List of wars involving Albania
History of Albania |
---|
Timeline |
This is a list of wars that Albanian states and Albanian forces have been involved in.
- Albanian victory
- Albanian defeat
- Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil war or internal conflict, result unknown, mixed results, stalemate, ceasefire or indecisive)
- Ongoing conflict
Medieval Albania: Principality of Arbanon to the Fall of Shkodër (1190–1479)
Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Rebellion of Arbanon(1257–59) | Empire of Nicaea | Ceasefire
| |
Battle of Pelister mountain
(1340) |
Principality of Muzaka | Victory
| |
Thopia Uprising against the Anjou (1358–1368) |
Albanian Thopia family | Angevin Kingdom of Naples | Victory
|
Albanian-Epirote War of 1359 (1359) |
Albanian Losha Family and Shpata Family | Despotate of Epirus | Victory
|
First Albanian Siege of Ioannina (1367–1370) |
Albanian Losha Family | Despotate of Epirus in Ioannina | Ceasefire
|
Albanian-Prilep War(1371) | Principality of Muzaka | Lordship of Prilep | Victory
|
Invasions of Ioannina by Gjin Bua Shpata (1375-1379) |
Despotate of Arta | Despotate of Epirus in Ioannina | Ceasefire
|
Invasion of Arta by the Knights Hospitaller
(1378) |
Despotate of Arta | Victory
| |
Invasions of the Despotate of Arta (1381–1384) (1381–1384) |
Despotate of Arta | Despotate of Epirus in Ioannina Ottoman Empire |
Defeat
|
Zetan invasion of the Princedom of Albania (1382) |
Princedom of Albania | Lordship of Zeta | Victory
|
Battle of Ioannina (1385)[2] (Early 1385) |
Despotate of Arta | Despotate of Epirus | Defeat
|
Battle of Savra (September 1385) |
Lordship of Zeta | Ottoman Empire Albanian Thopia family | Victory
|
First Zenebishi Uprising against the Ottomans (1385–1386) |
Albanian Zenebishi Family | Ottoman Empire | Victory
|
Dukagjini Rebellion against Balšić
(1387) |
Lordship of Zeta | Victory
| |
Battle of Kosovo (1389) |
The Albanian nobility that fought under the command of Prince Lazar:[4][5] |
Incoclusive
| |
Albanian-Epirote War of 1389–90[6] (1389–1390) |
Despotate of Arta (all four battles) Malakasi Tribe (second battle) |
Despotate of Epirus (all four battles) Thessaly (second battle) Ottoman Empire (third and fourth battles) |
Defeat
|
Venetian Invasion of the Princedom of Albania (1392) |
Princedom of Albania | Republic of Venice | Defeat
|
Battle of Krujë (1392) (1392) |
Forces under Niketa Thopia | Forces under Helena Thopia | Niketa Thopia Victory
|
First Epirote Invasion of the Principality of Gjirokastër (April 1399–July 1400) |
Albanian Zenebishi Family | Despotate of Epirus Pro-Epirote Albanian Clans |
Victory
|
Vonko–Shpata War (November 1400–Late 1401) |
Despotate of Arta | Vonko's Forces | Victory
|
Epirote Invasion of the Despotate of Arta (1401–1408)[7] (Late 1401–1408) |
1401–1403: Despotate of Arta supported by Sgouros Shpata and Maurice Shpata 1403–1407:
Ottoman Empire (1406 only) |
County palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos | Sgouros and Paul are defeated, Maurice is victorious
|
Battle of Ankara (July 1402) |
Timurid Empire | Ottoman Empire Zaharia family Albanian Jonima family Principality of Dukagjini Albanian Dushmani family Serbian Despotate Wallachia |
Defeat
|
Battle of Krujë (1403) (1403) |
Forces under Niketa Thopia | Forces under Helena Thopia | Niketa Thopia Victory
|
First Scutari War (Early 1405–January 1413) |
Balšići Lordship of Zeta Crnojević family Albanian Humoj family Serb peasants Albanian peasants Albanian Zaharia family (Late 1412–Early 1413) |
Republic of Venice Zaharia family (Early 1405–Late 1412) |
Mixed results
|
Thopia-Muzaka Conflict (Late 1411) |
Albanian Thopia family | Muzaka family | Muzaka Victory
|
Albanian Invasion of Epirus (1412) (1412) |
Albanian Zenebishi Family
Albanian Shpata Family |
Despotate of Epirus Greeks of Ioannina |
Victory
|
First Ottoman Invasion of the Principality of Gjirokastër (1414) |
