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! Family
! Family
! [[Baltimore classification|Baltimore group]]
! [[Baltimore classification|Baltimore group]]
! Important species<ref name=Lippincott2007>{{harvnb|Fisher|Harvey|Champe|2007|pp=354–366}}</ref>
! Important species
! [[Viral envelope|envelopment]]
! Virion shape<ref name=Lippincott2007>{{harvnb|Fisher|Harvey|Champe|2007|pp=354–366}}</ref>
! [[Viral envelope|envelopment]]<ref name=Lippincott2007/>
⚫
! Virion shape<ref name=Lippincott2007/>
! Replication site<ref name=Lippincott2007/>
! Replication site<ref name=Lippincott2007/>
|-
|-
| [[Adenoviridae]]
| [[Adenoviridae]]
| [[dsDNA virus|Group I]]
| [[dsDNA virus|Group I (dsDNA)]]<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=Dimitrov2004/>
| [[Adenovirus]]
| [[Adenovirus]]<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=Dimitrov2004/>
| non-enveloped<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=Dimitrov2004>Table 1 in: {{cite journal|last1=Dimitrov|first1=Dimiter S.|title=Virus entry: molecular mechanisms and biomedical applications|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|volume=2|issue=2|year=2004|pages=109–122|issn=1740-1526|doi=10.1038/nrmicro817}}</ref>
| non-enveloped
| icosahedral
| icosahedral
| nucleus
| nucleus
|-
|-
| [[Herpesviridae]]
| [[Herpesviridae]]
| [[dsDNA virus|Group I]]
| [[dsDNA virus|Group I (dsDNA)]]<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=Dimitrov2004/>
| [[Herpes simplex, type 1]], [[Herpes simplex, type 2]], [[Varicella-zoster virus]], [[Epstein-barr virus]], [[Human cytomegalovirus]], [[Human herpesvirus, type 8]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Adams|first=MJ|author2=Carstens EB|title=Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2012)|journal=Arch Virol.|date=Jul 2012|volume=157|pages=1411–22|doi=10.1007/s00705-012-1299-6|pmid=22481600|accessdate=28 September 2012|issue=7}}</ref><ref name=Baron>{{cite book | author = Whitley RJ | title = Herpesviruses. ''in:'' Baron's Medical Microbiology ''(Baron S et al., eds.)| edition = 4th | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.chapter.3567 | isbn = 0-9631172-1-1 }}</ref><ref name=Elsevier>{{cite book | author = Murray PR; Rosenthal KS; Pfaller MA | title = Medical Microbiology | edition = 5th | publisher = Elsevier Mosby | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-323-03303-9 }}</ref>
| [[Herpes simplex, type 1]], [[Herpes simplex, type 2]], [[Varicella-zoster virus]], [[Epstein-barr virus]], [[Human cytomegalovirus]], [[Human herpesvirus, type 8]]
⚫
| enveloped<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=Dimitrov2004/>
| enveloped
| complex
| complex
| nucleus
| nucleus
|-
|-
| [[Papillomaviridae]]
| [[Papillomaviridae]]
| [[dsDNA virus|Group I (dsDNA)]]<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=deVilliers2004>{{cite journal |author=de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur Hausen H. | title=Classification of papillomaviruses | journal=Virology | volume=324 |issue=1 | pages=17–27 | year=2004 | pmid=15183049 | doi=10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.033}}</ref>
| [[dsDNA virus|Group I]]
| [[Human papillomavirus]]
| [[Human papillomavirus]]<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=deVilliers2004>
| non-enveloped
| non-enveloped<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=deVilliers2004>
| icosahedral
| icosahedral
| nucleus
| nucleus
|-
|-
| [[Polyomaviridae]]
| [[Polyomaviridae]]
| [[dsDNA virus|Group I]]
| [[dsDNA virus|Group I (dsDNA)]]
| [[BK virus]], [[JC virus]]
| [[BK virus]], [[JC virus]]
| non-enveloped
| non-enveloped
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|-
|-
| [[Poxviridae]]
| [[Poxviridae]]
| [[dsDNA virus|Group I]]
| [[dsDNA virus|Group I (dsDNA)]]
| [[Smallpox]]
| [[Smallpox]]
| enveloped
| enveloped
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|-
|-
| [[Hepadnaviridae]]
| [[Hepadnaviridae]]
| [[dsDNA-RT virus|Group VII]]
| [[dsDNA-RT virus|Group VII (dsDNA-RT)]]
| [[Hepatitis B virus]]
| [[Hepatitis B virus]]
| enveloped
| enveloped
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|-
|-
| [[Parvoviridae]]
| [[Parvoviridae]]
| [[ssDNA virus|Group II]]
| [[ssDNA virus|Group II (ssDNA)]]
| [[Human bocavirus]], [[Parvovirus B19]]
| [[Human bocavirus]], [[Parvovirus B19]]
| non-enveloped
| non-enveloped
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|-
|-
| [[Astroviridae]]
| [[Astroviridae]]
| [[positive-sense ssRNA virus|Group IV]]
| [[positive-sense ssRNA virus|Group IV (positive-sense ssRNA)]]
| [[Human astrovirus]]
| [[Human astrovirus]]
| non-enveloped
| non-enveloped
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|-
|-
| [[Caliciviridae]]
| [[Caliciviridae]]
| [[positive-sense ssRNA virus|Group IV]]
| [[positive-sense ssRNA virus|Group IV (positive-sense ssRNA)]]
| [[Norwalk virus]]
