Sukarno addressed it.[22]
Despite the election bill being introduced in 1951, it was not passed until 1953 and elections were held in 1955.[23] The results surprised everybody. The Indonesian Socialist Party did worse than expected, as did Masyumi, while the Indonesian Communist party did better than predicted. Following the election, the PNI and Masyumi had 57 seats each, the Nahdlatul Ulama had 45 and the PKI 39. There were now 28 parties in parliament, compared with 20 before the election. Only 63 of the 257 pre-election members of parliament still had seats, but there were 15 women members compared with eight before. The new parliament met on 26 March 1956.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/DPR1950s.jpg/250px-DPR1950s.jpg)
Over the next few years, public dissatisfaction with the political parties grew. In 1957, Sukarno announced his concept of a national unity cabinet and a National Council made up of functional groups to advise the cabinet. This Council was established in May 1957. On 5 July 1959, Sukarno issued a decree, which as well as reviving the provisional 1945 Constitution, dissolved parliament.[24]
The new DPR took office on 22 July 1959. It accepted the president's decree by acclamation and said it was ready to work as stipulated by the 1945 Constitution. However, in March 1960 it unexpectedly rejected the government's budget. Sukarno then dissolved it as it was seen as no longer fulfilling the president's hopes that it would work with him in the spirit of the 1945 Constitution, Guided Democracy and the Political manifesto (Manipol, the political ideology of the time). The DPR session ended on 24 June.[25][26]
Guided Democracy
Sukarno then used this difference of opinion with the legislature as justification for the establishment of a People's Representative Council of Mutual Assistance (Indonesian: Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Gotong Royong, DPR-GR). The membership was no longer based on the results of the 1955 election, but was determined by the president, who could appoint and dismiss members at will. Political opponents were sidelined, and some who opposed the establishment of the DPR-GR refused to take their seats. As Masyumi and the Indonesian Socialist Party did not agree with Sukarno, they were given no seats, meaning there was no longer a parliamentary opposition. A number of representatives from various functional groups including the military were also appointed. As of mid-1962, there were 281 members; 130 from 10 political parties, 150 from 20 functional groups and 1 representative from West Irian.
The responsibilities and duties of the parliament were dramatically curtailed as it was reduced to helping the government implement its policies. In 1960 it produced only 9 laws, compared with 87 in 1958 and 29 in 1959. It became little more than a rubber stamp for Sukarno's policies. For example, it passed a law allowing volunteers to be sent to participate in the 'Confrontation' with Malaysia.[27][28]
New Order
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/MPRDPRDPDBuilding.jpg/250px-MPRDPRDPDBuilding.jpg)
Following the coup attempt of the 30 September Movement in 1965, which was officially blamed on the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), the DPR-GR was purged of PKI members – 57 communist members were suspended.[29] On 14 November parliament resumed without the PKI representatives, including deputy speaker M. H. Lukman. In 1969, the government passed an election law that set the membership of the DPR at 360 elected and 100 appointed members. The number of representatives from the military increased to 75. Elections were finally held in 1971, having been delayed to allow preparations to ensure a victory for the government's Golkar organisation.[30][31][32]
Following the election, the words Gotong Royong were removed and the body became the Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat again. In 1973 the remaining political parties were reduced to two, the United Development Party and the Indonesian Democratic Party. For the remainder of the New Order, Golkar won absolute majorities at every elections, while the parliament did not produce a single law on its own initiative, its role being reduced to passing laws proposed by the government.[30][33][34]
Reform era
In May 1998, President Suharto stepped down and the following year saw Indonesia's first free elections since 1955. Of the 500 seats, 462 were elected, while 38 seats were reserved for the military/police faction. In the 2004 elections, all 550 seats were elected. In the 2009 elections the number of seats was increased to 560. There are now no appointed military officers in the legislature.[35][36]
Powers
The DPR has three main functions, legislative, budgeting and oversight. It draws up and passes laws of its own as well discussing and approving government regulations in lieu of law and proposals from the Regional Representatives Council (DPD) related to regional issues. Together with the president, it produces the annual budget, taking into consideration the views of the DPD. It also has the right to question the president and other government officials.[37][38]
The President of Indonesia does not hold the power to dissolve the People's Representative Council.
Current composition
The People's Representative Council has 575 members resulting from the 2019 legislative election. The representatives come from 9 political parties.