Albanian Zenebishi Family | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
|
Second Zenebishi Uprising against the Ottomans (1416) |
Albanian Mountain Tribes Zenebishi Family Republic of Venice |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
|
Epirote Invasion of the Despotate of Arta (1416) (October 1416) |
Despotate of Arta | Despotate of Epirus | Defeat
|
Second Ottoman Invasion of the Principality of Gjirokastër (1418) |
Albanian Zenebishi Family | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
|
Second Scutari War
(1419-1423) |
(after 1421) |
Inconclusive
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1432–36 (1432–36) |
Albanian rebels
|
Ottoman Empire | Mixed results
|
Muzaka Revolt in Berat (1437–1438) |
Albanian rebels | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
|
Ottoman-Albanian Wars of 1443 to 1479 (1443–1479) |
1443–1444: Kastrioti Family 1444–1446: 1446–1450 1450–1451 1451–1454: 1454–1456: 1456–1468 1468–1478 1478–1479
Lordship of Zeta (Siege of Shkodra only) |
1443–1444 1444–1446 1446–1450: 1450–1451 1451–1454: 1454–1456: 1456–1468 1468–1478 1478–1479 |
Ottoman conquest of Albania halted until 1479
|
Albanian–Venetian War (December 1447–October 1448) |
League of Lezhë | Republic of Venice Pro-Venetian Alliance:
|
Victory
|
Skanderbeg's Italian expedition (1460–1462) |
Pro-Angevin Italian nobles |
Victory
| |
Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479) |
Greek rebels |
Ottoman victory, Treaty of Constantinople (1479) |
Ottoman Albania and the Albanian National Awakening (1479–1912)
Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Albanian Uprisings of 1481–1484 (June 1481–1484) |
Albanian rebels Kastrioti family Dukagjini Family Muzaka family |
Ottoman Empire | Mixed results
| |
Crnojević-Kastrioti Invasion of Zeta (June 1481) |
File:Supposed Flag of the House of Crnojevic.svg Zetan rebels File:Supposed Flag of the House of Crnojevic.svg Crnojević family Kastrioti family |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Uprising of 1501 (1501) |
Albanian rebels | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Mirdita Uprising
(1515) |
Principality of Mirdita | Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Seven-fold barjak Uprising (1658) |
"Seven-fold barjak" Alliance:
|
Ottoman Empire | Unknown | |
First Süleyman Invasion of Montenegro
(1685) |
Bushati family | Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro
Support: |
Victory
| |
Medun Uprising (1688) |
Ottoman Empire | Anti-Ottoman Tribal Alliance: | Bushati Defeat
| |
Second Süleyman Invasion of Montenegro
(1692) |
Bushati family | Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro | Victory
| |
Hoti-Kuči Uprising of 1694 (1694) |
Anti-Ottoman Tribal Alliance: | Ottoman Empire | Unknown | |
Orlov Revolt
(1770) |
Ottoman Empire | Russian Empire
Greek revolutionaries |
Victory
| |
Shkodran Invasion of Ulcinj (1772) |
Bushati family | Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro | Unknown | |
War in Brda (1773) (September 1773) |
Bushati family | Brda Tribes:
|
Bushati Defeat
| |
Shkodran Invasion of Brda (1774) (1774) |
Bushati family | Brda Tribes: | Bushati Defeat | |
Shkodran Invasion of Montenegro (1785) | Bushati family | Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro
|
Victory
| |
Souliote War (1789-1793) (1789-1793) |
Albanian Muslims loyal to Ali Pasha
|
Albanian Souliotes | Defeat | |
Shkodran Invasion of Brda (1794) (1794) |
Bushati family | Brda Tribes: | Bushati Victory | |
Shkodran Invasion of Montenegro (1796) (Early 1796–September 1796) |
Bushati family | Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro
|
Defeat
| |
Battle of Nicopolis
(1798) |
Pashalik of Yanina
|
First French Republic
Greek Volunteers |
Victory
| |
Muhammad Ali's seizure of power (March 1803 – March 1811) |
Forces loyal to Tahir Pasha (March 1803 – April 1803) Forces loyal to Muhammad Ali (April 1803 – March 1811) |
