List of haplogroups of historic people: Difference between revisions

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This is a list of haplogroups of notable people. Haplogroups can be determined from the remains of historical figures, or derived from genealogical DNA tests of people who trace their direct maternal or paternal ancestry to a noted historical figure. Some contemporary notable figures have made their test results public in the course of news programs about this topic.

mtDNA

MtDNA results come from historical persons whose mitochondrial DNA has been tested; it identifies direct maternal ancestry, which is just one line out of many.

Ancient samples

These are results from ancient samples of the person or reputed remains of the person. Because mtDNA breaks down more slowly than nuclear DNA, it is often possible to obtain mtDNA results where other testing fails.

Petrarch

The supposed remains of Francesco Petrarca were tested for DNA in 2003.^[1]

Name	mitochondrial DNA sequence	Haplogroup
body attributed to Petrarch	16126C, 16193T, 16311C	J2

Ötzi the Iceman

Analysis of the mtDNA of Ötzi the Iceman, the frozen mummy from 3300 BC found on the Austrian-Italian border, has shown that Ötzi belongs to the K1 subclade. His mtDNA cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade (K1a, K1b or K1c). The new subclade has preliminarily been named K1ö for Ötzi.^[2]

Kostenki from Don

Analysis of the 33,000 years old mtDNA from Kostenki 14, found by the Don river, Russia has shown that Kostenki belongs to the U2 subclade.[3]

The Cheddar Man

The skeleton excavated from the Cheddar Gorge is in haplogroup U5a. The Cheddar Man is the nickname for the ancient human remains found in Cheddar Gorge; his approximate date of death was 7150 BCE.

Name	mitochondrial DNA sequence	Haplogroup
Cheddar Man	16192T, 16270T	U5a

mitosearch member code: 7MRU2

Oseberg ship remains

The remains of the younger of the two women buried with the Oseberg ship was tested and discovered to have mtDNA of U7.^[3]

Name	mitochondrial DNA sequence	Haplogroup
Young Girl	N/A	U7

Sweyn II of Denmark

In order to verify whether the body of a woman entombed near Sweyn II of Denmark in Roskilde Cathedral is that of his mother Estrid, mtDNA from pulp of teeth from each of the two bodies was extracted and analysed. The king was assigned to mtDNA haplogroup H and the woman was assigned to mtDNA haplogroup H5a. Based on the observation of two HVR1 sequence differences, it was concluded that it is highly unlikely that the woman was the king's mother.^[4]

Nicholas II of Russia

The last tsar of Russia, Nicholas II of Russia, was assigned to mtDNA haplogroup T, based on the following mutations: 16126C, 16169Y, 16294T, 16296T, 73G, 263G, 315.1C. His results matched those of a cousin, Count Nikolai Trubetskoy.^[5]^{[better source needed]}

Deduction by descendant testing

Because mtDNA is carried through the direct female line, some researchers have identified the haplotype of historic persons by testing descendants in their direct female line. In the case of males, their mother's direct female lineage descendants are tested.

Benjamin Franklin

Doras Folger, one of Benjamin Franklin's mother's six sisters, passed on her mtDNA to her 9th-great-granddaughter, Charlene Chambers King, therefore showing Franklin to belong to haplogroup V.^[6]

Name	mitochondrial DNA sequence	Haplogroup
Benjamin Franklin	T16298C, 315.1C, 309.1C, A263G, and T72C.	V

Queen Victoria

mtDNA Haplogroup H (16111T, 16357C, 263G, 315.1C): Empress Alexandra of Russia's identity was confirmed by matching her mtDNA with that of her grand-nephew, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Their common maternal ancestor, Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, and her mother, Queen Victoria, must therefore have shared this haplotype. Genealogies show that Charles II of England had the same matrilineal ancestress as Queen Victoria, an unknown mistress of Theobald I of Navarre.

Richard III of England

In 2004 British historian John Ashdown-Hill traced a British-born woman living in Canada, Joy Ibsen (née Brown), who is a direct maternal line descendant of Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter, a sister of Richard III of England. Joy Ibsen's mtDNA was tested and belongs to mtDNA Haplogroup J, which by deduction should also be the mtDNA haplogroup of Richard III.^[7]^[8] Joy Ibsen died in 2008. On 4 February 2013, University of Leicester researchers announced that there was an mtDNA match between that of a skeleton exhumed in Leicester suspected of belonging to Richard III and that of Joy Ibsen's son, Michael Ibsen, and a second unnamed direct maternal line descendant.^[9]^[10]^[11] They share mtDNA haplogroup J1c2c.^[12]^[13]

Name	mitochondrial DNA sequence	Haplogroup
Richard III of England	16069T, 16126C, 73G, 146C, 185A, 188G, 263G, 295T, 315.1C	J

Edward IV of England

Edward IV of England and his brother Richard III of England, both sons of Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, would have shared the same mtDNA haplogroup J1c2c.^[12]

Figures from popular culture

The following are contemporary individuals who have had mtDNA results publicized:

Christian Cardell Corbet

The Canadian portrait artist Christian Cardell Corbet belongs to mtDNA haplogroup H.^[14]^[15]

Name	mitochondrial DNA sequence	Haplogroup
Christian Cardell Corbet	16519C	H

Katie Couric

During an interview with Dr. Spencer Wells of The National Geographic Genographic Project, the host Katie Couric was revealed to belong to haplogroup K.^[16]

Stephen Colbert

Stephen Colbert was told by Dr Spencer Wells that he is a member of haplogroup K.^[17]

Desmond Tutu

Desmond Tutu, South African activist and Christian cleric, according to a study on Southern African genetics belongs to mtDNA haplogroup L0d, a subgroup of Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA).^[18]

Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela, former President of South Africa, belonged to mtDNA haplogroup L0d (previously known as L1d), a subgroup of Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA).^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]

Bono

Bono, the vocalist for the Irish rock band U2, belongs to mtDNA haplogroup V.^[23]^[24]^[25]

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

Mitochondrial Eve (L)

L0

L1–6

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

L6

M

N

CZ

D

E

G

Q

O

A

S

R

I

W

X

Y

C

Z

B

F

R0

pre-JT

P

U

HV

JT

K

H

V

J

T

Y-DNA

The results for Y-DNA genealogical DNA tests are either from the men themselves, or from men who have inferred paternal descent from historical figures. Scientists make the inference as a hypothesis which could be disproved or improved by future research.

Ancient samples

Cao Cao, the Cao Wei State of Ancient China & the Takamuko Clan of Japan

Chinese warlord Cao Cao, who was posthumously titled Emperor Wu of the state of Cao Wei, belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup O2 according to DNA tests of some documented descendants.^[26]^[27] Ancient DNA analysis of the tooth of Ca Cao's granduncle, CAO Ding, showed that Cao Cao belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup O2*-M268.^[28] The Takamuko clan of Japan claims agnatic descent from Cao Pi, who was the first Emperor of the state of Cao Wei and the eldest son of Cao Cao. This suggests that the Takamuko clan also belongs to Y-DNA haplogroup O2. The Takamuko clan is most famous for Takamuko no Kuromaro.

Tutankhamun

An academic study which included DNA profiling of some of the related male mummies of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 2010. Tutankhamun's Y-DNA haplogroup was not published in the academic paper,^[29]^[30]^[31] however iGENEA, a Swiss personal genomics claimed to have reconstructed King Tut's Y-DNA profile based on screencaps from a Discovery Channel documentary about the study. iGENEA found that King Tut belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup R1b1a2,^[32]^[33]^[34] Members of the research team that conducted the academic study published in 2010 stated they had not been consulted by iGENEA before they published the haplogroup information and described iGENEA's claims as "unscientific." ^[31] After pressure to publish Tutankhamun's full DNA report to confirm his Y-DNA results, the researchers refused to respond.

Ramesses III

In December 2012 according to a genetic study conducted by the same researchers who decoded King Tutankhamun's DNA, found that Ramesses III, second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty and considered to be the last great New Kingdom king to wield any substantial authority over Egypt belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1a.^[35]

Nicholas II of Russia

Nicholas II of Russia has been predicted as having an R1b haplotype.^[36]^[37]

DYS	393	390	19	391	385a	385b	439	389i	392	389ii	458	456	635	Y-GATA-H4	437	438	448
Alleles	13	24	14	10	11	14	11	13	13	29	17	16	24	12	15	12	19

Ötzi the Iceman

Ötzi the Iceman has been found to be Y-DNA haplogroup G2a2b.^[38] The actual term used was G2a4, but the presumed L91 mutation has since been given a new category, G2a2b.

Birger Magnusson

Birger Jarl, the founder of Stockholm the modern capital of Sweden, according to Andreas Carlsson at The National Board of Forensic Medicine of Sweden, belonged to haplogroup I1. Birger Magnusson was the ancestor of a line of kings of both Sweden and Norway, starting with his son Valdemar Birgersson.^[39]

Deduction by descendant testing

Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin belonged to Haplogroup R1b, based on a sample from his great-great-grandson. (assuming paternity being as the family argues)^[40]

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1b2* E-Z830, with a sample taken from a paternal descendant of Naphtali Hirsch Einstein^[41]^[42]

Gediminas

As it was thought that the Lithuanian family of Gediminas or the Gediminids might ultimately belong to the Rurikid line, the same Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project sought to discover the haplogroup of their famous founder Gediminas. It was surprisingly found that while this is not precisely the case, the Gediminids also belong to the Y-DNA Haplogroup N1c1, yet of a different subclade. In fact the Gediminids and Rurikids are actually very distant cousins, sharing a common ancestor circa 2,500 years ago.^[43]

Person	DYS	393	390	19	391	385a	385b	426	388	439	389i	392	389ii	458	459a	459b	455	454	447	437	448	449	464a	464b	464c	464d
Khovansky	Alleles	14	23	15	11	11	13	11	12	10	15	15	31	17	9	9	11	12	25	14	19	27	14	14	15	15
Czartoryski	Alleles	14	23	15	11	11	13	11	12	11	14	15	30	17	9	9	11	12	25	14	19	29	14	14	15	15
Galitzine	Alleles	14	23	15	11	11	13	11	12	11	14	15	30	17	9	9	11	12	25	14	19	28	14	14	15	15
Trubetskoy	Alleles	14	23	15	11	11	13	11	12	10	13	15	29	17	9	9	11	12	25	14	20	28	14	14	15	15

Ysearch: HP2VB, 7FWBE, HUD38,

Russian Nobility DNA Project- note, however, that this information originally came from the Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project: [4]

Genghis Khan

DNA purported to be from Genghis Khan does not have the benefit of near and easily documented lineages. A distinct 'modal' result centers today on Mongolia.