Political party | Parliamentary group | Seats (2019 election) | Political affiliation/coalition | Chair of the parliamentary group |
---|---|---|---|---|
Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle | PDI-P | 128 | Presidential coalition | Utut Adianto (Central Java VII) Majority Floor Leader |
Party of Functional Groups | Golkar | 85 | Presidential coalition | Kahar Muzakir (South Sumatera I) |
Great Indonesia Movement Party | Gerindra | 78 | Presidential coalition | Ahmad Muzani (Lampung I) |
Nasdem Party | Nasdem | 59 | Presidential coalition | Ahmad Ali (Central Sulawesi) |
National Awakening Party | PKB | 58 | Presidential coalition | Cucun Ahmad Syamsurijal (West Java II) |
Democratic Party | Democrats | 54 | Presidential coalition | Edhie Yudhoyono (East Java VII) |
Prosperous Justice Party | PKS | 50 | In opposition | Jazuli Juwaini (Banten II) Minority floor leader |
National Mandate Party | PAN | 44 | Presidential coalition | Mulfachri Harahap (North Sumatra I) |
United Development Party | PPP | 19 | Presidential coalition | Arsul Sani (Central Java X) |
Total | 575 |
Structure
Leadership
The DPR is chaired by a speaker and four deputy speakers elected from the membership. The speaker shall come from the party with most seats, and the order of the deputies are based from the amount of seats as well. In this case, party with the second-most seats shall get the first order of deputy speaker.
Commissions
There are a total of eleven commissions whose job it is to discuss matters related to their areas of responsibility and formulate bills for submission to the plenary session of the Council. The commissions and areas of responsibility are:
Commissions of People's Representative Council Komisi Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat | |
Commissions | Areas of Responsibility |
Commission I Komisi I |
Defense, Intelligence, Foreign Affairs and Information |
Commission II Komisi II |
Domestic governance, regional autonomy, state apparatus and agrarian affairs |
Commission III Komisi III |
Legal affairs and laws, human rights and security |
Commission IV Komisi IV |
Agriculture, plantations, maritime affairs, fisheries and food |
Commission V Komisi V |
Transport, telecommunications, public works, public housing, village development and disadvantaged areas |
Commission VI Komisi VI |
Trade, industry, investment, cooperatives, small and medium businesses and state-owned companies |
Commission VII Komisi VII |
Energy, natural mineral resources, research and technology, the environment |
Commission VIII Komisi VIII |
Religion, social affairs, the empowerment of women |
Commission IX Komisi IX |
Demographic affairs, health, manpower and transmigration |
Commission X Komisi X |
Education, youth affairs, sports, tourism, art and culture |
Commission XI Komisi XI |
Finances, national development planning, banking and non-bank financial institution |
The commissions can meet with the president or ministers and can hold meetings to listen to public opinion.[39]
List of Speakers
No. | Name | Assumed office | Left office |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Sartono | 22 February 1950 | 22 July 1959 |
2. | KH Zainul Arifin | 26 June 1960 | 13 January 1963 |
3. | Arudji Kartawinata | 13 January 1963 | February 1966 |
4. | Mursalin Mamangung | February 1963 | 17 May 1966 |
5. | KH Achmad Sjaichu | 17 May 1966 | 28 October 1971 |
6. | KH Idham Chalid | 1 October 1972 | 1 October 1977 |
7. | Adam Malik[note 1] | 1 October 1977 | 23 March 1978 |
8. | Lt Gen (ret.) Daryatmo | 23 March 1978 | 1 October 1982 |
9. | Lt Gen (ret.) Amirmachmud | 1 October 1982 | 1 October 1987 |
10. | Lt Gen (ret.) Kharis Suhud | 1 October 1987 | 1 October 1992 |
11. | Lt Gen (ret.) Wahono | 1 October 1992 | 1 October 1997 |
12. | Harmoko | 1 October 1997 | 1 October 1999 |
13. | Akbar Tanjung | 1 October 1999 | 1 October 2004 |
14. | Agung Laksono | 1 October 2004 | 1 October 2009 |
15. | Marzuki Alie | 1 October 2009 | 1 October 2014 |
16. | Setya Novanto | 2 October 2014 | 16 December 2015 |
— | Fadli Zon (acting) | 16 December 2015 | 11 January 2016 |
17. | Ade Komaruddin | 11 January 2016 | 30 November 2016 |
(16) | Setya Novanto | 30 November 2016 | 11 December 2017 |
— | Fadli Zon (acting) | 11 December 2017 | 15 January 2018 |
18. | Bambang Soesatyo | 15 January 2018 | 1 October 2019 |