Ottoman Empire
|
Victory
| |
Souliote War (1803) (September–December 1803) |
Albanian Muslims loyal to Ali Pasha
|
Souliote Confederacy | Victory
| |
First Serbian Uprising
(1804-1813) |
Ottoman Empire | Revolutionary Serbia
Support: |
Victory
| |
Ali Pasha's Invasion of the Pashalik of Berat
(1808) |
Pashalik of Yanina | Pashalik of Berat | Pashalik of Yanina Victory
| |
Suppression of the Pashalik of Yanina
(1820–22) |
Pashalik of Yanina | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Wallachian uprising
(1821) |
Wallachia (revolutionary)
|
Greek revolutionaries | Ottoman Empire
Austrian Empire |
Ottoman military victory Wallachian political victory, end of the Phanariote Era |
Battle of Karpenisi (August 1823) |
Greek[11] revolutionary army (Souliote forces)[12][13][14][15][16] | Ottoman Empire Pashalik of Scutari |
Tactically inconclusive[17] | |
Ottoman-Bushati War (March – November 1831) |
Bushati family
Financial Support: |
Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
First Egyptian–Ottoman War
(1831-1833) |
Egypt Eyalet under Muhammad Ali
Albanian bashi-bazouks |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Kolonjë (January 1833)[21] |
Tosk Rebels | Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Shkodër (April–December 1833) |
Shkodran Rebels Malsor Rebels[21] |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Southern Albania (July–September 1833) |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1834 (November 1834– January 1835) |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1835 in South Albania (January–May 1835) |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels Çam Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1835 in Myzeqe (May 1835) |
Myzeq Rebels | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1835 in North Albania (May–September 1835) |
Shkodran Rebels Reinforcements:[21] Kosovar Rebels Volunteers: Malsor Volunteers Gheg Volunteers Mirdita Tribesmen Mati Tribesmen Dibran Volunteers |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1836 in South Albania (June–August 1836) |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Mixed results
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Mat (January–February 1837)[21] |
Mati Tribesmen | Ottoman Empire | Mixed results
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Myzeqe (June–August 1837) |
Myzeq Rebels Tosk Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1837 in North Albania (June–August 1837)[21] |
Kosovar Rebels Gheg Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Defeat | |
Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Dibër (September–November 1837)[21] |
Dibran Rebels | Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1839 in South Albania (August–September 1839) |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1839 in Prizren (September 1839)[21] |
Kosovar Rebels | Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Second Egyptian–Ottoman War
(1839-1841) |
Egypt Eyalet under Muhammad Ali
Albanian bashi-bazouks |
Ottoman Empire | Mixed results
| |
Uprising of Dervish Cara (July 1843–June 1844) |
Gheg Rebels Kosovar Rebels Shkodran Rebels Tosk Rebels |
Ottoman Empire Catholic Mirdita Tribesmen |
Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1843–44 in Dibër (July 1843–November 1844) |
Dibran Rebels | Ottoman Empire | Mixed results
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1845 (May–July 1845) |
Kosovar Rebels Gheg Rebels |
Ottoman Empire Malsor Albanian Conscripts Mirdita Albanian Conscripts Mati Albanian Conscripts Shkodran Albanian Conscripts Gheg Albanian Conscripts from Gucia and Plava Serbian Vasojevići Conscripts Serbo-Albanian Kuči Conscripts |
Rebel Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1847 (July–December 1847) |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels Çam Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Montenegrin Civil War of 1847[22][23][24] | Brda Tribes