According to Zerjal et al. (2003),^[44] Genghis Khan is believed to have belonged to Haplogroup C-M130711(xC3c-M48).

DYS	393	390	391	425	426	434	435	436	437i	438	439	388	389i	389ii	392
Alleles	13	25	10	12	11	11	11	12	8	10	10	14	10	26	11

According to Family Tree DNA,^[45] Genghis Khan is believed to have belonged to Haplogroup C-M217.

Extended 25 Marker Y-DNA modal based on Mongolians matching the above modal haplotype in the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation database,^[46] which also corresponds to the modal assigned to Genghis Khan released by Family Tree DNA:^[45]

DYS	393	390	19	391	385a	385b	426	388	439	389i	392	389ii	458	459a	459b	455	454	447	437	448	449	464a	464b	464c	464d
Alleles	13	25	16	10	12	13	11	14	10	13	11	29	18	8	8	11	12	26	14	22	27	11	11	12	16

Ysearch: GF44B

Oxford university's department of biochemistry gives an extended haplotype (SMGF standard allele count).^[47]

DYS	393	392	449	446	390	389b	464a	464b	464c	464d	461	394	458	462	391	459a	459b	460	YGATAA10	385a	385b	455	YGATAH4
Alleles	13	11	27	21	25	16	11	11	12	16	11	17	18	13	10	8	8	10	13	12	13	11	11

DYS	YGATAC4	426	454	YCAIIa	YCAIIb	GGAAT1B07	388	447	456	441	439	437	442	445	389I	448	438	452	444	463
Alleles	21	11	12	22	23	10	14	26	15	15	10	14	11	12	13	25	10	31	14	23

Ysearch: GF44B (78 Y-STRs)

Gia Long

Gia Long, who was the first emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty of Vietnam as founded by the Nguyen-Phuoc family, may have belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup O2a according to the DNA test of one documented descendant (if paternity matches genealogy).^[48] Given the sample size, however, this result cannot be regarded as conclusive and further testing of other documented descendants is necessary to help confirm or refute this finding.

Alexander Hamilton

Alexander Hamilton belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup I1.^[49]

DYS	393	390	19	391	385A	385B	426	388	439	389I	392	389II	458	459A	459B	455	454	447	437	448	449	464A	464B	464C	464D
Alleles	13	22	14;15	10	13	14	11	14	12	13	11	29	15	8	9	8	11	22	16	20	31	12	14	15	15

DYS	460	GATA-H4	YCAIIA	YCAIIB	456	607	576	570	CDYA	CDYB	442	438
Alleles	10	10	19	21	14	16	16	19	35	38	12	10

William Harvey

Famous English physician William Harvey, who was the first in the Western world to describe systemic circulation, belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b1, more specifically to the subclade E1b1b1c1 (M34). Most ancient ancestor known was Humphrey Harvey (1459–1526, Kent, England). Ysearch: B2YWY. Look also Harvey Y-DNA Genetic Project

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, is believed to belong to Y-DNA Haplogroup E1b1b1 (E-M35), an haplogroup which originated in East Africa about 22,400 years BP.^[50] According to Ronny Decorte, genetics expert at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven who sampled Hitler's current patrilineal living relatives, Hitler "would not have been happy" as the research could be interpreted to show that his own origins were neither "pure" nor "Aryan". Decorte said that permission from the Russian government to make a conclusive analysis of the jawbone of Adolf Hitler, or from the bloodstained cloth of the sofa where he committed suicide would put an end to the speculations, but that had not been granted.^[51]^[52]

Family Tree DNA, the largest Y-chromosome testing organization for genealogy and ancestry purposes later announced that the interpretation of Hitler’s ancestry given by certain media outlets, based on information released by Jean-Paul Mulders and historian Marc Vermeeren, is "highly questionable". With a Y-chromosome database containing close to 200,000 samples from different populations, Family Tree DNA’s Chief Y-DNA Scientist, Professor Michael Hammer said that "scientific studies as well as records from our own database make it clear that one cannot reach the kind of conclusion featured in the published articles." Based on Family Tree DNA records, no less than 9% of the populations of Germany and Austria belong to the haplogroup E1b1b, and among those, the vast majority — about 80% - are not associated with Jewish ancestry. "This data clearly show that just because one person belongs to the branch of the Y-chromosome referred to as haplogroup E1b1b, that does not mean the person is likely to be of Jewish ancestry," said Professor Hammer.

Mulders confirmed the misinterpretation of his account with the following statement to Family Tree DNA: "I never wrote that Hitler was a Jew, or that he had a Jewish grandfather. I only wrote that Hitler's haplogroup is E1b1b, being more common among Berbers, Somalian people and Jews than among overall Germans. This, in order to convey that he was not exactly what during the Third Reich would have been called 'Aryan.' All the rest are speculations of journalists who didn't even take the trouble to read my article, although I had it translated into English especially for this purpose."^[53]

Interpretations claiming that these DNA results show that Hitler possibly had Jewish ancestry are contradicted by the conclusion of Jean-Paul Mulders: "Hitler had no Jewish blood nor a French son."^[54] ^{[unreliable source?]}

Thomas Jefferson

Direct male-line descendants of a cousin of United States president Thomas Jefferson were DNA tested to investigate historical assertions that Jefferson fathered children with his slave Sally Hemings.^[55] An extended 17-marker haplotype was published in 2007,^[56] and the company Family Tree DNA has also published results for other markers in its standard first 12-marker panel.^[57] Combining these sources gives the consolidated 21-marker haplotype below. The Jeffersons belong to Haplogroup T (former K2).

DYS	393	390	19	391	385a	385b	426	388	439	389i	392	389ii	437	460	438	461	462	436	434	435	DXYS 156Y
Alleles	13	24	15	10	13	16	11	12	12	12	15	27	14	10	9	11	13	12	11	11	12

(Note: the value of DXYS 156Y was reported as 7 in the original paper. This is believed to translate to 12 in the convention now used by DNA testing labs and online databases).

King of France Louis XIV

Louis XIV of France belonged to haplogroup Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA) ".^[58]

Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1c1* (E-M34*). This haplogroup has its highest concentration in Ethiopia and in the Near East (Jordan). According to the authors of the study, "Probably Napoléon also knew his remote oriental patrilineal origins, because Francesco Buonaparte (the Giovanni son), who was a mercenary under the orders of the Genoa Republic in Ajaccio in 1490, was nicknamed “The Maur of Sarzane” ".^[59]

Niall of the Nine Hostages

A recent study conducted at Trinity College, Dublin,^[60] found that a striking percentage of men in Ireland (and quite a few in Scotland) share the same Y chromosome. Results suggested that the 5th-century warlord known as "Niall of the Nine Hostages" (or a male ancestor) may be the male-line ancestor of one in 12 Irishmen. Niall established a dynasty of powerful chieftains who dominated the island for six centuries. Niall belongs to Haplogroup R1b1c7 (M222). It should be noted that Dr. Moore's results examined some different parts of DNA (loci) from the result given here. More recently, however, it has been determined that the emergence of R-M222 predates Niall and may be more than 2,000 years old. Therefore, not all men who belong to this haplogroup are descendants of Niall.

DYS	393	390	19	391	385a	385b	426	388	439	389i	392	389ii	458	459a	459b	455	454	447	437	448	449	464a	464b	464c	464d
Alleles	13	25	14	11	11	13	12	12	12	13	14	29	17	9	10	11	11	25	15	18	30	15	16	16	17

Ysearch: M5UKQ

Nurhaci & the Qing Dynasty of China

Nurhaci, founding father of the Qing Dynasty, may have belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup C3c according to DNA tests of men from northeastern China and Mongolia which revealed a unique haplotype. This haplotype belongs to haplogroup C3c, and is estimated to be about five centuries old. Its very recent spread corresponds with the rise to power of the Qing dynasty.^[61] Testing of known descendants of Nurhaci would help confirm this finding.

Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan

Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup R1b1.^[62]^[63]

Fath Ali Shah Qajar

Fath Ali Shah Qajar (1772-1834), the second emperor/shah of the Qajar Dynasty of Persia belonged to haplogroup J1 with DYS388 = 13 as deducted from testing of descendants of several of his sons.^[64]

Edmund Rice

Edmund Rice, an early immigrant to Massachusetts Bay Colony and a founder of Sudbury and Marlborough, belonged to haplogroup I1.^[65]

Rurik of Novgorod

Rurik, whose male-line descendants founded Kievan Rus', and ultimately the Tsardom of Russia including Ivan the Terrible until 1598, belonged to the Uralo-Finnic Y-DNA Haplogroup N (N1c1).^[66]^[67] Most living Princes of the Rurik Dynasty or Rurikids also belong to this haplogroup, specifically those descending from Vladimir II Monomakh. The remainder belong to Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA) below, and so have been suggested to be of Slavic origin.