| [[Norwalk virus]]
| non-enveloped
| non-enveloped
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|-
|-
| [[Picornaviridae]]
| [[Picornaviridae]]
| [[positive-sense ssRNA virus|Group IV]]
| [[positive-sense ssRNA virus|Group IV (positive-sense ssRNA)]]
| [[coxsackievirus]], [[hepatitis A virus]], [[poliovirus]], [[rhinovirus]]
| [[coxsackievirus]], [[hepatitis A virus]], [[poliovirus]], [[rhinovirus]]
| non-enveloped
| non-enveloped
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|-
|-
| [[Coronaviridae]]
| [[Coronaviridae]]
| [[positive-sense ssRNA virus|Group IV]]
| [[positive-sense ssRNA virus|Group IV (positive-sense ssRNA)]]
| [[SARS coronavirus|Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus]]
| [[SARS coronavirus|Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus]]
| enveloped
| enveloped
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|-
|-
| [[Flaviviridae]]
| [[Flaviviridae]]
| [[positive-sense ssRNA virus|Group IV]]
| [[positive-sense ssRNA virus|Group IV (positive-sense ssRNA)]]
| [[Hepatitis C virus]], [[Yellow fever|yellow fever virus]], [[Dengue fever|dengue virus]], [[West Nile virus]]
| [[Hepatitis C virus]], [[Yellow fever|yellow fever virus]], [[Dengue fever|dengue virus]], [[West Nile virus]]
| enveloped
| enveloped
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|-
|-
| [[Togaviridae]]
| [[Togaviridae]]
| [[positive-sense ssRNA virus|Group IV]]
| [[positive-sense ssRNA virus|Group IV (positive-sense ssRNA)]]
| [[Rubella virus]]
| [[Rubella virus]]
| enveloped
| enveloped
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|-
|-
| [[Hepeviridae]]
| [[Hepeviridae]]
| [[positive-sense ssRNA virus|Group IV]]
| [[positive-sense ssRNA virus|Group IV (positive-sense ssRNA)]]
| [[Hepatitis E virus]]
| [[Hepatitis E virus]]
| enveloped
| enveloped
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|-
|-
| [[Retroviridae]]
| [[Retroviridae]]
| [[ssRNA-RT virus|Group VI]]
| [[ssRNA-RT virus|Group VI (ssRNA-RT)]]
| [[Human immunodeficiency virus]] (HIV)
| [[Human immunodeficiency virus]] (HIV)
| enveloped
| enveloped
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|-
|-
| [[Orthomyxoviridae]]
| [[Orthomyxoviridae]]
| [[negative-sense ssRNA virus|Group V]]
| [[negative-sense ssRNA virus|Group V (negative-sense ssRNA)]]
| [[Influenza virus]]
| [[Influenza virus]]
| enveloped
| enveloped
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|-
|-
| [[Arenaviridae]]
| [[Arenaviridae]]
| [[negative-sense ssRNA virus|Group V]]
| [[negative-sense ssRNA virus|Group V (negative-sense ssRNA)]]
| [[Guanarito virus]], [[Junin virus]], [[Lassa virus]], [[Machupo virus]], [[Sabiá virus]]
| [[Guanarito virus]], [[Junin virus]], [[Lassa virus]], [[Machupo virus]], [[Sabiá virus]]
| enveloped
| enveloped
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|-
|-
| [[Bunyaviridae]]
| [[Bunyaviridae]]
| [[negative-sense ssRNA virus|Group V]]
| [[negative-sense ssRNA virus|Group V (negative-sense ssRNA)]]
| [[Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus]]
| [[Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus]]
| enveloped
| enveloped
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|-
|-
| [[Filoviridae]]
| [[Filoviridae]]
| [[negative-sense ssRNA virus|Group V]]
| [[negative-sense ssRNA virus|Group V (negative-sense ssRNA)]]
| [[Ebola virus]], [[Marburg virus]]
| [[Ebola virus]], [[Marburg virus]]
| enveloped
| enveloped
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|-
|-
| [[Paramyxoviridae]]
| [[Paramyxoviridae]]
| [[negative-sense ssRNA virus|Group V]]
| [[negative-sense ssRNA virus|Group V (negative-sense ssRNA)]]
| [[Measles virus]], [[Mumps virus]], [[Parainfluenza virus]], [[Respiratory syncytial virus]], [[Human metapneumovirus]], [[Henipavirus#Hendra virus|Hendra virus]], [[Henipavirus#Nipah virus|Nipah virus]]
| [[Measles virus]], [[Mumps virus]], [[Parainfluenza virus]], [[Respiratory syncytial virus]], [[Human metapneumovirus]], [[Henipavirus#Hendra virus|Hendra virus]], [[Henipavirus#Nipah virus|Nipah virus]]
| enveloped
| enveloped
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|-
|-
| [[Rhabdoviridae]]
| [[Rhabdoviridae]]
| [[negative-sense ssRNA virus|Group V]]
| [[negative-sense ssRNA virus|Group V (negative-sense ssRNA)]]
| [[Rabies virus]]
| [[Rabies virus]]
| enveloped
| enveloped
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|-
|-
| Unassigned
| Unassigned
| [[negative-sense ssRNA virus|Group V]]
| [[negative-sense ssRNA virus|Group V (negative-sense ssRNA)]]
| [[Hepatitis D]]
| [[Hepatitis D]]
| enveloped
| enveloped
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|-
|-
| [[Reoviridae]]
| [[Reoviridae]]
| [[dsRNA virus|Group III]]
| [[dsRNA virus|Group III (dsRNA)]]
| [[Rotavirus]], [[Orbivirus]], [[Coltivirus]], [[Banna virus]]
| [[Rotavirus]], [[Orbivirus]], [[Coltivirus]], [[Banna virus]]
| non-enveloped
| non-enveloped