Crmnica Tribes |
Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro | Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1862 (1862) |
Catholic Mirdita Rebels Vocal Support: Second French Empire |
Ottoman Empire Albanian volunteers under Bibë Dodë Pasha Alleged Support: Austro-Hungarian Empire British Empire |
Defeat | |
Battles for Plav and Gusinje (1878–1880) | League of Prizren Support: Ottoman Empire |
Principality of Montenegro | Victory
| |
League of Prizren Secessionist War (1880–1881) |
League of Prizren | Ottoman Empire
Support: |
Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1909 (1909) |
Malsor Tribesman | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1910 (May–June 1910) |
Kosovar Rebels Shkodran Rebels Dibran Rebels Malsor Tribesman Support: Kingdom of Serbia |
Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1911 (1911) |
Malsor Tribesman Shkodran Tribesmen |
Ottoman Empire | Peace is negotiated
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1912 (1912) |
Kosovar Rebels Gheg Rebels Shkodran Rebels Malsor Rebels Dibran Rebels Central Albanian Muslims Tosk Rebels Mati Tribesmen Mirdita Tribesmen Ottoman Albanian Deserters Armaments Support: Kingdom of Montenegro Vocal Support: Austria-Hungary Kingdom of Bulgaria British Empire |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
|
Independence to the end of the First World War (1912–1918)
Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Battle of Mashkullorë
(1908) |
Albanian rebels of Çerçiz Topulli | Ottoman Gendarmerie | Albanian victory
|
Serbian invasion of Albania during the First Balkan War (1912–1913) |
Ottoman Empire Albanian guerrillas Albanian Tribesmen |
Kingdom of Serbia | Serbian Victory
|
Battle of Lumë (1912) |
Albanians from Luma Albanians from Dibra Albanians from Gjakova highlands |
Kingdom of Serbia |
Victory
|
Siege of Shkodër (1912–1913) |
Ottoman Empire Albanian volunteers Naval Support in May 1913 only: Kingdom of Italy British Empire |
Kingdom of Montenegro Kingdom of Serbia |
Status quo ante bellum
|
Greek invasion of Albania and Epirus during the First Balkan War (1912–1913) | Ottoman Empire Albanian guerrillas Albanian Tribesmen |
Kingdom of Greece | Greek victory
|
Ohrid-Debar Uprising (September–October 1913) |
State of Albania Albanian Rebels in Macedonia Kingdom of Bulgaria IMRO |
Kingdom of Serbia | Defeat
|
First Northern Epirote Uprising (March–May 1914) |
Principality of Albania Albanian irregulars Kingdom of the Netherlands |
Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus Kingdom of Greece |
Ceasefire
|
First Peasant Revolt in Albania (May–August 1914) |
Principality of Albania Kosovar Albanian Kachaks Mirdita Tribesmen Mati Tribesmen Austro-Hungarian Volunteers Romanian Volunteers Support: Austro-Hungarian Empire Kingdom of the Netherlands |
Muslim Albanian Rebels Republic of Central Albania Support: Ottoman Empire |
Muslim Albanian victory
|
Second Peasant Revolt in Albania (September 1914) |
Principality of Albania Kingdom of the Netherlands |
Muslim Albanian Rebels | Muslim Albanian victory
|
Second Northern Epirote Uprising (September–October 1914) |
Principality of Albania |
Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus | Defeat
|
Third Peasant Revolt in Albania (September–October 1914) |
Principality of Albania | Republic of Central Albania Muslim Albanian Rebels Support: Kingdom of Serbia Kingdom of Italy |
Republic of Central Albania Victory
|
Fourth Peasant Revolt in Albania (November 1914) |
Republic of Central Albania Support: Kingdom of Italy |
Muslim Albanian Rebels | Republic of Central Albania Victory
|
Italian invasion of Vlorë (December 1914) |
Principality of Albania | Kingdom of Italy | Defeat
|
Serbian army's retreat through Albania (October 1915–January 1916) |
Albanian guerrillas Albanian Tribesmen |