Person	DYS	393	390	19	391	385a	385b	426	388	439	389i	392	389ii	458	459a	459b	455	454	447	437	448	449	464a	464b	464c	464d
Puzyna	Alleles	14	23	14	10	11	13	11	12	11	13	14	29	18	9	9	11	12	25	14	19	28	14	14	14	14
Gagarin	Alleles	14	23	14	11	11	13	11	12	10	14	14	30	18	9	9	11	12	25	14	19	29	14	15	15	15
Rzhevsky	Alleles	14	23	14	11	11	13	11	12	10	14	14	31	18	9	9	10	12	25	14	19	29	14	14	15	15
Kropotkin	Alleles	14	23	14	11	11	13	11	12	10	14	14	30	18	9	9	11	12	24	14	19	28	14	14	15	15
Myshetsky	Alleles	14	23	14	11	11	13	11	12	11	14	15	30	18	9	9	11	12	25	14	19	32	14	14	15	15
Vadbolsky	Alleles	14	23	14	11	11	13	11	12	10	14	14	30	18	9	9	11	12	25	14	19	27	14	14	15	15
Khilkov	Alleles	14	23	14	11	11	13	11	12	10	14	14	30	18	9	9	11	12	25	14	19	29	14	14	15	15
Putyatin	Alleles	14	23	14	11	11	13	11	12	10	14	14	31	18	9	9	11	12	25	14	19	30	14	14	15	15

Ysearch: EAKVQ, WYAK3, HP2VB,

Russian Nobility DNA Project - note, however, that this information originally came from the Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project: [5]

All Russian emperors from at least Nicholas I to Nicholas II "Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov"

The haplotype of Nicholas II of Russia has been predicted to belong to R1b.^[36]^[37]

It matched a member of another line of Nicholas I's descendants. So, all the Emperors from Nicholas I to Nicholas II shared this Y-DNA. It can also be said that this result is German-specific, so Paul I was most likely the real son of his official father Peter III, and not the son of a lover, as was speculated.^{[citation needed]}^{[dubious – discuss]}

It also allowed to validate the remains of Alexei, son of Nicholas II.

Somerled

In 2003 Oxford University researchers traced the Y-chromosome signature of Somerled of Argyll, one of Scotland's greatest warriors, who is credited with driving out the Vikings. He was also paternal grandfather of the founder of Clan Donald. Through clan genealogies, the genetic relation was mapped out.^[68] Somerled belongs to haplogroup R1a1.

In 2005 a study by Professor of Human Genetics Bryan Sykes of Oxford University led to the conclusion that Somerled has possibly 500,000 living descendants — making him the second most common historical ancestor after Genghis Khan.^[69] Sykes deduced that despite Somerled's reputation for having driven out the Vikings from Scotland, Somerled's own Y-DNA most closely matched that of the Vikings he fought.

The Y-DNA sequence is as follows (12 markers):^[70]

DYS	393	390	19	391	385a	385b	426	388	439	389i	392	389ii	458	459a	459b	455	454	447	437	448	449	464a	464b	464c	464d
Alleles	13	25	15	11	11	14	12	12	10	14	11	31	16	8	10	11	11	23	14	20	31	12	15	15	16

Ysearch: YS495

Joseph Stalin

Joseph Stalin, from a genetic test on his grandson (his son Vasily's son, Alexander Burdonsky) and his grand-nephew, is shown to be Y-DNA-wise of G2a1.^[71]

DYS	393	390	19	391	385A	385B	426	388	439	389I	392	389II	458	459A	459B	455	454	447	437	448	449	464A	464B	464C	464D
Alleles	14	23	15	9	15	16	11	12	11	11	10	28	17	9	9	11	11	25	16	21	28	13	13	14	14

Leo Tolstoy

Leo Tolstoy, the Russian writer, belonged to Haplogroup I1

Tonu Trubetsky

R1a1a, shown not related to real Princes Trubetskoy.

DYS	393	390	19	391	385a	385b	426	388	439	389i	392	389ii	458	459a	459b	455	454	447	437	448	449	464a	464b	464c	464d
Alleles	13	25	15	11	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	31	15	9	10	11	11	25	14	21	32	12	12	14	14

Ysearch: WUZG2

John L. Worden

John Lorimer Worden of the U.S. Navy, commanding officer of U.S.S. Monitor in the Battle of Hampton Roads, first historical battle between ironclad ships, as member of main lineage of Worden family, is supposed to belong to Y-DNA haplogroup J2b2.^[72]

The Wright Brothers

The Wright Brothers of the United States belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b1, subclade E1b1b1a2 (V13). They were supposedly descended from Robert Wright of Brook Hall, Essex, England.^{[citation needed]} Look at Wright DNA Project

DYS	393	390	19	391	385A	385B	426	388	439	389I	392	389II
Alleles	13	24	13	10	16	18	11	12	12	13	11	29

^[73]

Zhu Xi & the Ming Dynasty of China

Zhu Xi, the most influential Neo-Confucian scholar and philosopher in Chinese history, may have belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup O2a1a according to the DNA test of one documented descendant.^[74] This finding is significant since Zhu Xi was allegedly a distant cousin several times removed of Zhu Yuanzhang, founding emperor and ancestor of China's Ming Dynasty according to Zhu (surname) records. Given the sample size, however, this result cannot be regarded as conclusive and further testing of other documented descendants of Zhu Xi is necessary to help confirm or refute this finding. Furthermore, testing of documented descendants of Zhu Yuanzhang would help confirm whether there is in fact a recent, common male ancestry between Zhu Xi and the Emperors of the Ming Dynasty.

Figures from popular culture

Warren Buffett and Jimmy Buffett

Warren Buffett and Jimmy Buffett belong to Y-DNA haplogroup I1 which is most common in and around Scandinavia.^[75] However, they are not closely related.^[76]

Nick Donofrio

Nick Donofrio belongs to Y-DNA haplogroup J2.^[77]

William Welles Hollister

William Welles Hollister, a famous Californian rancher, belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup R1a1. William was a direct descendant of John Hollister, an early colonist who immigrated to New England in 1612.^[78]^[79]

Eddie Izzard

Eddie Izzard belongs to haplogroup I-M223 according to the documentary series Meet the Izzards.^[80]

Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela, former President of South Africa, belonged to Haplogroup E1b1a (Y-DNA) (also known as E-M2) typical of Bantu peoples.^[19]^[21]

Mike Nichols

Mike Nichols belongs to Y-DNA haplogroup J2a1b.^[81]

Dr. Mehmet Cengis Oz also known as Dr. Oz

Dr. Mehmet Oz belongs to Y-DNA haplogroup J2a1b.^[82]

Chris Rock

American comedian Chris Rock belongs to Y-DNA haplogroup B (subclade B2a1). He is paternally descended from the Uldeme people of Cameroon.^[83]

Desmond Tutu

Desmond Tutu, South African retired Archbishop of Cape Town, according to a study on Southern African genetics belongs to Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1a1g.^[18]

Spencer Wells

Spencer Wells, the project director of The Genographic Project, is a member of haplogroup R1b.^[84]