Revision as of 13:59, 3 October 2015

Viral disease
SpecialtyInfectious diseases Edit this on Wikidata

A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells.[1] A vast number of viruses cause infectious diseases, but these are the major ones.[2] These are tables of the clinically most important[3] viruses. A vast number of viruses cause infectious diseases, but these are the major ones.[2]

Structural characteristics

Basic structural characteristics, such as genome type, virion shape and replication site, generally share the same features among virus species within the same family. There are currently 21 families of viruses known to cause disease in humans.

There are five double-stranded DNA families: three are non enveloped (Adenoviridae, Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae) and two are enveloped (Herpesviridae and Poxviridae). All of the non-enveloped families have icosahedral nucleocapsids.

There is one family of partly double-stranded DNA viruses: Hepadnaviridae. These viruses are enveloped.

There is one family of single-stranded DNA viruses that infect humans: Parvoviridae. These viruses are non-enveloped.

There are seven positive single-stranded RNA families: three non enveloped (Astroviridae, Caliciviridae and Picornaviridae) and four enveloped (Coronoviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae and Togaviridae). All the non-enveloped families have icosahedral nucleocapsids.

There are six negative single-stranded RNA families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae and Rhabdoviridae. All are enveloped with helical nucleocapsids.

There is one family with a double-stranded RNA genome: Reoviridae.

There is one additional virus (Hepatitis D virus) which has not yet been assigned to a family but is clearly distinct from the other families infecting humans.

There is one family and one genus of viruses known to infect humans that have not been associated with disease: the family Anelloviridae and the genus Dependovirus. Both of these taxa are non-enveloped single-stranded DNA viruses.

