School shooting

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Terrorism
 

A school shooting is an occurrence in which gun violence takes place at an educational institution. A school shooting involves a firearm being discharged at a school infrastructure, and may refer to incidents of shootings on a school bus or near school property while school is in session.

Contents

Profiling[edit]

School shooting is a topic of intense interest in the United States.[1] A thorough study of all United States school shootings by the U.S. Secret Service[2] warned against the belief that a certain "type" of student would be a perpetrator. Any profile would fit too many students to be useful and may not apply to a potential perpetrator. Some lived with both parents in "an ideal, All-American family." Some were children of divorce, or lived in foster homes. A few were loners, but most had close friends. Some experts such as Alan Lipman have warned against the dearth of empirical validity of profiling methods.

While it may be simplistic to assume a straightforward "profile", the study did find certain similarities among the perpetrators. "The researchers found that killers do not 'snap'. They plan. They acquire weapons. These children take a long, considered, public path toward violence."[1] Princeton's Katherine Newman has found that, far from being "loners", the perpetrators are "joiners" whose attempts at social integration fail, and that they let their thinking and even their plans be known, sometimes frequently over long periods of time.

Perpetrators who "run amok" in schools and other public settings do also share in common a severe lapse or more pervasive deficit in their capacity for empathy coupled with their inability to contain their aggression—this may be due to significant psychopathy, psychotic symptoms (i.e. loss of a sense of reality), and/or to a consequence of significant violent traumatization—such as that of early physical abuse, that contributes to the development of dissociative states of mind (i.e. disavowal of reality, derealization, depersonalization). In short, as Columbia's Daniel Schechter has written, for a baby to develop into a troubled adolescent who then turns lethally violent, a convergence of multiple interacting factors must occur, that is "every bit as complicated...as it is for a tornado to form on a beautiful spring day in Kansas."[3]

Many of the shooters told Secret Service investigators that alienation or persecution drove them to violence. According to the United States Secret Service,[4] instead of looking for traits, the Secret Service urges adults to ask about behavior:

“ 1. What has this child said?
2. Do they have grievances?
3. What do their friends know?
4. Do they have access to weapons?
5. Are they depressed or despondent?[5]		 ”


One "trait" that has not yet attracted as much attention is the gender difference: nearly all school shootings are perpetrated by young males, and in some instances the violence has clearly been gender-specific. Bob Herbert addressed this in an October 2006 New York Times editorial.[6] However, at least three female school shooting incidents have been documented,[7][8] including Laurie Dann of Winnetka, Illinois.

School shootings receive extensive media coverage and are frequent in the US (see list below). They have sometimes resulted in nationwide changes of schools' policies concerning discipline and security. Some experts have described fears about school shootings as a type of moral panic.[9]

Such incidents may also lead to nationwide discussion on gun laws.[10]

School bullying[edit]

"Bullying is common in schools and seemed to play a role in the lives of many of the school shooters"[11] A typical bullying interaction consist of three parts, the offender/bully, a victim and one or more bystanders. This formula of three enables the bully to easily create public humiliation for their victim.[citation needed] Once humiliated, victims never want to be a victim again and try to regain their image by joining groups. Often, they are rejected by their peers and follow through by restoring justice in what they see as an unjust situation. Their plan for restoration many times results in violence as shown by the school shooters. 87% of school shooters claimed or left behind evidence of them being victims of bullying, including Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, Nathan Ferris, Edmar Aparecido Freitas, Brian Head, Seung-Hui Cho, Wellington Menezes Oliveira, Jeff Weise, and Adam Lanza.[12]

Psychiatric drugs[edit]

Despite twenty two international drug regulatory warnings on psychiatric drugs citing effects of mania, hostility, violence and even homicidal ideation, and dozens of high profile school shootings/killings tied to psychiatric drug use, there has yet to be a federal investigation in the United States on the link between psychiatric drugs and acts of violence. At least 31 school shootings and/or school-related acts of violence have been committed by those taking or withdrawing from psychiatric drugs resulting in 162 wounded and 72 killed (in other school shootings, information about their drug use was never made public—neither confirming or refuting if they were under the influence of prescribed drugs). The most important fact about this list, is that these are only cases where the information about their psychiatric drug use was made public. [13]