References

^ Caramelli, D; Lalueza-Fox, C; Capelli, C; Lari, M; Sampietro, ML; Gigli, E; Milani, L; Pilli, E; Guimaraes, S; Chiarelli, B; Marin, VT; Casoli, A; Stanyon, R; Bertranpetit, J; Barbujani, G. (November 2007). "Genetic analysis of the skeletal remains attributed to Francesco Petrarca". Forensic Science International. 173 (1): 36–40. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.01.020. PMID 17320326. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
^ Ermini, Luca (30 October 2008). "Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Tyrolean Iceman". Current Biology. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
^ Per Holck (1 August 2006). "The Oseberg Ship Burial, Norway: New Thoughts On the Skeletons From the Grave Mound". Eja.sagepub.com. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
^ Dissing; et al. (9 May 2006). "The last Viking King: a royal maternity case solved by ancient DNA analysis". PubMed.gov. Retrieved 14 May 2011. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
^ "Famous DNA". Isogg.org. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
^ "DNA Analysis of 5 People Who Helped Create America". Thegeneticgenealogist.com. 1 November 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
^ Joy Ibsen's mtDNA sequence: 16069T, 16126C, 73G, 146C, 185A, 188G, 263G, 295T, 315.1C in Ashdown-Hill, John (2010). The Last Days of Richard III. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 9780752454047.
^ "Richard III dig: 'It does look like him'". BBC News. 4 February 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
^ "Results of the DNA analysis". University of Leicester. 4 February 2013.
^ "Geneticist Dr Turi King and genealogist Professor Kevin Schürer give key evidence on the DNA testing". University of Leicester. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
^ Burns, John F (4 February 2013). "Bones Under Parking Lot Belonged to Richard III". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
^ ^a ^b Rachel, Ehrenberg (6 February 2013). "A king's final hours, told by his mortal remains". Science News. Society for Science & the Public. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
^ Bower, Dick (Director) (27 February 2013). Richard III:The Unseen Story (Television production). UK: Darlow Smithson Productions.
^ "Christian Corbet". Christian Corbet. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
^ "Corbet Family Homepage". corbetfamily.com.
^ Okwu, Michael (21 November 2005). "Family tree project helps trace deep history". TODAY show. MSNBC. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
^ The Colbert Report, 14 August 2007
^ ^a ^b Schuster; et al. (18 February 2010). "Bantu genomes from southern Africa". Nature. Retrieved 12 May 2011. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
^ ^a ^b "So, Where Do We Come From?, Carte Blanche". M-Net. 19 September 2004. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
^ Rondganger, Lee (6 June 2006). "Being an African makes me who I am". IOL. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
^ ^a ^b Alexander, Mary (24 April 2007). "Are you related to Mandela?". SouthAfrica.info. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
^ Coan, Stephen (28 July 2010). "The first people". The Witness. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
^ "Mommy, Where Do Bonos Come From?". Vanity Fair. 20 June 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
^ "Haplogroups of the Rich and Famous". 23andMe. 16 June 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
^ "Haplogroups: Tracing Deep Roots with DNA". PBS. 15 May 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
^ "Dienekes' Anthropology Blog: Y-chromosome of Emperor Cao Cao: O2". Dienekes.blogspot.com. 27 December 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
^ "Ancient DNA of Emperor CAO Cao's granduncle matches those of his present descendants: a commentary on present Y chromosomes reveal the ancestry of Emperor CAO Cao of 1800 years ago". ResearchGate. doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.5. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
^ http://www.nature.com/jhg/journal/v58/n4/full/jhg20135a.html
^ Hawass; et al. (2010). "Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family". JAMA. Retrieved 6 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
^ Butler, Declan (16 February 2010). "King Tut's death explained?". Nature. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
^ ^a ^b Pappas, Stephanie (3 August 2011). "King Tut Related to Half of European Men? Maybe Not". LiveScience. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
^ Genzlinger, Neil (19 February 2010). "CSI: Egypt, Complete With DNA Tests of Mummies". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
^ "The Tutankhamun DNA Project". iGENEA. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
^ Baghdjian, Alice (1 August 2011). "Half of European men share King Tut's DNA". Reuters. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
^ Hawass, Z.; Ismail, S.; Selim, A.; Saleem, S. N.; Fathalla, D.; Wasef, S.; Gad, A. Z.; Saad, R.; Fares, S.; Amer, H.; Gostner, P.; Gad, Y. Z.; Pusch, C. M.; Zink, A. R. (17 December 2012). "Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III: anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study". BMJ. 345 (dec14 14): e8268–e8268. doi:10.1136/bmj.e8268. Retrieved 6 July 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b "http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2009/02/y-chromosome-of-tsar-nicholas-ii.html". Dienekes.blogspot.com. 27 February 2009. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811190106. Retrieved 12 May 2011. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
^ ^a ^b "Supporting Information (The last Russian emperor)" (PDF). Retrieved 12 May 2011.
^ Interview Dr. Eduard Egarter-Vigl, Head of Conservation and Assistant to research projects of the Archaeological Museum in Bozen. From the Docu-Movie: "Ötzi, ein Archäologiekrimi" [Ötzi, a Archaeology Crime] by Christine Sprachmann. TV-Broadcast by 3sat 10 August 2011 and br-alpha 13 September 2011.
^ "Finding the founder of Stockholm – A kinship study based on Y-chromosomal, autosomal and mitochondrial DNA". Retrieved 12 August 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Marks, Kathy (5 February 2010). "Darwin family DNA shows African origin". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
^ "G2b-M377 / L72 / L183 / M283 Y Haplogroup Project (formerly G2c)". Family Tree DNA. 2 May 1928. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
^ "E-M35 Phylogeny Project". Haplozone.net. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
^ "DNA Database for Rurikid and Gediminid princes". Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
^ Zerjal, T; Xue, Y; Bertorelle, G; Wells, RS; Bao, W; Zhu, S; Qamar, R; Ayub, Q; Mohyuddin, A; Fu, S; Li, P; Yuldasheva, N; Ruzibakiev, R; Xu, J; Shu, Q; Du, R; Yang, H; Hurles, ME; Robinson, E; Gerelsaikhan, T; Dashnyam, B; Mehdi, SQ; Tyler-Smith, C (2003). "The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols". American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (3): 717–21. doi:10.1086/367774. PMC 1180246. PMID 12592608. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help) ^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b Family Tree DNA. "Matching Genghis Khan". Archived from the original on 28 April 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
^ "SMGF: Genghis Khan modal haplotype search results".
^ USA (18 March 2011). "The genetic legacy of the Mongols. Am J Hum Genet. 2003 Mar;72(3):717-21. Epub 2003 Jan 17". Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
^ http://www.ysearch.org/haplosearch_view.asp?haplo=O2a&viewuid=PP548&p=0
^ "Hamilton DNA Project Results Discussion". Personal.psu.edu. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
^ Cruciani; La Fratta; Santolamazza; Sellitto (May 2004), "Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa" (PDF), American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (5): 1014–1022, DOI:10.1086/386294, PMC 1181964, PMID 15042509
^ "Hitler was verwant met Somaliërs, Berbers en Joden — Wetenschap — Nieuws". Knack.be. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
^ Auteur: mtm. "Hitler verwant met Somaliërs, Berbers en Joden — De Standaard". Standaard.be. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
^ http://www.familytreedna.com/PDF/FTDNA_Mulders.pdf
^ "Hitler had geen joods bloed en geen Franse zoon" (in Template:Nl icon). HLN.be. 15 February 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ Foster, EA; Jobling, MA; Taylor, PG; Donnelly, P; de Knijff, P; Mieremet, R; Zerjal, T; Tyler-Smith, C (1998). "Jefferson fathered slave's last child" (PDF). Nature. 396 (6706): 27–28. doi:10.1038/23835. PMID 9817200.
^ King, TE; Bowden, GR; Balaresque, PL; Adams, SM; Shanks, ME; Jobling, MA (2007). "Thomas Jefferson's Y chromosome belongs to a rare European lineage" (PDF). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 132 (4): 584–9. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20557. PMID 17274013. ^{[dead link]}
^ Family Tree DNA. "Comparing yourself to the Jefferson DNA". Archived from the original on 30 April 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
^ Larmuseau Maarten H.D. (2013). "Genetic genealogy reveals true Y haplogroup of House of Bourbon contradicting recent identification of the presumed remains of two French Kings". nature.com. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
^ Lucotte (2011). "Haplogroup of the Y Chromosome of Napoléon the First". ccsenet.org.
^ Moore LT, McEvoy B, Cape E, Simms K, Bradley DG (2006). "A y-chromosome signature of hegemony in gaelic Ireland". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78 (2): 334–8. doi:10.1086/500055. PMC 1380239. PMID 16358217.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^{[dead link]}
^ "Dienekes' Anthropology Blog: The genetic legacy of the Manchu". Dienekes.blogspot.com. 21 October 2005. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
^ [1], Pierce DNA project
^ [2], ISOGG.
^ "L.A. Ferydoun Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn (Khosrovani), 'Short Report: DNA-evidence versus the Paper Trail. Groundbreaking News on the Origine of the Qajars', in: Qajar Studies VIII (2008)".
^ "Rice Family DNA Project". Edmund Rice (1638) Association. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
^ "Distribution of European Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups by country in percentage". Eupedia.com.
^ "Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project at FamilyTreeDNA". Familytreedna.com. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
^ "The Norse Code". Electricscotland.com. 28 September 2003. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
^ "DNA shows Celtic hero Somerled's Viking roots". The Scotsman. 26 April 2006.
^ "Famous DNA". Isogg.org. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
^ "Русский Newsweek / Тема номера". runewsweek.ru.
^ "Worden DNA". Retrieved 12 August 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Wright Dna Project". Wright-dna.org. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
^ http://www.ysearch.org/alphalist_view.asp?uid=&letter=Z&lastname=Zhu&viewuid=YCS5T&p=0
^ "23andMe website". 23andme.com.
^ Boyle, Matthew (28 May 2007). "The Buffett mystery". Fortune Magazine. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
^ "(IBM Executive Vice President, Innovation and Technology tested with the Geneographic Project". Retrieved 12 August 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Hollister DNA Project".
^ "William Welles Hollister 1818 - Hanover Licking Ohio".
^ "The Dad's Line". Meet The Izzards. 21 February 2013. BBC.
^ Faces of America (Television Program, Page 31 by Henry Louis Gates
^ Faces of America (Television Program, Page 107 by Henry Louis Gates
^ "The Past Is Another Country". African American Lives. Episode 4. PBS. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |seriesno= ignored (|series-number= suggested) (help)
^ "Charlie Rose — Henry Louis Gates, Jr. / Spencer Wells / Major Gen. Douglas Lute". "Charlie Rose".

External links

[vanOven2014-85] Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. S2CID 23291764.

[ISOGG2015-86] International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)

[A0-T-87] Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).

[A1-88] Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.

[LT-89] Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.

[K2-90] Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.

[K2a-91] Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, et al. (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a".

[K2b-92] Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.

[K2e-93] Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).

[K-M2313-94] K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)

[K2b1-95] Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

[P-96] Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.

[S-97] Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

[M-98] Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

[1] Caramelli, D; Lalueza-Fox, C; Capelli, C; Lari, M; Sampietro, ML; Gigli, E; Milani, L; Pilli, E; Guimaraes, S; Chiarelli, B; Marin, VT; Casoli, A; Stanyon, R; Bertranpetit, J; Barbujani, G. (November 2007). "Genetic analysis of the skeletal remains attributed to Francesco Petrarca". Forensic Science International. 173 (1): 36–40. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.01.020. PMID 17320326. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)

[2] Ermini, Luca (30 October 2008). "Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Tyrolean Iceman". Current Biology. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)

[3] Per Holck (1 August 2006). "The Oseberg Ship Burial, Norway: New Thoughts On the Skeletons From the Grave Mound". Eja.sagepub.com. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

[4] Dissing; et al. (9 May 2006). "The last Viking King: a royal maternity case solved by ancient DNA analysis". PubMed.gov. Retrieved 14 May 2011. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)

[5] "Famous DNA". Isogg.org. Retrieved 6 July 2013.

[6] "DNA Analysis of 5 People Who Helped Create America". Thegeneticgenealogist.com. 1 November 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

[7] Joy Ibsen's mtDNA sequence: 16069T, 16126C, 73G, 146C, 185A, 188G, 263G, 295T, 315.1C in Ashdown-Hill, John (2010). The Last Days of Richard III. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 9780752454047.

[8] "Richard III dig: 'It does look like him'". BBC News. 4 February 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013.

[9] "Results of the DNA analysis". University of Leicester. 4 February 2013.