Useful rules of thumb

Among the human infecting families there are a number of rules that may assist physicians and medical microbiologists/virologists.

As a general rule, DNA viruses replicate within the nucleus while RNA viruses replicate within the cytoplasm. Exceptions are known to this rule: Poxviruses (DNA viruses) replicate within the cytoplasm and orthomyxoviruses and hepatitis D virus (RNA viruses) replicate within the nucleus.

Four families have segmented genomes: Bunyaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Arenaviridae and Reoviridae (acronym BOAR). All are RNA viruses.

Three families are transmitted almost exclusively by arthropods: Bunyavirus, Flavivirus and Togavirus. Some Reoviruses are transmitted from arthropod vectors as well. All are RNA viruses.[4]

Only one family of enveloped viruses causes gastroenteritis (Coronaviridae). All other viruses associated with gastroenteritis are non enveloped.

Comparison table of clinically important virus families and species
Family Baltimore group Important species envelopment Virion shape[3] Replication site[3]
Adenoviridae Group I (dsDNA)[3][5] Adenovirus[3][5] non-enveloped[3][5] icosahedral nucleus
Herpesviridae Group I (dsDNA)[3][5] Herpes simplex, type 1, Herpes simplex, type 2, Varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-barr virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Human herpesvirus, type 8[6][7][8] enveloped[3][5] complex nucleus
Papillomaviridae Group I (dsDNA)[3][9] Human papillomavirus[3]Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). nucleus
Orthomyxoviridae Group V (negative-sense ssRNA) Influenza virus enveloped helical nucleus[10]
Arenaviridae Group V (negative-sense ssRNA) Guanarito virus, Junin virus, Lassa virus, Machupo virus, Sabiá virus enveloped helical cytoplasm
Bunyaviridae Group V (negative-sense ssRNA) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus enveloped helical cytoplasm
Filoviridae Group V (negative-sense ssRNA) Ebola virus, Marburg virus enveloped helical cytoplasm
Paramyxoviridae Group V (negative-sense ssRNA) Measles virus, Mumps virus, Parainfluenza virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Human metapneumovirus, Hendra virus, Nipah virus enveloped helical cytoplasm
Rhabdoviridae Group V (negative-sense ssRNA) Rabies virus enveloped helical, bullet shaped cytoplasm
Unassigned Group V (negative-sense ssRNA) Hepatitis D enveloped spherical nucleus
Reoviridae Group III (dsRNA) Rotavirus, Orbivirus, Coltivirus, Banna virus non-enveloped icosahedral cytoplasm

Clinical characteristics

The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ substantially among species within the same family:

Type Family Transmission[3] Diseases[3] Treatment[3] Prevention[3] laboratory diagnosis[3]
Adenovirus Adenoviridae
  • droplet contact
  • fecal-oral
  • venereal
  • direct contact (ocular infections)
 None
  • vaccine
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Coxsackievirus Picornaviridae
  • fecal-oral
  • droplet contact
 None
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
  • avoiding contaminated food/water
  • improved sanitation
 Cell culture, antibody detection
Epstein-Barr virus Herpesviridae
  • saliva
 None
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Hepatitis A virus Picornaviridae
  • fecal-oral
 Immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis)
  • vaccine
  • avoiding contaminated food/water
  • improved sanitation
 antibody detection
Hepatitis B virus Hepadnaviridae
  • vaccine
  • immunoglobulin (perinatal and post-exposure prophylaxis)
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
  • safe sex
  • viral antigen detection
  • antibody detection
  • nucleic acid detection
Hepatitis C virus Flaviviridae
  • blood
  • sexual contact
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
  • safe sex
  • antibody detection
  • nucleic acid detection
Herpes simplex virus, type 1 Herpesviridae
  • direct contact
  • saliva
  • avoiding close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 2 Herpesviridae
  • sexual contact
  • vertical transmission
  • avoiding close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
Cytomegalovirus Herpesviridae
  • hand washing
  • avoid sharing food and drinks with others
  • safe sex
 antibody and nucleic acid detection
Human herpesvirus, type 8 Herpesviridae
  • bodily fluids
 many in evaluation-stage
  • avoid close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
 Nucleic acid and antibody detection
HIV Retroviridae HAART
  • zidovudine (perinatally)
  • blood product screening
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
  • safe sex
  • nucleic acid,
  • p24
  • antibody detection
Influenza virus Orthomyxoviridae
  • droplet contact
  • vaccine
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Measles virus Paramyxoviridae
  • droplet contact
 None
  • vaccine
  • quarantining the sick
  • avoiding contact with the sick
 antibody detection
Mumps virus Paramyxoviridae
  • droplet contact
 None
  • vaccine
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
 antibody detection
Human papillomavirus Papillomaviridae
  • vaccine
  • avoiding close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
  • Visual inspection
  • Antigen detection
  • Nucleic acid detection
Parainfluenza virus Paramyxoviridae
  • droplet contact
 None
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
 Antibody detection
Poliovirus Picornaviridae
  • fecal-oral
 None
  • vaccine
  • avoiding contaminated food and water
  • improved sanitation
 Antibody detection
Rabies virus Rhabdoviridae
  • saliva
  • droplet contact
 Post-exposure prophylaxis
  • vaccine
  • avoiding rabid animals
 Histology (postmortem)
Respiratory syncytial virus Paramyxoviridae
  • droplet contact
  • direct contact
 (ribavirin)
  • hand washing
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
  • palivizumab in high risk individuals
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
 antibody and antigen detection
Rubella virus Togaviridae
  • droplet contact
 None
  • vaccine
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
 Antibody detection
Varicella-zoster virus Herpesviridae
  • direct contact
  • droplet contact