Notable school shootings[edit]

Main article: List of school-related attacks
 This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Needs to have a summary paragraph of text.. Please help improve this section if you can. (December 2009)

North America[edit]

United States[edit]

Main article: List of school shootings in the United States

Canada[edit]

Name Location Date Year Death toll Notes
Altona schoolhouse shooting Altona, Manitoba October 10 1902 5 J. J. Toews, a schoolteacher, confronted on the road three school trustees with whom he had some problems with, drew a revolver, and shot all of them. Toews then returned to the schoolhouse and shot three female students before turning the gun on himself. Two of the trustees, Rempel and Hiebert, as well as two of the girls shot all sustained fatal wounds.[14]
Centennial Secondary School shooting Brampton, Ontario May 28 1975 3 16-year-old gunman Michael Slobodian shot and killed a fellow student and a teacher, injuring 13 other students before turning the gun on himself and committing suicide in a school hallway. It was the first school shooting in Canada.[15] Slobodian is the first recorded high-school killer in the country
St. Pius X High School shooting Ottawa, Ontario October 27 1975 2 Robert Poulin, an 18-year-old St. Pius student, opened fire on his classmates with a shotgun, killing one and wounding five before turning the gun on himself and committing suicide. Poulin had raped and stabbed his 17-year-old friend Kim Rabot to death prior to the shooting. A book entitled Rape of a Normal Mind was written about the incident.[15]
Sturgeon Creek High School Shooting Winnipeg, Manitoba October 1978 1 A 17-year-old student shot a 16-year-old to death, allegedly for ridiculing the American rock band Kiss. He was arrested and found not guilty of first-degree murder by reason of insanity.[15]
École Polytechnique massacre Montreal, Quebec December 6 1989 15 25-year-old Marc Lépine, armed with a legally obtained semi-automatic rifle and a hunting knife, embarked on a shooting spree throughout the school, killing fourteen women and injuring ten other women and four men before killing himself.[15]
Concordia University massacre Montreal, Quebec August 24 1992 4 Dr. Valery Fabrikant, a 52-year-old former associate professor of mechanical engineering at Concordia, shot and killed four of his ex-colleagues and wounded a fifth before being subdued by two people he took hostage and arrested by police.[15]
W. R. Myers High School shooting Taber, Alberta April 28 1999 1 A 14-year-old student, Todd Cameron Smith, walked into his school and randomly shot at three students, killing one named Jason Lang and injuring another before being arrested.[16] This shooting took place only eight days after the Columbine High School massacre and is widely believed to have been a copycat crime.
Dawson College shooting Montreal, Quebec September 13 2006 2 25-year-old Kimveer Gill began shooting outside the de Maisonneuve Boulevard entrance to the school, hitting several students and visitors, and moved towards the atrium by the cafeteria on the main floor, where he shot dozens of additional victims.[17][18] The shooter later committed suicide by shooting himself in the head after being shot in the arm by police.[19] One victim died at the scene, while another 19 were injured, eight of whom were listed in critical condition with six requiring surgery.[20][21][22]
C. W. Jefferys Collegiate Institute shooting Toronto, Ontario May 23 2007 1 Two 17-year-old Canadian citizens, whom the media can not identify under the provisions of Canada's Youth Criminal Justice Act, were arrested on May 27, 2007, and charged with the first-degree murder of a 15-year-old student at the C. W. Jefferys Collegiate Institute. Prior to one of the arrests, police had taken the unusual step of obtaining a judicial order to publish one suspect's name and photograph as he was considered armed and dangerous. Media reported his identity and photo, then had to take the stories off their websites after he was arrested hours later.[15]
Bendale Business and Technical Institute shooting Toronto, Ontario September 16 2008 0 A 16-year-old boy was shot in the chest in the school's parking lot following an altercation involving several people. The victim was hospitalized in critical condition. On September 17, 2008, Toronto Police announced it had made two arrests in the case; 18-year-old Mark Deicsics, was charged with armed robbery.[23]
Central Technical School shooting Toronto, Ontario September 30 2010 0 At least one gunshot was fired from a semi-automatic pistol following a confrontation between four students. The school was placed under lock down until 4:45 p.m., when two 17-year-olds were charged by the Toronto Police Service, one with charges related to the shooting, the other with conspiracy. No one was seriously hurt or killed, but the shooting victim had suffered a graze wound to his temple.[24][25]
Les Racines de vie Montessori Gatineau, Quebec April 5 2013 2 A gunman killed one man and himself at a small daycare. There were 53 children present at the school, which is divided between two houses. Daycare staff at the houses, 225 and 229 Gamelin St., called 911 at 10:27 a.m. about a man threatening people. Police arrived and found one man dead with a shotgun beside him, apparently a suicide. A second dead man was found soon after. Police have identified one of the dead as Robert Charron but have not named him the shooter.[26]