[10] "Geneticist Dr Turi King and genealogist Professor Kevin Schürer give key evidence on the DNA testing". University of Leicester. Retrieved 5 February 2013.

[11] Burns, John F (4 February 2013). "Bones Under Parking Lot Belonged to Richard III". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2013.

[RichardJ1c2c-12] Rachel, Ehrenberg (6 February 2013). "A king's final hours, told by his mortal remains". Science News. Society for Science & the Public. Retrieved 8 February 2013.

[13] Bower, Dick (Director) (27 February 2013). Richard III:The Unseen Story (Television production). UK: Darlow Smithson Productions.

[14] "Christian Corbet". Christian Corbet. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

[15] "Corbet Family Homepage". corbetfamily.com.

[16] Okwu, Michael (21 November 2005). "Family tree project helps trace deep history". TODAY show. MSNBC. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

[17] The Colbert Report, 14 August 2007

[Nature-18] Schuster; et al. (18 February 2010). "Bantu genomes from southern Africa". Nature. Retrieved 12 May 2011. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)

[M-Net-19] "So, Where Do We Come From?, Carte Blanche". M-Net. 19 September 2004. Retrieved 8 February 2012.

[20] Rondganger, Lee (6 June 2006). "Being an African makes me who I am". IOL. Retrieved 8 February 2012.

[SouthAfrica.info-21] Alexander, Mary (24 April 2007). "Are you related to Mandela?". SouthAfrica.info. Retrieved 8 February 2012.

[22] Coan, Stephen (28 July 2010). "The first people". The Witness. Retrieved 8 February 2012.

[23] "Mommy, Where Do Bonos Come From?". Vanity Fair. 20 June 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

[24] "Haplogroups of the Rich and Famous". 23andMe. 16 June 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2013.

[25] "Haplogroups: Tracing Deep Roots with DNA". PBS. 15 May 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2013.

[26] "Dienekes' Anthropology Blog: Y-chromosome of Emperor Cao Cao: O2". Dienekes.blogspot.com. 27 December 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2013.

[27] "Ancient DNA of Emperor CAO Cao's granduncle matches those of his present descendants: a commentary on present Y chromosomes reveal the ancestry of Emperor CAO Cao of 1800 years ago". ResearchGate. doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.5. Retrieved 2 October 2013.

[28] ttp://www.nature.com/jhg/journal/v58/n4/full/jhg20135a.html

[29] Hawass; et al. (2010). "Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family". JAMA. Retrieved 6 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)

[30] Butler, Declan (16 February 2010). "King Tut's death explained?". Nature. Retrieved 6 March 2013.

[LiveScienceTut-31] Pappas, Stephanie (3 August 2011). "King Tut Related to Half of European Men? Maybe Not". LiveScience. Retrieved 6 March 2013.

[32] Genzlinger, Neil (19 February 2010). "CSI: Egypt, Complete With DNA Tests of Mummies". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 March 2013.

[33] "The Tutankhamun DNA Project". iGENEA. Retrieved 6 March 2013.

[34] Baghdjian, Alice (1 August 2011). "Half of European men share King Tut's DNA". Reuters. Retrieved 6 March 2013.

[35] Hawass, Z.; Ismail, S.; Selim, A.; Saleem, S. N.; Fathalla, D.; Wasef, S.; Gad, A. Z.; Saad, R.; Fares, S.; Amer, H.; Gostner, P.; Gad, Y. Z.; Pusch, C. M.; Zink, A. R. (17 December 2012). "Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III: anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study". BMJ. 345 (dec14 14): e8268–e8268. doi:10.1136/bmj.e8268. Retrieved 6 July 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)

[dienekes.blogspot.com-36] "http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2009/02/y-chromosome-of-tsar-nicholas-ii.html". Dienekes.blogspot.com. 27 February 2009. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811190106. Retrieved 12 May 2011. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)

[pnas.org-37] "Supporting Information (The last Russian emperor)" (PDF). Retrieved 12 May 2011.

[38] Interview Dr. Eduard Egarter-Vigl, Head of Conservation and Assistant to research projects of the Archaeological Museum in Bozen. From the Docu-Movie: "Ötzi, ein Archäologiekrimi" [Ötzi, a Archaeology Crime] by Christine Sprachmann. TV-Broadcast by 3sat 10 August 2011 and br-alpha 13 September 2011.

[39] "Finding the founder of Stockholm – A kinship study based on Y-chromosomal, autosomal and mitochondrial DNA". Retrieved 12 August 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[40] Marks, Kathy (5 February 2010). "Darwin family DNA shows African origin". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 20 December 2012.

[41] "G2b-M377 / L72 / L183 / M283 Y Haplogroup Project (formerly G2c)". Family Tree DNA. 2 May 1928. Retrieved 2 October 2013.

[42] "E-M35 Phylogeny Project". Haplozone.net. Retrieved 2 October 2013.

[43] "DNA Database for Rurikid and Gediminid princes". Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

[Zerjal2003-44] Zerjal, T; Xue, Y; Bertorelle, G; Wells, RS; Bao, W; Zhu, S; Qamar, R; Ayub, Q; Mohyuddin, A; Fu, S; Li, P; Yuldasheva, N; Ruzibakiev, R; Xu, J; Shu, Q; Du, R; Yang, H; Hurles, ME; Robinson, E; Gerelsaikhan, T; Dashnyam, B; Mehdi, SQ; Tyler-Smith, C (2003). "The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols". American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (3): 717–21. doi:10.1086/367774. PMC 1180246. PMID 12592608. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help) ^{[dead link]}

[FTDNA_Genghis-45] Family Tree DNA. "Matching Genghis Khan". Archived from the original on 28 April 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2007.

[46] "SMGF: Genghis Khan modal haplotype search results".

[47] USA (18 March 2011). "The genetic legacy of the Mongols. Am J Hum Genet. 2003 Mar;72(3):717-21. Epub 2003 Jan 17". Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

[48] ttp://www.ysearch.org/haplosearch_view.asp?haplo=O2a&viewuid=PP548&p=0

[49] "Hamilton DNA Project Results Discussion". Personal.psu.edu. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

[50] Cruciani; La Fratta; Santolamazza; Sellitto (May 2004), "Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa" (PDF), American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (5): 1014–1022, DOI:10.1086/386294, PMC 1181964, PMID 15042509

[51] "Hitler was verwant met Somaliërs, Berbers en Joden — Wetenschap — Nieuws". Knack.be. Retrieved 24 July 2012.

[52] Auteur: mtm. "Hitler verwant met Somaliërs, Berbers en Joden — De Standaard". Standaard.be. Retrieved 24 July 2012.

[53] ttp://www.familytreedna.com/PDF/FTDNA_Mulders.pdf

[54] "Hitler had geen joods bloed en geen Franse zoon" (in Template:Nl icon). HLN.be. 15 February 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[55] Foster, EA; Jobling, MA; Taylor, PG; Donnelly, P; de Knijff, P; Mieremet, R; Zerjal, T; Tyler-Smith, C (1998). "Jefferson fathered slave's last child" (PDF). Nature. 396 (6706): 27–28. doi:10.1038/23835. PMID 9817200.

[56] King, TE; Bowden, GR; Balaresque, PL; Adams, SM; Shanks, ME; Jobling, MA (2007). "Thomas Jefferson's Y chromosome belongs to a rare European lineage" (PDF). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 132 (4): 584–9. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20557. PMID 17274013. ^{[dead link]}

[FTDNA_jefferson-57] Family Tree DNA. "Comparing yourself to the Jefferson DNA". Archived from the original on 30 April 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2007.

[58] Larmuseau Maarten H.D. (2013). "Genetic genealogy reveals true Y haplogroup of House of Bourbon contradicting recent identification of the presumed remains of two French Kings". nature.com. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)

[59] Lucotte (2011). "Haplogroup of the Y Chromosome of Napoléon the First". ccsenet.org.

[60] Moore LT, McEvoy B, Cape E, Simms K, Bradley DG (2006). "A y-chromosome signature of hegemony in gaelic Ireland". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78 (2): 334–8. doi:10.1086/500055. PMC 1380239. PMID 16358217.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^{[dead link]}

[61] "Dienekes' Anthropology Blog: The genetic legacy of the Manchu". Dienekes.blogspot.com. 21 October 2005. Retrieved 2 October 2013.

[pierce-62] [1], Pierce DNA project

[presdna-63] [2], ISOGG.

[64] "L.A. Ferydoun Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn (Khosrovani), 'Short Report: DNA-evidence versus the Paper Trail. Groundbreaking News on the Origine of the Qajars', in: Qajar Studies VIII (2008)".

[65] "Rice Family DNA Project". Edmund Rice (1638) Association. Retrieved 31 August 2009.

[66] "Distribution of European Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups by country in percentage". Eupedia.com.

[67] "Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project at FamilyTreeDNA". Familytreedna.com. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

[68] "The Norse Code". Electricscotland.com. 28 September 2003. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

[69] "DNA shows Celtic hero Somerled's Viking roots". The Scotsman. 26 April 2006.

[70] "Famous DNA". Isogg.org. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

[71] "Русский Newsweek / Тема номера". runewsweek.ru.

[Worden_DNA-72] "Worden DNA". Retrieved 12 August 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[73] "Wright Dna Project". Wright-dna.org. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

[74] ttp://www.ysearch.org/alphalist_view.asp?uid=&letter=Z&lastname=Zhu&viewuid=YCS5T&p=0

[75] "23andMe website". 23andme.com.

[76] Boyle, Matthew (28 May 2007). "The Buffett mystery". Fortune Magazine. Retrieved 10 March 2013.

[Faces_of_America-77] "(IBM Executive Vice President, Innovation and Technology tested with the Geneographic Project". Retrieved 12 August 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[78] "Hollister DNA Project".

