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Uniformed services of the United States

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United States Uniformed Services
United States Joint Service Color Guard on parade at Fort Myer
The United States Joint Service Color Guard in October 2001, on parade at Fort Myer in Arlington County, Virginia.
Service branches
Leadership
Commander-in-ChiefBarack Obama
Federal department headsAshton Carter (DoD)
Jeh Johnson (DHS)
Sylvia Burwell (HHS)
Penny Pritzker (DOC)
Personnel
Military age17–45 years old at joining[1]
Available for
military service		72,715,332 males, age 18–49 (2008 est.),
71,638,785 females, age 18–49 (2008 est.)
Fit for
military service		59,413,358 males, age 18–49 (2008 est.),
59,187,183 females, age 18–49 (2008 est.)
Reaching military
age annually		2,186,440 males (2008 est.),
2,079,688 females (2008 est.)
Active personnel1,473,900[2] (ranked 2nd)
Reserve personnel1,458,500[3]
Expenditure
Budget$597.5 billion (FY2015)[4] (ranked 1st)
Percent of GDP3.3% (2015 est.)
Related articles
History
Ranks

The United States of America has seven federal uniformed services that commission officers as defined by Title 10, and subsequently structured and organized by Title 10, Title 14, Title 32 and Title 42 of the United States Code.

Uniformed services

The seven uniformed services are, in order of precedence by ceremonial formation:[5]

  1. United States Army
  2. United States Marine Corps
  3. United States Navy
  4. United States Air Force
  5. United States Coast Guard
  6. United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps
  7. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps

Each of the uniformed services is administratively headed by a federal executive department and its corresponding civilian Cabinet leader.

Federal executive departments

United States Department of Defense (DoD)

Note: The order of precedence within the U.S. Department of Defense is set by DOD Directive 1005.8 and is not dependent on the date of creation by the U.S. Congress.

United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

Note: The U.S. Coast Guard was a part of the U.S. Department of Transportation from 1967 to 2002. Prior to 1967, it was a part of the U.S. Department of the Treasury.

United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)

United States Department of Commerce (DOC)

Statutory definition

The seven uniformed services are defined by 10 U.S.C. § 101(a)(5):

The term "uniformed services" means—
(A) the armed forces;
(B) the commissioned corps of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; and
(C) the commissioned corps of the Public Health Service.

The five uniformed services that make up the United States Armed Forces are defined in the previous clause 10 U.S.C. § 101(a)(4):

The term "armed forces" means the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard.

Armed forces

Five of the uniformed services make up the U.S. Armed Forces, four of which are within the U.S. Department of Defense. The Coast Guard is part of the Department of Homeland Security and has both military and law enforcement duties. Title 14 states that the Coast Guard is part of the military at all times, making it the only branch of the military outside the Department of Defense. During a declared state of war, however, the President or Congress may direct that the Coast Guard operate as part of the Navy.[6] The U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, along with the NOAA Commissioned Corps, operate under military rules with the exception of the applicability of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, to which they are subject only when militarized by executive order or while detailed to any component of the armed forces.[7]

Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces are all members of the military. The National Guard is an additional reserve military component of the Army and Air Force, respectively, and is composed of organized state National Guard militia units, which operate under Title 32 and under state authority as the Army National Guard and Air National Guard. The National Guard was first formed in the Colony of Virginia in 1607 and is the oldest uniformed military force founded in the New World. The National Guard can also be mobilized by the President to operate under Federal authority through Title 10. When acting under federal direction, the National Guard of the United States is managed by the National Guard Bureau, which is a joint Army and Air Force activity under the Department of Defense,[8][9][10] with a 4-star general[8][9] from the Army or Air Force appointed as its top leader. However, in Federal service command and control of National Guard organizations will fall under the designated Geographic or Functional Combatant Commander. The National Guard of the United States serves as a reserve component for both the Army and the Air Force and can be called up for federal active duty in times of war or national emergencies.[8][9]

Noncombatant uniformed services

Commissioned officers of NOAA and PHS wear uniforms that are derived from U.S. Navy uniforms, except that the commissioning devices, buttons, and insignia reflect their specific service. Uniformed officers of NOAA and PHS are paid on the same scale as members of the armed services with respective rank and time-in-grade. Additionally, PHS Officers are covered by the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Act and the Service Members Civil Relief Act (formerly the Soldiers and Sailors Civil Relief Act). Furthermore, all seven Uniformed Services are subject to the provisions of 10 USC 1408, the Uniformed Services Former Spouses Protection Act (USFSPA).

PHS and NOAA consist of commissioned officers only and have no warrant ranks or enlisted ranks. Commissioned officers of the PHS and NOAA may be militarized by the President.[11] Because they are commissioned officers, they can be classified as prisoners of war under the Geneva Conventions, if captured by a belligerent entity. The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (USC&GS), a predecessor to NOAA, originally began commissioning its officers so that if captured while engaged in battlefield surveying, they would be protected under the Law of Armed Conflict and could not be tried or executed as spies. The USC&GS Commissioned Officer Corps became the Environmental Science Services Administration Corps (ESSA Corps), upon the creation of the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) on 13 July 1965, then became the NOAA Corps upon the creation of NOAA on 3 October 1970. The PHS traces its origins to a system of marine hospitals created "for the relief of sick and disabled seamen" by the U.S. Congress in 1798; it adopted a military model of organization in 1871.[12][13]

See also

References

  1. ^ Persons 17 years of age, with parental permission, can join the U.S. uniformed services.
  2. ^ "Military Rules" (PDF).
  3. ^ "Government Document" (PDF).
  4. ^ "2008 Defense Budget" (PDF).
  5. ^ "DoD Directive 1005.8" (PDF).
  6. ^ 14 U.S.C. § 3
  7. ^ "UCMJ S 802. Art. 2. Subs. (a). Para. (8)".
  8. ^ a b c "H.R. 4986: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008".
  9. ^ a b c "H.R. 4986: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 full text".
  10. ^ "SEC. 1812. ESTABLISHMENT OF NATIONAL GUARD BUREAU AS JOINT ACTIVITY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE".
  11. ^ PHS is under Title 42 & 46 U.S.C.
  12. ^ United States Code. Title 5. Part III. Chapter 21. S 2101.
  13. ^ "History of the Office of Surgeon General". Retrieved 9 April 2014.
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