Europe[edit]

Name Location Date Year Death toll Notes
Bremen school shooting Bremen, Germany June 20 1913 5[27] 29-year-old unemployed teacher Heinz Schmidt indiscriminately shot at students and teachers, killing four girls and wounding more than twenty others before being subdued by school staff. A fifth girl also died during the incident when she fell down a staircase.[28]
Kungälv school shooting Kungälv, Sweden March 4 1961 1 A 17-year-old student fired fifteen bullets into a crowd at a school dance at Kungälvs Läroverk (a/k/a Thorildskolan), killing one student and wounding six others before escaping. He turned himself in to local police the following morning and was arrested.
Cologne school massacre Cologne, Germany June 11 1964 11[29] 42-year-old Walter Seifert attacked numerous students and adults with a flamethrower, killing eight students before murdering his last two victims, both female teachers, with a lance. He then swallowed E605, poisoning himself in a suicide attempt; he died the following day.
Eppstein school shooting Eppstein, Germany June 3 1983 6 34-year-old Czech refugee Karel Charva opened fire in a sixth-grade classroom, first shooting and wounding the teacher, then killing three students and injuring fourteen others. He then killed a teacher and a police officer who tried to intervene before committing suicide. An additional thirty children suffered from shock during the incident.
Raumanmeri school shooting Rauma, Finland January 24 1989 2 Two students were fatally shot by a 14-year-old student at the Raumanmeri secondary school. The shooter had claimed to be a victim of bullying.[30]
Aarhus University shooting Aarhus, Denmark April 5 1994 3 35-year-old student Flemming Nielsen shot and killed two people and wounded two others with a sawed-off shotgun before taking his own life.[31]
Dunblane massacre Dunblane, Scotland March 13 1996 18 43-year-old Thomas Hamilton opened fire in a gymnasium, killing sixteen children and one adult and injuring fifteen others before committing suicide. It remains the deadliest attack on children in Scottish history.[32]
ROC de Leijgraaf Veghel, Netherlands December 7 1999 0 [33][34]
Erfurt massacre Erfurt, Germany April 26 2002 17 19-year-old Robert Steinhäuser began shooting through his former school, targeting teachers and faculty members. Twelve teachers and one administrator were killed, along with two students and a police officer; only one other person was injured. The shooter then committed suicide.[35]
Coburg shooting Coburg, Germany July 3 2003 1 A 16-year-old student, known only as Florian K., shoots and wounds his teacher and an intervening school psychiatrist before taking his own life.[36]
Terra College The Hague, Netherlands January 2004 1 A student shoots the school principal, Hans van Wieren, in the head.[37]
Rötz school shooting Rötz, Germany March 7 2005 0 After being ordered to leave the classroom, a 14-year-old student returned with a gun and threatened the life of the 35-year-old class teacher. During a struggle the weapon was fired and taken from the student. Investigators' findings state that the student did not intend to kill the teacher, but himself. No one was injured.[38]
Geschwister Scholl School attack Emsdetten, Germany November 20 2006 1 18-year-old Bastian Bosse, a former student of the school, fired several shots with two sawed-off rifles and a caplock pistol and also threw several homemade smoke bombs before killing himself. The incident ended with no other fatalities, with 37 people being injured, including four students who suffered gunshot wounds, one teacher wounded by being hit in the face with a smoke bomb, sixteen police officers who suffered from smoke inhalation, and the school custodian who was shot in the abdomen inside the school.[citation needed]