[79] "William Welles Hollister 1818 - Hanover Licking Ohio".

[80] "The Dad's Line". Meet The Izzards. 21 February 2013. BBC.

[81] Faces of America (Television Program, Page 31 by Henry Louis Gates

[82] Faces of America (Television Program, Page 107 by Henry Louis Gates

[83] "The Past Is Another Country". African American Lives. Episode 4. PBS. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |seriesno= ignored (|series-number= suggested) (help)

[rose1-84] "Charlie Rose — Henry Louis Gates, Jr. / Spencer Wells / Major Gen. Douglas Lute". "Charlie Rose".

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@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 This is a '''list of haplogroups of notable people'''. [[Haplogroup]]s can be determined from the remains of historical figures, or derived from [[genealogical DNA test]]s of people who trace their direct maternal or paternal ancestry to a noted historical figure. Some contemporary notable figures have made their test results public in the course of news programs about this topic.
-== mtDNA ==
+==mtDNA==
 <!-- Wiki editors please note that mtDNA and Y-DNA are not the same thing, so an individual may appear under both sections. -->
 [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|MtDNA]] results come from historical persons whose  mitochondrial DNA has been tested; it identifies direct maternal ancestry, which is just one line out of many.
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 ====Petrarch====
-The supposed remains of [[Petrarch|Francesco Petrarca]] were tested for DNA in 2003.<ref>{{cite journal|coauthors=Caramelli D, Lalueza-Fox C, Capelli C, Lari M, Sampietro ML, Gigli E, Milani L, Pilli E, Guimaraes S, Chiarelli B, Marin VT, Casoli A, Stanyon R, Bertranpetit J, Barbujani G.|title=Genetic analysis of the skeletal remains attributed to Francesco Petrarca|journal=Forensic Science International|date=November 2007|volume=173|issue=1|pages=36–40|accessdate=1 July 2013|pmid=17320326|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.01.020}}</ref>
+The supposed remains of [[Petrarch|Francesco Petrarca]] were tested for DNA in 2003.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Caramelli|first1=D|last2=Lalueza-Fox|first2= C|last3=Capelli|first3= C|last4=Lari|first4= M|last5=Sampietro|first5= ML|last6=Gigli|first6= E|last7=Milani|first7= L|last8=Pilli|first8= E|last9=Guimaraes|first9= S|last10=Chiarelli|first10= B|last11=Marin|first11= VT|last12=Casoli|first12= A|last13=Stanyon|first13= R|last14=Bertranpetit|first14= J|last15=Barbujani|first15= G.|displayauthors=15|title=Genetic analysis of the skeletal remains attributed to Francesco Petrarca|journal=Forensic Science International|date=November 2007|volume=173|issue=1|pages=36–40|accessdate=1 July 2013|pmid=17320326|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.01.020}}</ref>
 {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"  style="width:95%; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 ====Ötzi the Iceman====
-Analysis of the mtDNA of [[Ötzi the Iceman]], the frozen mummy from 3300 BC found on the [[Austria]]n-[[Italy|Italian]] border, has shown that Ötzi belongs to the [[Haplogroup K (mtDNA)|K1]] subclade.  His mtDNA cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade (K1a, K1b or K1c). The new subclade has preliminarily been named ''K1ö'' for ''Ötzi''.<ref>Luca Ermini et al. (30 October 2008), [http://anthropology.net/2008/10/30/the-mitochondrial-lineage-of-otzi-is-not-like-other-europeans/ "Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Tyrolean Iceman"], ''Current Biology''</ref>
+Analysis of the mtDNA of [[Ötzi the Iceman]], the frozen mummy from 3300 BC found on the [[Austria]]n-[[Italy|Italian]] border, has shown that Ötzi belongs to the [[Haplogroup K (mtDNA)|K1]] subclade.  His mtDNA cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade (K1a, K1b or K1c). The new subclade has preliminarily been named ''K1ö'' for ''Ötzi''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anthropology.net/2008/10/30/the-mitochondrial-lineage-of-otzi-is-not-like-other-europeans/|title=Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Tyrolean Iceman|work=Current Biology|date=30 October 2008|displayauthors=1|first=Luca|last=Ermini}}</ref>
 ====Kostenki from Don====
@@ Line 107: / Line 107: @@
 [[Edward IV of England]] and his brother [[Richard III of England]], both sons of [[Cecily Neville, Duchess of York]], would have shared the same mtDNA haplogroup J1c2c.<ref name=RichardJ1c2c />
-=== Figures from popular culture ===
+===Figures from popular culture===
 The following are contemporary individuals who have had mtDNA results publicized:
 ====Christian Cardell Corbet====
-The Canadian portrait artist Christian Cardell Corbet belongs to mtDNA haplogroup H.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christiancorbet.com |title=Christian Corbet |publisher=Christian Corbet |accessdate=2011-05-12}}</ref><ref>[http://www.corbetfamily.com Corbet Family Homepage]</ref>
+The Canadian portrait artist Christian Cardell Corbet belongs to mtDNA haplogroup H.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christiancorbet.com |title=Christian Corbet |publisher=Christian Corbet |accessdate=2011-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corbetfamily.com|title=Corbet Family Homepage|work=corbetfamily.com}}</ref>
 {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"  style="width:95%; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
@@ Line 141: / Line 141: @@
 {{MtDNA}}
-== Y-DNA ==
+==Y-DNA==
 <!-- Wiki editors please note that mtDNA and Y-DNA are not the same thing, so an individual may appear under both sections. -->
 The results for [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y-DNA]] [[genealogical DNA test]]s are either from the men themselves, or from men who have inferred paternal descent from historical figures. Scientists make the inference as a [[hypothesis]] which could be disproved or improved by future research.
@@ Line 154: / Line 154: @@
 ====Ramesses III====
-In December 2012 according to a genetic study conducted by the same researchers who decoded King Tutankhamun's DNA, found that [[Ramesses III]], second Pharaoh of the [[Twentieth dynasty of Egypt|Twentieth Dynasty]] and considered to be the last great [[New Kingdom]] king to wield any substantial authority over Egypt belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-V38 (Y-DNA)|E1b1a]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hawass|first=Z.|coauthors=Ismail, S.; Selim, A.; Saleem, S. N.; Fathalla, D.; Wasef, S.; Gad, A. Z.; Saad, R.; Fares, S.; Amer, H.; Gostner, P.; Gad, Y. Z.; Pusch, C. M.; Zink, A. R.|title=Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III: anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study|journal=BMJ|date=17 December 2012|volume=345|issue=dec14 14|pages=e8268–e8268|doi=10.1136/bmj.e8268|url=http://academia.edu/2308336/Revisiting_the_harem_conspiracy_and_death_of_Ramesses_III_anthropological_forensic_radiological_and_genetic_study|accessdate=6 July 2013}}</ref>
+In December 2012 according to a genetic study conducted by the same researchers who decoded King Tutankhamun's DNA, found that [[Ramesses III]], second Pharaoh of the [[Twentieth dynasty of Egypt|Twentieth Dynasty]] and considered to be the last great [[New Kingdom]] king to wield any substantial authority over Egypt belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-V38 (Y-DNA)|E1b1a]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hawass|first=Z.|last2=Ismail|first2= S.|last3=Selim|first3= A.|last4=Saleem|first4= S. N.|last5=Fathalla|first5= D.|last6=Wasef|first6= S.|last7=Gad|first7= A. Z.|last8=Saad|first8= R.|last9=Fares|first9= S.|last10=Amer|first10= H.|last11=Gostner|first11= P.|last12=Gad|first12= Y. Z.|last13=Pusch|first13= C. M.|last14=Zink|first14= A. R.|displayauthors=14|title=Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III: anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study|journal=BMJ|date=17 December 2012|volume=345|issue=dec14 14|pages=e8268–e8268|doi=10.1136/bmj.e8268|url=http://academia.edu/2308336/Revisiting_the_harem_conspiracy_and_death_of_Ramesses_III_anthropological_forensic_radiological_and_genetic_study|accessdate=6 July 2013}}</ref>
 ====Nicholas II of Russia====
@@ Line 371: / Line 371: @@
 DNA purported to be from Genghis Khan does not have the benefit of near and easily documented lineages.  A distinct 'modal' result centers today on Mongolia.
-According to Zerjal ''et al.'' (2003),<ref name="Zerjal2003">{{cite journal| last = Zerjal | first = T | coauthors = Xue Y, Bertorelle G, Wells RS, Bao W, Zhu S, Qamar R, Ayub Q, Mohyuddin A, Fu S, Li P, Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R, Xu J, Shu Q, Du R, Yang H, Hurles ME, Robinson E, Gerelsaikhan T, Dashnyam B, Mehdi SQ, Tyler-Smith C | title = The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols | url = http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v72n3/024530/024530.html | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | year = 2003 | volume = 72 | issue = 3 | pages = 717–21 | pmid = 12592608 | doi = 10.1086/367774 | pmc = 1180246}} {{Dead link|date=May 2008}}</ref> Genghis Khan is believed to have belonged to [[Haplogroup C-M130 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup C-M130<small>711</small>(xC3c-M48)]].
+According to Zerjal ''et al.'' (2003),<ref name="Zerjal2003">{{cite journal| last = Zerjal | first = T |last2=Xue|first2= Y|last3=Bertorelle|first3= G|last4=Wells|first4= RS|last5=Bao|first5= W|last6=Zhu|first6= S|last7=Qamar|first7= R|last8=Ayub|first8= Q|last9=Mohyuddin|first9= A|last10=Fu|first10= S|last11=Li|first11= P|last12=Yuldasheva|first12= N|last13=Ruzibakiev|first13= R|last14=Xu|first14= J|last15=Shu|first15= Q|last16=Du|first16= R|last17=Yang|first17= H|last18=Hurles|first18= ME|last19=Robinson|first19= E|last20=Gerelsaikhan|first20= T|last21=Dashnyam|first21= B|last22=Mehdi|first22= SQ|last23=Tyler-Smith|first23= C|displayauthors=23| title = The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols | url = http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v72n3/024530/024530.html | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | year = 2003 | volume = 72 | issue = 3 | pages = 717–21 | pmid = 12592608 | doi = 10.1086/367774 | pmc = 1180246}} {{Dead link|date=May 2008}}</ref> Genghis Khan is believed to have belonged to [[Haplogroup C-M130 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup C-M130<small>711</small>(xC3c-M48)]].
 {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%"
@@ Line 674: / Line 674: @@
 ====Adolf Hitler====
-[[Adolf Hitler]], Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, is believed to belong to Y-DNA Haplogroup [[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)|E1b1b1 (E-M35)]], an haplogroup which originated in [[East Africa]] about 22,400 years BP.<ref>Cruciani; La Fratta; Santolamazza; Sellitto (May 2004), "[http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/hape3b.pdf Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa]" (PDF), American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (5): 1014–1022, DOI:10.1086/386294, PMC 1181964, PMID 15042509</ref> According to Ronny Decorte, genetics expert at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven who sampled Hitler's current patrilineal living relatives, Hitler "would not have been happy" as the research could be interpreted to show that his own origins were neither "pure" nor "Aryan". Decorte said that permission from the Russian government to make a conclusive analysis of the jawbone of Adolf Hitler, or from the bloodstained cloth of the sofa where he committed suicide would put an end to the speculations, but that had not been granted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knack.be/nieuws/wetenschap/hitler-was-verwant-met-somaliers-berbers-en-joden/article-1194797075630.htm |title=Hitler was verwant met Somaliërs, Berbers en Joden - Wetenschap - Nieuws |publisher=Knack.be |accessdate=2012-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Auteur: mtm |url=http://www.standaard.be/artikel/detail.aspx?artikelid=DMF20100817_117 |title=Hitler verwant met Somaliërs, Berbers en Joden - De Standaard |publisher=Standaard.be |accessdate=2012-07-24}}</ref>
+[[Adolf Hitler]], Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, is believed to belong to Y-DNA Haplogroup [[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)|E1b1b1 (E-M35)]], an haplogroup which originated in [[East Africa]] about 22,400 years BP.<ref>Cruciani; La Fratta; Santolamazza; Sellitto (May 2004), "[http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/hape3b.pdf Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa]" (PDF), American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (5): 1014–1022, DOI:10.1086/386294, PMC 1181964, PMID 15042509</ref> According to Ronny Decorte, genetics expert at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven who sampled Hitler's current patrilineal living relatives, Hitler "would not have been happy" as the research could be interpreted to show that his own origins were neither "pure" nor "Aryan". Decorte said that permission from the Russian government to make a conclusive analysis of the jawbone of Adolf Hitler, or from the bloodstained cloth of the sofa where he committed suicide would put an end to the speculations, but that had not been granted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knack.be/nieuws/wetenschap/hitler-was-verwant-met-somaliers-berbers-en-joden/article-1194797075630.htm |title=Hitler was verwant met Somaliërs, Berbers en Joden&nbsp;— Wetenschap&nbsp;— Nieuws |publisher=Knack.be |accessdate=2012-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Auteur: mtm |url=http://www.standaard.be/artikel/detail.aspx?artikelid=DMF20100817_117 |title=Hitler verwant met Somaliërs, Berbers en Joden&nbsp;— De Standaard |publisher=Standaard.be |accessdate=2012-07-24}}</ref>
-Family Tree DNA, the largest Y-chromosome testing organization for genealogy and ancestry purposes later announced that the interpretation of Hitler’s ancestry given by certain media outlets, based on information released by Jean-Paul Mulders and historian Marc Vermeeren, is "highly questionable". With a Y-chromosome database containing close to 200,000 samples from different populations, Family Tree DNA’s Chief Y-DNA Scientist, Professor Michael Hammer said that "''scientific studies as well as records from our own database make it clear that one cannot reach the kind of conclusion featured in the published articles''." Based on Family Tree DNA records, no less than 9% of the populations of Germany and Austria belong to the haplogroup E1b1b, and among those, the vast majority - about 80% -are not associated with Jewish ancestry. "''This data clearly show that just because one person belongs to the branch of the Y-chromosome referred to as haplogroup E1b1b, that does not mean the person is likely to be of Jewish ancestry''," said Professor Hammer.