Army of the Kingdom of Serbia | Victory
|
Austro-Hungarian Invasion of Albania (January 1916–April 1916) |
Austro-Hungarian Empire Albanian guerrillas |
Kingdom of Italy Republic of Central Albania |
Austro-Hungarian Victory |
Central Power invasion and occupation of Albania (December 1915 |
Austro-Hungarian Empire Kingdom of Bulgaria (Until September 1917) Gheg guerrillas Tosk guerrillas Mati Tribesmen |
Republic of Central Albania |
Interwar Period (1918–1939)
Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Uprising of Dukagjini (1919) |
Kosovar Albanian Kachaks Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo |
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes | Mixed results
|
Koplik War
(1920-1921) |
Principality of Albania Albanian Rebels |
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes | Victory |
Second Uprising in Dukagjini
(1920) |
Kosovar Albanian Kachaks Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo |
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes | Kachak Victory
|
Vlora War (1920) |
Principality of Albania Albanian Rebels |
Kingdom of Italy | Victory |
Yugoslav Invasion of the Neutral Zone of Junik
(1921) |
Kosovar Albanian Kachaks Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo |
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes | Kachak Victory
|
Albanian-Yugoslav war
(1921) |
Principality of Albania | Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes | Victory
|
Uprising in West Hungary (1921) | Austria Hungary (disarmament of the rebels in 1922) Czechoslovakia (small border conflicts) France(Non-combatant military mission) * French Algeria |
Rongyos Gárda Lajtabánság Bosnian and Albanian Muslim volunteers |
Hungarian victory and the Sopron Referendum |
Albanian Revolt of 1922 (1922) |
Principality of Albania | Albanian Kachaks Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo |
Albanian Principality Victory
|
Kachak Invasion of Albania (1923) |
Principality of Albania | Kosovar Albanian Kachaks Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo |
Albanian Principality Victory
|
June Revolution (1924) |
Fan Noli supporters (Albanian peasants) Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo |
Ahmet Zogu supporters (Mati Tribesmen) | Noli Victory
|
Drenica-Junik Uprising (1924) |
Kosovar Albanian Kachaks Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo |
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes | Kachak Defeat
|
Zogu Invasion of Albania (1924) |
Ahmet Zogu supporters (Mati Tribesmen) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes |
Fan Noli supporters (Albanian peasants) Principality of Albania Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo |
Zogu Victory
|
Italian invasion of Albania (1939) |
Kingdom of Albania | Kingdom of Italy | Defeat |
Second World War and Cold War (1939–1991)
Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Greco-Italian War (1940–1941) |
Kingdom of Italy | Kingdom of Greece Air support: British Empire |
Stalemate
|
Uprising in Montenegro
(1941) |
Kingdom of Italy | Partisans | Victory
|
Battle of Novi Pazar
(1941) |
Albanian/Muslim militia victory | ||
Battle of Përmetit
(1943) |
LANÇ | Italy | Albanian victory
|
Battle of Reç
(1943) |
LANÇ | Italy | Albanian victory
|
Greek Insurgency in South Albania
(1941-1944) |
Italian Albania (Until 1943)
German Albania (From 1943) |
EDES | Albanian Victory
|
First Karadak-Gollak Uprising(1941-1944) | Balli Kombëtar | Kingdom of Bulgaria | Albanian Victory
|
Albanian Resistance of World War II (1939–1944) |
LANÇ Legality Movement Balli Kombëtar (Until 1943) |
Kingdom of Italy (Until 1943)
Nazi Germany (From 1943) Balli Kombëtar (From 1943) |
Albanian Communist Victory
|
Cold War (1945–1991) | |||
Corfu Channel incident (1946–1948) |
Albania | United Kingdom | World Court case in 1949
Albania pays compensations to Britain |
Albanian-Greek border incident (1949) |