Jokela school shooting Tuusula, Finland November 7 2007 9 18-year-old Pekka-Eric Auvinen opened fire in the school's main hallway, killing six students, school principal Helena Kalmi, and the school nurse before shooting and wounding himself in a suicide attempt; he later died at a hospital. One other person suffered gunshot wounds, and eleven people were injured by shattering glass while escaping from the school building. The day before the incident, Auvinen posted a video on YouTube predicting the massacre at the school.[39][40]
Kauhajoki school shooting Kauhajoki, Finland September 23 2008 11 22-year-old student Matti Juhani Saari entered the school via the basement and opened fire in a classroom he attended before setting it on fire with homemade Molotov cocktails and then fleeing the scene. Nine students and one staff member died in the incident. A woman was shot in the head and critically wounded, but survived after having two operations, while ten other students sustained minor injuries such as sprains and cuts from broken glass. Authorities eventually found Saari, who had shot himself but was still alive; he died later a short time later. It was assumed that the above school shooting, which happened less than a year earlier, inspired Saari to commit the massacre.[41]
Winnenden school shooting Winnenden, Germany March 11 2009 16 17-year-old Tim Kretschmer, a former student of the school, opened fire in two classrooms and a chemistry laboratory, killing nine and injuring seven others. He then successfully escaped the school, killing two female teachers in the process. Afterwards, he shot and killed the caretaker of a psychiatric facility and then carjacked a motorist, who drove him into another town before escaping unharmed. The shooter opened fire in a car showroom after unsuccessfully trying to steal a car, killing two and injuring two others. He then committed suicide after a brief shootout with police.[42][43]
OAED Vocational College shooting Athens, Greece April 10 2009 1 19-year-old Dimitris Patmanidis shot and wounded a student and two workers from a nearby technical company before shooting and wounding himself in the head in a suicide attempt. He died later at a hospital.[44]
Kanebogen Elementary School shooting Harstad, Norway April 28 2009 0 A nine-year-old student fires a shotgun in schoolyard; however, nobody was injured in the incident. The shooter was disarmed and subdued by a female teacher, but due to his age, when he wasn't tried for the crime, although his father was fined for not keeping the shotgun, a rifle, and ammunition according to Norwegian rules. This was the first Norwegian school shooting.[45]
University of Pécs shooting Pécs, Hungary November 26 2009 1 A 23-year-old student entered the building of the university's biophysics research institute and opened fire in the classroom, killing one man. In earlier reports, two people were reported to be in critical condition and a third in serious condition.[citation needed]
Toulouse school shooting Toulouse, France March 19 2012 5 23-year-old Islamist terrorist and antisemitic Mohammed Merah opened fire at a Jewish day school, killing three schoolchildren and a teacher. The incident was the last of three terrorist attacks against French soldiers and Jewish civilians, occurring in an eight-day span. The shooter was later shot and killed by police after a massive three-day manhunt and a 30-hour standoff at his home.[46]