+Family Tree DNA, the largest Y-chromosome testing organization for genealogy and ancestry purposes later announced that the interpretation of Hitler’s ancestry given by certain media outlets, based on information released by Jean-Paul Mulders and historian Marc Vermeeren, is "highly questionable". With a Y-chromosome database containing close to 200,000 samples from different populations, Family Tree DNA’s Chief Y-DNA Scientist, Professor Michael Hammer said that "''scientific studies as well as records from our own database make it clear that one cannot reach the kind of conclusion featured in the published articles''." Based on Family Tree DNA records, no less than 9% of the populations of Germany and Austria belong to the haplogroup E1b1b, and among those, the vast majority — about 80% - are not associated with Jewish ancestry. "''This data clearly show that just because one person belongs to the branch of the Y-chromosome referred to as haplogroup E1b1b, that does not mean the person is likely to be of Jewish ancestry''," said Professor Hammer.
 Mulders confirmed the misinterpretation of his account with the following statement to Family Tree DNA: "''I never wrote that Hitler was a Jew, or that he had a Jewish grandfather. I only wrote that Hitler's haplogroup is E1b1b, being more common among Berbers, Somalian people and Jews than among overall Germans. This, in order to convey that he was not exactly what during the Third Reich would have been called 'Aryan.' All the rest are speculations of journalists who didn't even take the trouble to read my article, although I had it translated into English especially for this purpose''."<ref>http://www.familytreedna.com/PDF/FTDNA_Mulders.pdf</ref>
@@ Line 684: / Line 684: @@
 ====Thomas Jefferson====
 {{main|Jefferson DNA data}}
-Direct male-line descendants of a cousin of United States president [[Thomas Jefferson]] were [[genealogical DNA test|DNA tested]] to investigate historical assertions that Jefferson fathered children with his slave [[Sally Hemings]].<ref>{{cite journal|last = Foster | first = EA |coauthors = Jobling MA, Taylor PG, Donnelly P, de Knijff P, Mieremet R, Zerjal T, Tyler-Smith C | year = 1998 | title = Jefferson fathered slave's last child | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 396 | issue = 6706 | pages = 27–28 | pmid = 9817200 | doi = 10.1038/23835 | url = http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Jeffersons.pdf}}</ref>  An extended 17-marker haplotype was published in 2007,<ref>{{cite journal| last = King | first = TE | coauthors = Bowden GR, Balaresque PL, Adams SM, Shanks ME, Jobling MA | title = Thomas Jefferson's Y chromosome belongs to a rare European lineage | journal = Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. | year = 2007 | volume = 132 | issue = 4 | pages = 584–9 | pmid = 17274013 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.20557 | url = https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/377/1/JeffersonArchiveHomemade.pdf }} {{Dead link|date=May 2008}}</ref> and the company [[FTDNA|Family Tree DNA]] has also published results for other markers in its standard first 12-marker panel.<ref name="FTDNA_jefferson">{{cite web|author = Family Tree DNA| title = Comparing yourself to the Jefferson DNA | url = http://www.familytreedna.com/jefgene.html | accessdate = 2007-05-16| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070430135434/http://www.familytreedna.com/jefgene.html| archivedate = 30 April 2007}}</ref>  Combining these sources gives the consolidated 21-marker haplotype below. The Jeffersons belong to [[Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup T]] (former K2).
+Direct male-line descendants of a cousin of United States president [[Thomas Jefferson]] were [[genealogical DNA test|DNA tested]] to investigate historical assertions that Jefferson fathered children with his slave [[Sally Hemings]].<ref>{{cite journal|last = Foster | first = EA |last2=Jobling|first2= MA|last3=Taylor|first3= PG|last4=Donnelly|first4= P|last5=de Knijff|first5= P|last6=Mieremet|first6= R|last7=Zerjal|first7= T|last8=Tyler-Smith|first8= C| year = 1998 | title = Jefferson fathered slave's last child | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 396 | issue = 6706 | pages = 27–28 | pmid = 9817200 | doi = 10.1038/23835 | url = http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Jeffersons.pdf}}</ref>  An extended 17-marker haplotype was published in 2007,<ref>{{cite journal| last = King | first = TE |last2=Bowden|first2= GR|last3=Balaresque|first3= PL|last4=Adams |first4=SM|last5=Shanks|first5= ME|last6=Jobling|first6= MA| title = Thomas Jefferson's Y chromosome belongs to a rare European lineage | journal = Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. | year = 2007 | volume = 132 | issue = 4 | pages = 584–9 | pmid = 17274013 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.20557 | url = https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/377/1/JeffersonArchiveHomemade.pdf }} {{Dead link|date=May 2008}}</ref> and the company [[FTDNA|Family Tree DNA]] has also published results for other markers in its standard first 12-marker panel.<ref name="FTDNA_jefferson">{{cite web|author = Family Tree DNA| title = Comparing yourself to the Jefferson DNA | url = http://www.familytreedna.com/jefgene.html | accessdate = 2007-05-16| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070430135434/http://www.familytreedna.com/jefgene.html| archivedate = 30 April 2007}}</ref>  Combining these sources gives the consolidated 21-marker haplotype below. The Jeffersons belong to [[Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup T]] (former K2).
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@@ Line 739: / Line 739: @@
 ====King of France Louis XIV====
-[[King of France Louis XIV|Louis XIV of France]] belonged to haplogroup [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)]] ".<ref>[http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ejhg2013211a.html Genetic genealogy reveals true Y haplogroup of House of Bourbon contradicting recent identification of the presumed remains of two French Kings], Larmuseau Maarten H.D. et al. 2013</ref>
+[[King of France Louis XIV|Louis XIV of France]] belonged to haplogroup [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)]] ".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ejhg2013211a.html|title=Genetic genealogy reveals true Y haplogroup of House of Bourbon contradicting recent identification of the presumed remains of two French Kings|work=nature.com|author1=Larmuseau Maarten H.D.|displayauthors=1|date=2013}}</ref>
 ====Napoleon====
-[[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]] belonged to haplogroup [[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)#E1b1b1c (E-M123)|E1b1b1c1* (E-M34*)]]. This haplogroup has its highest concentration in [[Ethiopia]] and in the [[Near East]] ([[Jordan]]). According to the authors of the study, "Probably Napoléon also knew his remote oriental patrilineal origins, because Francesco Buonaparte (the Giovanni son), who was a mercenary under the orders of the Genoa Republic in Ajaccio in 1490, was nicknamed “The Maur of Sarzane” ".<ref>[http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jmbr/article/view/10609 Haplogroup of the Y Chromosome of Napoléon the First], Lucotte 2011</ref>
+[[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]] belonged to haplogroup [[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)#E1b1b1c (E-M123)|E1b1b1c1* (E-M34*)]]. This haplogroup has its highest concentration in [[Ethiopia]] and in the [[Near East]] ([[Jordan]]). According to the authors of the study, "Probably Napoléon also knew his remote oriental patrilineal origins, because Francesco Buonaparte (the Giovanni son), who was a mercenary under the orders of the Genoa Republic in Ajaccio in 1490, was nicknamed “The Maur of Sarzane” ".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jmbr/article/view/10609|title=Haplogroup of the Y Chromosome of Napoléon the First|work=ccsenet.org|author=Lucotte|date=2011}}</ref>
 ====Niall of the Nine Hostages====
@@ Line 820: / Line 820: @@
 ====Rurik of Novgorod====
-[[Rurik]], whose male-line descendants founded [[Kievan Rus']], and ultimately the [[Tsardom of Russia]] including [[Ivan the Terrible]] until 1598, belonged to the [[Uralic languages|Uralo-Finnic]] Y-DNA [[Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup N]] (N1c1).<ref>[http://www.eupedia.com/europe/european_y-dna_haplogroups.shtml Distribution of European Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups by country in percentage // Eupedia]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.familytreedna.com/public/rurikid/default.aspx |title=Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project at FamilyTreeDNA |publisher=Familytreedna.com |accessdate=2011-05-12}}</ref> Most living Princes of the [[Rurik Dynasty]] or Rurikids also belong to this haplogroup, specifically those descending from [[Vladimir II Monomakh]]. The remainder belong to [[Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)]] below, and so have been suggested to be of Slavic origin.
+[[Rurik]], whose male-line descendants founded [[Kievan Rus']], and ultimately the [[Tsardom of Russia]] including [[Ivan the Terrible]] until 1598, belonged to the [[Uralic languages|Uralo-Finnic]] Y-DNA [[Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup N]] (N1c1).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eupedia.com/europe/european_y-dna_haplogroups.shtml|title=Distribution of European Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups by country in percentage|work=Eupedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.familytreedna.com/public/rurikid/default.aspx |title=Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project at FamilyTreeDNA |publisher=Familytreedna.com |accessdate=2011-05-12}}</ref> Most living Princes of the [[Rurik Dynasty]] or Rurikids also belong to this haplogroup, specifically those descending from [[Vladimir II Monomakh]]. The remainder belong to [[Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)]] below, and so have been suggested to be of Slavic origin.
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 In 2003 Oxford University researchers traced the Y-chromosome signature of Somerled of Argyll, one of [[Scotland]]'s greatest warriors, who is credited with driving out the [[Vikings]]. He was also paternal grandfather of the founder of [[Clan Donald]].  Through clan genealogies, the genetic relation was mapped out.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/articles/norse.htm |title=The Norse Code |publisher=Electricscotland.com |date=2003-09-28 |accessdate=2011-05-12}}</ref> Somerled belongs to [[Haplogroup R1a1 (Y-DNA)|haplogroup R1a1]].
-In 2005 a study by Professor of [[Human Genetics]] [[Bryan Sykes]] of [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] led to the conclusion that Somerled has possibly 500,000 living descendants - making him the second most common historical ancestor after [[Genghis Khan]].<ref>[http://news.scotsman.com/scitech.cfm?id=442642005 DNA shows Celtic hero Somerled's Viking roots], ''The Scotsman, 26 Apr 2006''</ref> Sykes deduced that despite Somerled's reputation for having driven out the Vikings from Scotland, Somerled's own Y-DNA most closely matched that of the Vikings he fought.
+In 2005 a study by Professor of [[Human Genetics]] [[Bryan Sykes]] of [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] led to the conclusion that Somerled has possibly 500,000 living descendants&nbsp;— making him the second most common historical ancestor after [[Genghis Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.scotsman.com/scitech.cfm?id=442642005|title=DNA shows Celtic hero Somerled's Viking roots|work=The Scotsman|date=26 April 2006}}</ref> Sykes deduced that despite Somerled's reputation for having driven out the Vikings from Scotland, Somerled's own Y-DNA most closely matched that of the Vikings he fought.
 The Y-DNA sequence is as follows (12 markers):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isogg.org/famousdna.htm |title=Famous DNA |publisher=Isogg.org |accessdate=2011-05-12}}</ref>
@@ Line 1,156: / Line 1,156: @@
 ====Joseph Stalin====
-[[Joseph Stalin]], from a genetic test on his grandson (his son Vasily's son, Alexander Burdonsky) and his grand-nephew, is shown to be Y-DNA-wise of [[Haplogroup G-L293|G2a1]].<ref>[http://www.runewsweek.ru/theme/?tid=96&rid=1567 Русский Newsweek / Тема номера], www.runewsweek.ru</ref>
+[[Joseph Stalin]], from a genetic test on his grandson (his son Vasily's son, Alexander Burdonsky) and his grand-nephew, is shown to be Y-DNA-wise of [[Haplogroup G-L293|G2a1]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.runewsweek.ru/theme/?tid=96&rid=1567|title=Русский Newsweek / Тема номера|work=runewsweek.ru}}</ref>
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 ====Warren Buffett and Jimmy Buffett====
-[[Warren Buffett]] and [[Jimmy Buffett]] belong to Y-DNA haplogroup I1 which is most common in and around Scandinavia.<ref>[https://www.23andme.com/you/haplogroup/paternal/#I1 23andMe website]</ref> However, they are not closely related.<ref>{{cite news|last=Boyle|first=Matthew|title=The Buffett mystery|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/06/11/100060549/index.htm|accessdate=10 March 2013|newspaper=Fortune Magazine|date=May 28, 2007}}</ref>
+[[Warren Buffett]] and [[Jimmy Buffett]] belong to Y-DNA haplogroup I1 which is most common in and around Scandinavia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.23andme.com/you/haplogroup/paternal/#I1|title=23andMe website|work=23andme.com}}</ref> However, they are not closely related.<ref>{{cite news|last=Boyle|first=Matthew|title=The Buffett mystery|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/06/11/100060549/index.htm|accessdate=10 March 2013|newspaper=Fortune Magazine|date=May 28, 2007}}</ref>
 ====Nick Donofrio====
@@ Line 1,349: / Line 1,349: @@
 ====Spencer Wells====
-[[Spencer Wells]], the project director of [[The Genographic Project]], is a member of haplogroup R1b.<ref name="rose1">{{Cite episode | title="Charlie Rose - Henry Louis Gates, Jr. / Spencer Wells / Major Gen. Douglas Lute" | series="Charlie Rose"}}</ref>
+[[Spencer Wells]], the project director of [[The Genographic Project]], is a member of haplogroup R1b.<ref name="rose1">{{Cite episode | title=Charlie Rose&nbsp;— Henry Louis Gates, Jr. / Spencer Wells / Major Gen. Douglas Lute | series="Charlie Rose"}}</ref>
 {{Y-DNA}}