Varicella:

Zoster:

Varicella:

Zoster:

  • vaccine
  • varicella-zoster immunoglobulin
  • Cell culture
  • antigen and nucleic acid detection

Notes

In 2010 it was reported that the presence of a begomovirus (Pepper mild mottle virus) in the stool was associated with clinical disease and a specific immune response.[11] If this association can be confirmed it is the first known case of disease caused by a virus previously considered pathogenic only to plants.

Diagnosis and treatment

Clinical presentation is used to detect viral disease by looking for history of severe muscle and joint pains before fever and also detect skin rash and lymph gland swelling. Laboratory investigation is not necessary to detect viral infections, because no increase in the white blood cells, the laboratory investigation is done to find other bacterial infections, if it is suspected. Viruses commonly have self-limited life, so treatment is usually reduce the symptoms only and antipyretic and analgesic drugs are commonly being used.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ Taylor, M.P.; Kobiler, O.; Enquist, L. W. (2012). "Alphaherpesvirus axon-to-cell spread involves limited virion transmission". 106. PNAS: 17046–17051. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ a b "Dr Manny: Why are there deadly viruses in the world?". Shreveport Times. June 11, 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Fisher, Bruce; Harvey, Richard P.; Champe, Pamela C. (2007). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series. Hagerstown MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 354–366. ISBN 0-7817-8215-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) Cite error: The named reference "Lippincott2007" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  4. ^ Hunt, M. "Arboviruses". University of South Carolina School of Medicine.
  5. ^ a b c d e Table 1 in: Dimitrov, Dimiter S. (2004). "Virus entry: molecular mechanisms and biomedical applications". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2 (2): 109–122. doi:10.1038/nrmicro817. ISSN 1740-1526.
  6. ^ Adams, MJ; Carstens EB (Jul 2012). "Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2012)". Arch Virol. 157 (7): 1411–22. doi:10.1007/s00705-012-1299-6. PMID 22481600. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  7. ^ Whitley RJ (1996). Herpesviruses. in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al., eds.) (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
  8. ^ Murray PR; Rosenthal KS; Pfaller MA (2005). Medical Microbiology (5th ed.). Elsevier Mosby. ISBN 978-0-323-03303-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur Hausen H. (2004). "Classification of papillomaviruses". Virology. 324 (1): 17–27. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.033. PMID 15183049.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Fisher, Harvey & Champe 2007, p. 315
  11. ^ Colson P., Richet H., Desnues C., Balique F., Moal V., Grob J., Berbis P., Lecoq H., Harlé J., Berland Y., Raoult D. (2010). "Pepper Mild Mottle Virus, a Plant Virus Associated with Specific Immune Responses, Fever, Abdominal Pains, and Pruritus in Humans". PLoS ONE. 5 (4): e10041. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010041. PMC 2850318. PMID 20386604.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  12. ^ "Viral Fever". Web Health Centre. Retrieved August 15, 2013.

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