South America, Asia and Oceania[edit]

Name Location Date Death toll Notes
Waikino Schoolhouse shooting New Zealand October 19, 1923 2 Two children killed and nine wounded, including the headmaster, by John Higgins.[47]
Ma'alot massacre Ma'alot, Israel May 15, 1974 25 The Ma'alot massacre was a terrorist attack carried out by the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine at the Netiv Meir elementary school in the town of Ma'alot. It included a two-day hostage-taking of 115 people which ended in the deaths of over 25 hostages.
Orara High School Coffs Harbour, Australia June 19, 1991 0 A student bought a rifle to school injuring 2 teachers and 1 student. The shooter was tackled to the ground by fellow students.[48]
Sanaa massacre Sana'a, Yemen March 30, 1997 8 The Sanaa massacre was a school massacre that occurred in Sana'a, Yemen, on March 30, 1997. Mohammad Ahman al-Naziri, 48, attacked hundreds of pupils at two schools, killing six children and two adults with an assault rifle. Naziri, whose five children attended the Tala'i school, alleged that one of his daughters had been raped by the school administrator. No evidence was found of this. Naziri was sentenced to death the next day and executed on April 5, 1997.[citation needed]
University of the Philippines shooting Quezon City, Philippines February 19, 1999 1 A student was shot dead by a fraternity member after being mistaken for a member of the rival fraternity.[citation needed]
La Trobe University shooting Melbourne, Australia August 3, 1999 1 [citation needed]
Longzhou County Middle School shooting Longzhou County, China October 19, 1999 1 After spending the afternoon drinking, school guard Liang Yongcheng walked into a students' dormitory at a middle school in Longzhou county and threatened to kill everybody who tried to stop him. He eventually committed suicide, but not before shooting a teacher and six students with a hunting rifle.[49]
Number 34 Middle School Lanzhou, China September 26, 2002 2 Yang Zhengming, who worked as a mini-bus driver for Number 34 Middle School in Lanzhou, killed a teacher and wounded two others at the school with a hunting rifle, one of the wounded being his former girlfriend. Police finally shot him dead after negotiating with him for two hours while he was standing on the roof and threatened to commit suicide.[50][51]
Monash University shooting Melbourne, Australia October 21, 2002 2 The Monash University shooting refers to a shooting in which a student shot his classmates and teacher, killing two and injuring five. It took place at Monash University in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, on October 21, 2002.[52]
Tomaree High School Salamander Bay, Australia April 3, 2003 0 The shooter threw petrol bombs before opening fire with a crossbow, seriously wounding 2 students.[53]
Pak Phanang school shooting Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand June 6, 2003 2 17-year-old Anatcha Boonkwan killed two, injured four of his fellow students after losing a fist-fight with one of his classmates.[54]
Islas Malvinas School shooting Carmen de Patagones, Argentina September 28, 2004 4 Four students killed and five wounded by a 15-year-old student in a town 620 miles south of Buenos Aires.[55]
Beirut Arab University shooting Beirut, Lebanon January 25, 2007 4 Four people were shot dead in clashes between pro- and anti-government activists on Thursday and about 200 were hurt in the violence that flared after a scuffle between students at a Beirut university. The opposition accused the government camp of starting the riots and the four dead included two Hezbollah students, who were fired at from rooftops.[citation needed]
Euro International school shooting Gurgaon, India December 12, 2007 1 A shooting occurred at Euro International, a private secondary school in Gurgaon, Haryana, India. The gunmen were students 14-year-old Akash Yadav and 13-year-old Vikas Yadav, who shot and killed a 14-year-old student.[citation needed]
Mercaz HaRav shooting Jerusalem, Israel March 6, 2008 9 Alaa Abu Dhein, an Israeli Arabic yeshiva bus driver, entered the Mercaz HaRav yeshiva with guns blazing, killing eight and wounding seven, before being shot dead himself by a part-time student. This incident, as do many massacres in the Levant, soon took on racial and religious overtones, pitting Palestinians and Israeli Arabs against Jews.[citation needed]
Azerbaijan State Oil Academy shooting Baku, Azerbaijan April 30, 2009 13 29-year-old Farda Gadirov opened fire with a Makarov PM semi-automatic pistol inside the school building of Azerbaijan State Oil Academy, killing 12 people, and wounding 13 others. He committed suicide by shooting himself in the head.[56][57][58]
Realengo massacre Rio de Janeiro, Brazil April 7, 2011 13 A former student (23) fatally shot 12 people inside the school and committed suicide after being shot down by a policeman.[59]
Modbury High School Adelaide, Australia May 7, 2012 0 A Year eight student took a revolver on school grounds, firing shots, nobody was injured.[60]

Africa[edit]

Name Location Date Death toll Notes
Maiduguri school shooting Maiduguri, Nigeria June 18, 2013 9 Nigeria militants killed nine schoolchildren at a school in Maiduguri.[61]

Political impact[edit]

School shootings and other mass killings have had a political impact, spurring some to press for more stringent gun control laws. In the United States, the National Rifle Association is opposed to such laws, and some groups have called for fewer gun control laws, citing cases of armed students ending shootings and halting further loss of life, and claiming that the prohibitions against carrying a gun in schools do not deter the gunmen.[62][better source needed] One such example is the Mercaz HaRav Massacre, where the attacker was not stopped by police but rather a student, Yitzhak Dadon, who stopped the attacker by shooting him with his personal firearm which he lawfully carried concealed. At a Virginia law school, there is a disputed claim that two students retrieved pistols from their cars and stopped the attacker without firing a shot.[citation needed] Also, at a Mississippi high school, the Vice Principal retrieved a firearm from his vehicle and then eventually stopped the attacker as he was driving away from the school.[citation needed] In other cases, such as shootings at Columbine and Red Lake High Schools, the presence of an armed police officer did little to nothing to prevent the killings.[citation needed]