Albania | Kingdom of Greece
Supported by: |
Victory |
Operation Valuable(1949) | Albania | United Kingdom United States |
Victory
|
Greek Civil War (1946–1949) |
Provisional Democratic Government
NOF partisans |
Kingdom of Greece
Supported by: |
Mixed results
|
Albanian-Yugoslav conflict
(1950-1957) |
Albania | Yugoslavia
|
Victory
|
Attack on Party of Labour of Albania
(1960) |
Albania | USSR
|
Victory
|
Albanian–Soviet split
(1961-1970) |
Albania | USSR
|
Victory
|
The attack on the Soviet naval presence
(1969-1970) |
Albania | USSR | Victory
|
Sino-Albanian split
(1960-1972) |
Albania | China CCP |
Mixed results
|
1981 protests in Kosovo
(1981) |
Kosovo Albanians demonstrator
Supported by: |
SAP Kosovo SR Serbia SFR Yugoslavia |
Mixed results
|
Post Cold War era (1991–)
See also
References
Citations
- ^ Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1984). The Despotate of Epiros, 1267-1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. pp. 142–5. ISBN 9780521261906. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
- ^ Fine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. ISBN 0472082604.
Early in 1385 John Spata attacked Ioannina but soon withdrew when he saw he could not crack the defenses created by Esau.
- ^ Fine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5.
- ^ "Between Serb and Albanian". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2021-08-19.
- ^ "1515 | John Musachi: Brief Chronicle on the Descendants of our Musachi Dynasty". 2010-09-10. Archived from the original on 2010-09-10. Retrieved 2021-08-19.
- ^ Fine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. ISBN 0472082604.
Early in 1385 John Spata attacked Jannina but soon withdrew when he saw he could not crack the defenses created by Esau.
- ^ Fine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. ISBN 0472082604.
- ^ Fine (1994), p. 356: "However, despite winning a major open-field battle against Tocco's forces in 1412, the Albanian allies could not take Jannina"
- ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994), The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5,
Carlo brought his forces south; the people of Arta submitted to him, and he entered the town in October 1416..
- ^ a b Barjaktarović, Mirko (1984). Rovca: etnološka monografija (in Serbian). Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti.
- ^ a b c Showalter, Dennis (2013). Imperial Wars 1815–1914. Amber Books. ISBN 9781782741251.
Markos Botsaris' band of 450 Greek rebels made a night attack on an Ottoman Army of 13,000 men encamped near Karpenisi.TheGreeks inflicted1000 casualtiesalmostwithout loss, but retreated...
- ^ Dontas, Domna N. (1990). The Last Phase of the War of Independence in Western Greece. ISBN 9789025609870. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
As a result of these skirmishes, the Albanians were obliged to seek refuge in Karpenisi.
- ^ Thomopoulos, Elaine (13 December 2011). The History of Greece. p. 62. ISBN 9780313375125.
Markos Botsaris, a Souliot, participated in battles in western Greece... On the night of August 21, 1823, he led the attack on Karpenisi in central Greece by 350 Souliots, against around 1,000 Ottoman troops.
- ^ Trencsenyi, Balazs; Kopecek, Michal (January 2006). National Romanticism: The Formation of National Movements. p. 173. ISBN 9789637326608. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
Ali Pasha reached the bounadaries of the Souliots.
- ^ Trencsenyi, Balazs; Kopecek, Michal (January 2006). National Romanticism: The Formation of National Movements. p. 173. ISBN 9789637326608. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
In Albanian Marko Bocari (1788-1823). Member of a prominent Souliot Orthodox family. Exiled from his native Epirus in 1803, he joined Ali Pasha in 1820 and later he took part in the Greek War of Independence. He died in the battle of Karpenisi.
