Tilidine
 (1S,2R)-tilidine (dextilidine; top), (1R,2S)-tilidine (bottom) | |
| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Trade names | Tilicomp, Tilitrate, Valoron, Vilidin |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | International Drug Names |
| Routes of administration | Oral, rectal, IM, IV |
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| Legal status | |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 6% (parent compound), 99% (active metabolite)[1] |
| Metabolism | Metabolised by the liver, mostly via the enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2C19[2] |
| Elimination half-life | 3–5 hours[2] |
| Excretion | Urine (90%)[2] |
| Identifiers | |
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| CAS Number | |
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| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.039.779 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C17H23NO2 |
| Molar mass | 273.37 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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Tilidine (INN, USAN), or tilidate (BAN) (brand names: Tilidin, Valoron and Valtran) is a synthetic opioid painkiller, used mainly in Germany, Switzerland, South Africa and Belgium for treatment of moderate to severe pain, both acute and chronic.[3] Its onset of pain relief after oral administration is about 10–15 minutes and peak relief from pain occurs about 25–50 minutes after oral administration.[2]
Medical uses
Tilidine is used in the form of hydrochloride or phosphate salt. In Germany, tilidine is available in a fixed combination with naloxone for oral administration (Valoron N and generics); the mixture of naloxone is claimed to lower the abuse liability of the opioid analgesic.[2] This is so that if people take the medication orally (which is the way they are meant to) the opioid blocker, naloxone, has minimal effects on them but if they inject it the naloxone becomes bioavailable and hence antagonises the effects of the tilidine producing withdrawal effects.[2][4] In Switzerland the original Valoron brand with only tilidine and no naloxone is also available.[3]
As well as its use as an analgesic, tilidine is also commonly used in Germany for treatment of restless legs syndrome.[5]
Tilidine is a controlled substance in most countries, listed in the German BtMG, Austrian SMG, and in the USA under the Controlled Substances Act 1970 as ACSCN 9750 as a Narcotic under Schedule I, with an annual aggregate manufacturing quota of 10 grammes in 2014. It is used as the hydrochloride (free base conversion ratio 0.882) and HCl hemihydrate (0.858) [6]
Adverse effects
Its most common adverse effects are transient nausea and vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, headache and nervousness; less commonly, nausea and vomiting (after repeated dosing), hallucinations, confusion, euphoria, tremor, hyperreflexia, clonus and increased sweating.[2] Uncommonly, somnolence; rarely, diarrhoea and abdominal pain.[2]
Physicochemistry
It usually comes in its hydrochloride hemihydrate salt form; in this form it is highly soluble in water, ethanol and dichloromethane and appears as a white/almost white crystalline powder.[3] Its storage is restricted by its insensitivity to light and sensitivity to degradation by oxygen, hence necessitating its storage in amber bottles and at temperatures below 30 degrees Celsius, respectively.[2][3]
Pharmacology
Considered a low-to-medium-potency opioid, tilidine has the oral potency of about 0.2, that is, a dose of 100 mg p.o. is equianalgesic to approximately 20 mg morphine sulfate orally. It is administered orally (by mouth), rectally (by a suppository), or by injection (SC, IM or slowly IV) with single doses of 50 to 100 mg, the maximal daily dose being up to 600 mg.[7]
Tilidine itself is only a weak opioid, but is rapidly metabolised in the liver and gut to its active metabolite nortilidine and then to bisnortilidine.[8][9] It is the (1S,2R)-isomer (dextilidine)[10] that is responsible for its analgesic activity.[11]
Synthesis
It is manufactured by a Diels-Alder reaction of 1-N,N-dimethylaminobuta-1,3-diene with ethyl atropate, yielding a mixture of isomers,[12] of which only the (E)-(trans)-isomers are active and are separated subsequently from the mixture by precipitation of the inactive (Z)-(cis)-isomers as zinc complex.[8] The inactive (Z)-(cis)-isomers may be epimerized to the more thermodynamically favored (E)-(trans)-isomers via reflux in diluted phosphoric acid.
References
- ^ Vollmer, KO; Thomann, P; Hengy, H (October 1989). "Pharmacokinetics of tilidine and metabolites in man". Arzneimittel-Forschung. 39 (10): 1283–8. PMID 2610722.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Tilidin N Sandoz® DP Lösung zum Einnehmen" (PDF) (in German). Wooden Churches: Sandoz Pharmaceuticals GmbH. December 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d Brayfield, A, ed. (13 December 2013). "Tilidine Hydrochloride". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. Pharmaceutical Press. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
- ^ Brunton, L; Chabner, B; Knollman, B (2010). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-162442-8.
- ^ Tings, T; Trenkwalder, C (2003). "When L-Dopa Preparations, Dopamine Agonists or Opioids? Therapy of Restless Legs Syndrome". MMW Fortschritte der Medizin (in German). 145 (10): 48–49. PMID 12688028.
- ^ http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/quotas/conv_factor/index.html
- ^ Waldvogel, HH (2001). Analgetika, Antinozizeptiva, Adjuvanzien: Handbuch für die Schmerzpraxis (in German). ISBN 978-3-540-65796-5.
- ^ a b Buschmann, H (2002). Analgesics: From Chemistry and Pharmacology to Clinical Application. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-30403-5.
- ^ Schulz, R; Bläsig, J; Wüster, M; Herz, A (1978). "The Opiate-Like Action of Tilidine is Mediated by Metabolites". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 304 (2): 89–93. doi:10.1007/bf00495543. PMID 212687.
- ^ http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.27988.html?rid=61b9b5fa-0630-4dcb-8f35-ba86b3ba7000
- ^ Drug Discovery and Commercial Exploitation Gerhard Satzinger Drug News Project psges 200–201 14(4) May 2001.
- ^ US patent 3557127, Satzinger, G, "Substituted Cyclohexenes, Derivatives thereof and Processes for Obtaining Same", issued 1971-01-19.