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Category

Revision as of 08:06, 1 April 2014

mtDNA

Ancient samples

Petrarch

Ötzi the Iceman

Kostenki from Don

The Cheddar Man

Oseberg ship remains

Sweyn II of Denmark

Nicholas II of Russia

Deduction by descendant testing

Benjamin Franklin

Queen Victoria

Richard III of England

Edward IV of England

Figures from popular culture

Christian Cardell Corbet

Katie Couric

Stephen Colbert

Desmond Tutu

Nelson Mandela

Bono

Y-DNA

Ancient samples

Cao Cao, the Cao Wei State of Ancient China & the Takamuko Clan of Japan

Tutankhamun

Ramesses III

Nicholas II of Russia

Ötzi the Iceman

Birger Magnusson

Deduction by descendant testing

Charles Darwin

Albert Einstein

Gediminas

Genghis Khan

Gia Long

Alexander Hamilton

William Harvey

Adolf Hitler

Thomas Jefferson

King of France Louis XIV

Napoleon

Niall of the Nine Hostages

Nurhaci & the Qing Dynasty of China

Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan

Fath Ali Shah Qajar

Edmund Rice

Rurik of Novgorod

All Russian emperors from at least Nicholas I to Nicholas II "Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov"

Somerled

Joseph Stalin

Leo Tolstoy

Tonu Trubetsky

John L. Worden

The Wright Brothers

Zhu Xi & the Ming Dynasty of China

Figures from popular culture

Warren Buffett and Jimmy Buffett

Nick Donofrio

William Welles Hollister

Eddie Izzard

Nelson Mandela

Mike Nichols

Dr. Mehmet Cengis Oz also known as Dr. Oz

Chris Rock

Desmond Tutu

Spencer Wells

See also

References

External links