- ^ Brian De Jongh; John Gandon; Geoffrey Graham-Bell (2000). The Companion Guide to Greece. ISBN 9781900639354. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
A Turkish force of four thousand men was surprised one summer night in 1823 by Markos Botsaris, one of the ablest champions of Greek independence, and three hundred and fifty Souliots.
- ^ Authors, Multiple (2013-09-17). Imperial Wars 1815–1914 "Markos Botsaris' band of 450 Greek rebels made a night attack on an Ottoman Army of 13,000 men encamped near Karpenisi. The Greeks inflicted 1000 casualties almost without loss, but retreated...". Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78274-125-1.
- ^ Bradford, James C. (2004). International Encyclopedia of Military History. Routledge. ISBN 9781135950330.
...an Ottoman force of 10,000 Albanian mercenaries led by Mustai Pasha was routed by Markos Botsaris, who was killed in the Battle of Karpenisi (21 August 1823).
- ^ Maria Lada-Minōtou (1994). The National Historical Museum. ISBN 9789608557307. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
The fatal wounding of the Souliot hero Markos Botsaris at Kefalov- rysi, near Karpenisi, in a battle with the Turks in 1823, his death and his burial at Mesolonghi are the subjects of four ink drawings produced around 1830 by Athanasios latridis.
- ^ Angelos Delēvorrias; Elektra Georgoula; Dēmētrēs Arvanitakēs (2005). From Byzantium to modern Greece: Hellenic art in adversity, 1453-1830 : from the collections of the Benaki Museum, Athens. ISBN 9780977659807. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
The Souliot leader Marcos Botsaris (1790-1823) exhibited extraordinary bravery and military skills during the Souliots' struggle against ... The operation was successful, but Botsaris was mortally wounded in the battle at nearby Karpenisi.
- ^ a b c d e f g Pollo 1984, p. 125
- ^ Michael Schuman (14 May 2014). Serbia and Montenegro. p. 19. ISBN 9781438122526. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ Clissold, Henry Clifford Darby (1966). Short History of Yugoslavia. CUP Archive. p. 79. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
civil war montenegro 1847.
- ^ William Miller (12 October 2012). The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors, 1801-1927. ISBN 9781136260469. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ Stickney, Edith Pierpont (1926). Southern Albania Or. Northern Epirus in European International Affairs: 1912-1923. Stanford University Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780804761710.
The position of the Greek government during this revolution in Northern Epirus was one of strict neutrality
- ^ Jung, Peter (20 May 2003). The Austro-Hungarian Forces in World War I (1): 1914-16. p. 13. ISBN 9781841765945. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
- ^ a b "26 July 1920, took place the Koplik war against the Yugoslav army". www.qmksh.al. 25 July 2017.
- ^ a b "Malësorët e Malësisë (Në Mal të Zi) dhe Lufta e Koplikut". 12 October 2020.
- ^ "ALBANIA ALLEGES GREEK INVASION". Morning Bulletin (Rockhampton, Qld. : 1878 - 1954). 1949-08-12. p. 1. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
- ^ "Sulmi ushtarak grek i 2 gushtit 1949 në Jug, agresion strategjik për pushtimin e Shqipërisë". sot.com.al. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
- ^ "Энвер Ходжа. Его жизнь и работа. - Enver Hoxha. His Life and Work". www.enverhoxha.ru. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
- ^ "THE PARTY OF LABOUR OF ALBANIA. IN BATTLE WITH MODERN REVISIONISM - Enver Hoxha. SPEECHES AND ARTICELS" (PDF). www.marxists.org. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. 246.
Bibliography
- Elsie, Robert (2010). Historical Dictionary of Albania. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7380-3.
- Pollo, Stefanaq (1984), Historia e Shqipërisë: Vitet 30 të shek. XIX-1912 (in Albanian), Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Historisë, OCLC 165705732