A ban on the ownership of handguns was introduced in the United Kingdom (with the exception of Northern Ireland) following the Dunblane massacre.[63]

Police response and countermeasures[edit]

Analysis of the Columbine school shooting and other incidents where first responders waited for backup has resulted in changed recommendations regarding what bystanders and first responders should do. Average response time by police to a mass shooting is 3 minutes. In most instances that exceeds the time the shooter is engaged in killing. While immediate action may be extremely dangerous, it may save lives which would be lost if people involved in the situation remain passive, or a police response in delayed until overwhelming force can be deployed. It is recommended that civilians involved in the incident take active steps to flee, hide, or fight the shooter and that individual law enforcement officers present or first arriving at the scene attempt immediately to engage the shooter. In many instances immediate action by civilians or law enforcement has saved lives.[64]

Armed classrooms[edit]

For years, some areas in the US have allowed "armed classrooms" to deter (or truncate) future attacks by changing helpless victims into armed defenders. In 2008, Harrold Independent School District in Texas became the first public school district in the U.S. to allow teachers with state-issued firearm-carry permits to carry their arms in the classroom; special additional training and ricochet-resistant ammunition were required for participating teachers.[65] Students at the University of Utah have been allowed to carry concealed pistols (so long as they possess the appropriate state license) since a State Supreme Court decision in 2006.[66][67] In addition to Utah, Wisconsin and Mississippi each have legislation that allow students, faculty and employees with the proper permit, to carry concealed weapons on their public university's campuses.[68][69] Colorado and Oregon state courts have ruled in favor of Campus Carry laws by denying University's proposals to ban guns on campus. Ruling that the UC Board of Regents and the Oregon University System did not have the authority to ban weapons on campus.[70][71] A selective ban was then re-instated, wherein Oregon state universities enacted a ban on guns in school building and sporting events or by anyone contracted with the university in question.[72]

A commentary in the conservative National Review Online argues that the armed school approach for preventing school attacks, while new in the US, has been used successfully for many years in Israel and Thailand.[73] Teachers and school officials in Israel are allowed and encouraged to carry firearms if they have former military experience in the IDF, which almost all do. However, statistics on what percentage of teachers are actually armed are unavailable.

See also[edit]

Portal icon Criminal justice portal

References[edit]

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  24. ^ "High school locked down after gun fired". Toronto Star. Sept 30, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2013.  Unknown parameter |pubdate= ignored (help)
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  26. ^ "Gatineau police ID 1 of 2 men dead in daycare shooting". CBC News. April 5, 2013. Retrieved April 5, 2013.  Unknown parameter |pubdate= ignored (help)
  27. ^ Der Massenmord in der Mädchenschule, Prager Tagblatt (June 21, 1913)
  28. ^ Kills 3, wounds 17 in a classroom, The New York Times (June 21, 1913)
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  31. ^ Drabssager - 1994 (Danish)
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  41. ^ Cser, Attila (2008-09-23). "Gunman kills 10, self in Finnish school shooting". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-09-24. "The killer, 22-year-old Matti Saari, started a fire in the school and then shot himself in the head. He died later in Tampere University Hospital." 
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  45. ^ Nine-year-old fires shotgun at Norwegian school (28 April 2009) independent.co.uk
  46. ^ Tolouse school shootings traumatise French Jews (21 March 2012) bbc.co.uk
  47. ^ Anderson, Charles (23 December 2012). "Murder in a small Kiwi school". SundayStar-Times. p. A10. Retrieved 28 December 2012. 
  48. ^ http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1991/Student-Shoots-Three-Outside-His-School/id-9a37235e1f46bbf7d2e0acc5415db1b8
  49. ^ School guard injures seven in shooting spree, Guelph Mercury (October 26, 1999)
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Literature[edit]

  • Muschert, Glen – Sumiala, Johanna (eds.): School Shootings: Mediatized Violence in a Global Age. Studies in Media and Communications, 7. Bingley: Emerald, 2012. ISSN 2050-2060 ISBN 978-1-78052-918-9

External links[edit]

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