19. | Puan Maharani | 1 October 2019 | Incumbent |
See also
Notes
- ^ Resigned due to inauguration as Vice President of Indonesia
References
Citations
- ^ Sekretariat Jenderal DPR RI (2015)
- ^ Yulisman (2019)
- ^ Taufiqurrahman, M. (10 December 2004). "House, parties 'most corrupt'". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
- ^ Ricklefs (1982) p. 164
- ^ a b Ricklefs (1982) p. 153
- ^ Ricklefs (1982) p183
- ^ Ricklefs (1982) p. 184
- ^ Cribb (2001) p. 282
- ^ Ricklefs (1982) p193
- ^ Ricklefs (1982) p. 197
- ^ a b Cribb (2001) p272
- ^ Ricklefs (1982) pp. 197-198
- ^ Kahin (1952) p. 138
- ^ Cribb (2001) p. 276
- ^ Kahin (1952) pp. 139–140
- ^ Cribb (2001) pp. 280–281
- ^ Cribb (2001) pp. 282–284
- ^ a b Cribb (2001) p. 284
- ^ Tim Penyusun (1970) pp. 119,133
- ^ Hilmi Syatria (ed) (1995) p.8
- ^ Cribb (2001) pp. 285–286
- ^ Ricklefs (1982) p. 233
- ^ Ricklefs (1982) p. 234
- ^ Cribb (2001) pp. 288–297
- ^ Poltak Partogi Nainggolan (2001) p 301
- ^ Ricklefs (1982) p. 256
- ^ Poltak Partogi Nainggolan (2001) pp. 301-303
- ^ Dept of Foreign Affairs (1962), Indonesia 1962, Jakarta, p. 9, No ISBN
- ^ Hughes (2002) p149
- ^ a b Schwarz (1994) p. 32
- ^ Poltak Partogi Nainggolan (2001) pp. 304–303
- ^ Ricklefs (1982) pp. 276–277
- ^ Daniel Dhaidae & H. Witdarmono (2000) p. xix
- ^ Evans (2003) pp. 2
- ^ Friend (2003) p. 405
- ^ Ikrar Nusa Bhakti (2001) p. 205
- ^ http://www.dpr.go.id/tentang/tugas-wewenang DPR website - Authority (Indonesian)
- ^ http://www.dpr.go.id/tentang/hak-kewajiban DPR website – Rights and Obligations (Indonesian)
- ^ http://www.dpr.go.id/akd/komisi DPR website - Components (Indonesian)
Sources
- Cribb, Robert (2001) Parlemen Indonesia 1945-1959 (Indonesian Parliaments 1945-1959) in Panduan Parlemen Indonesia (Indonesian Parliamentary Guide), Yayasan API, Jakarta, ISBN 979-96532-1-5
- Daniel Dhaidae & H. Witdarmono (Eds) (2000) Wajah Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Pemilihan Umum 1999 (Faces of the Republic of Indonesia People's Representative Council 1999 General Election) Harian Kompas, Jakarta, ISBN 979-9251-43-5
- Denny Indrayana (2008) Indonesian Constitutional Reform 1999-2002: An Evaluation of Constitution-Making in Transition, Kompas Book Publishing, Jakarta ISBN 978-979-709-394-5
- Evans, Kevin Raymond, (2003) The History of Political Parties & General Elections in Indonesia, Arise Consultancies, Jakarta, ISBN 979-97445-0-4
- Friend, Theodore (2003) Indonesian Destinies The Belknap Press of Harvard university Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01137-3
- Hughes, John (2002), The End of Sukarno – A Coup that Misfired: A Purge that Ran Wild, Archipelago Press, ISBN 981-4068-65-9
- Ikrar Nusa Bhakti (2001) Parlemen Dalam Konteks Sejarah 1959-1998 (Parliament in the Historical Context 1959-1998) in Militer dan Parlemen di Indonesia (The Military and Indonesian Parliament in Indonesia) in Panduan Parlelem Indonesia (Indonesian Parliamentary Guide), Yayasan API, Jakarta, ISBN 979-96532-1-5
- Kahin, George McTurnan (1952) Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-9108-8
- Hilmi Syatria, ed. (1995), Gedung MPR/DPR RI: Sejarah dan Perkembangannya [MPR/DPR RI Building: History and Development] (PDF) (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Tim Panitia Penerbitan Buku Gedung MPR/DPR RI, ISBN 979-8776-003
- Poltak Partogi Nainggolan (2001) Parlemen Dalam Konteks Sejarah 1959-1998 (Parliament in the Historical Context 1959-1998) in Panduan Parlelem Indonesia (Indonesian Parliamentary Guide), Yayasan API, Jakarta, ISBN 979-96532-1-5
- Ricklefs (1982), A History of Modern Indonesia, Macmillan Southeast Asian reprint, ISBN 0-333-24380-3
- Sekretariat Jenderal DPR RI (2015). "About the House". DPR website. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- Schwarz, Adam (1994), A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s, Allen & Unwin, ISBN 1-86373-635-2
- Tim Penyusun Sejarah (1970), Seperempat Abad Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia [A Quarter Century of the People's Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia] (PDF) (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Sekretariat DPR-GR
- Yulisman, Linda (17 April 2019). "Indonesia election: Ruling coalition led by PDI-P on track to win most seats in Parliament". The Straits Times. Retrieved 16 July 2019.