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An arcade game is a coin-operated entertainment machine, usually installed in public businesses, such as restaurants, bars, and particularly amusement arcades. Most arcade games are video games, pinball machines, electro-mechanical games, redemption games, and merchandisers (such as claw cranes).

The golden age of arcade video games was from the late 1970s to the 1980s. While arcade games were still relatively popular during the 1990s, this type of media saw a continuous decline in popularity in the Western world when video game consoles made the transition from 2D to 3D. Despite this, arcades remain popular in Asia through to the present day.

The term "arcade game" is also, in recent times, used to refer to a video game that was designed to look like a classic arcade game (adopting an isometric view, 2D graphics, scores, lives, etc.) but instead released on platforms such as XBLA or PC.

History

The first popular "arcade games" were early amusement park midway games such as shooting galleries, ball toss games, and the earliest coin-operated machines, such as those that claim to tell a person their fortune or played mechanical music. The old midways of 1920s-era amusement parks (such as Coney Island in New York) provided the inspiration and atmosphere of later arcade games.

In the 1930s, the earliest coin-operated pinball machines were made. These early amusement devices were distinct from their later electronic cousins in that they were made of wood, did not have plungers or lit-up bonus surfaces on the playing field, and used mechanical instead of electronic scoring readouts. By around 1977, most pinball machines in production switched to using solid state electronics for both operation and scoring.^[1]

Electro-mechanical games

In 1966, Sega introduced an electro-mechanical game called Periscope.^[2] It was an early submarine simulator and light gun shooter,^[3] which used lights and plastic waves to simulate sinking ships from a submarine.^[4] It became a worldwide success in Japan, Europe, and North America,^[5] where it was the first arcade game to cost a quarter per play,^[2] which would remain the standard price for arcade games for many years to come.^[5] In 1967, Taito released an electro-mechanical arcade game of their own, Crown Soccer Special, a two-player sports game that simulated association football, using various electronic components, including electronic versions of pinball flippers.^[6]

Sega later produced gun games which resemble first-person shooter video games, but were in fact electro-mechanical games that used rear image projection in a manner similar to the ancient zoetrope to produce moving animations on a screen.^[7] The first of these was the light gun game Duck Hunt,^[8] which Sega released in 1969;^[9] it featured animated moving targets on a screen, printed out the player's score on a ticket, and had sound effects that were volume controllable.^[8] That same year, Sega released an electro-mechanical arcade racing game Grand Prix, which had a first-person view, electronic sound, a dashboard with a racing wheel and accelerator,^[10] and a forward-scrolling road projected on a screen.^[11] Another Sega release that year was Missile, a shooter and vehicle combat simulation that featured electronic sound and a moving film strip to represent the targets on a projection screen. It was also the earliest known arcade game to feature a joystick with a fire button, which was used as part of an early dual-control scheme, where two directional buttons are used to move the player's tank and a two-way joystick is used to shoot and steer the missile onto oncoming planes displayed on the screen; when a plane is hit, an explosion is animated on screen along with an explosion sound.^[12] In 1970,^[13] the game was released in North America as S.A.M.I. by Midway.^[12] That same year, Sega released Jet Rocket, a combat flight simulator featuring cockpit controls that could move the player aircraft around a landscape displayed on a screen and shoot missiles onto targets that explode when hit.^[14]

Throughout the 1970s, electro-mechanical arcade games were gradually replaced by electronic video games, following the release of Pong in 1972.^[15] In 1972, Sega released an electro-mechanical game called Killer Shark, a first-person light gun shooter known for appearing in the 1975 film Jaws.^[7] In 1974, Nintendo released Wild Gunman, a light gun shooter that used full-motion video projection from 16 mm film to display live-action cowboy opponents on the screen.^[16] One of the last successful electro-mechanical arcade games was F-1, a racing game developed by Namco and distributed by Atari in 1976;^[17] the game was shown in the films Dawn of the Dead (1978)^[18] and Midnight Madness (1980), as was Sega's Jet Rocket in the latter film. The 1978 video game Space Invaders, however, dealt a yet more powerful blow to the popularity of electro-mechanical games.^[19]

Arcade video games

In 1971, students at Stanford University set up the Galaxy Game, a coin-operated version of the Spacewar video game. This is the earliest known instance of a coin-operated video game. Later in the same year, Nolan Bushnell created the first mass-manufactured such game, Computer Space, for Nutting Associates.

In 1972, Atari was formed by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. Atari essentially created the coin-operated video game industry with the game Pong, the first successful electronic ping pong video game. Pong proved to be popular, but imitators helped keep Atari from dominating the fledgling coin-operated video game market.

Golden age

Taito's Space Invaders, in 1978, proved to be the first blockbuster arcade video game.^[20] Its success marked the beginning of the golden age of arcade video games. Video game arcades sprang up in shopping malls, and small "corner arcades" appeared in restaurants, grocery stores, bars and movie theaters all over the United States, Japan and other countries during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Space Invaders (1978), Galaxian (1979), Pac-Man (1980), Battlezone (1980), Defender (1980), and Donkey Kong (1981) were especially popular. By 1981, the arcade video game industry was worth $8 billion.^[21]

During the late 1970s and 1980s, chains such as Chuck E. Cheese's, Ground Round, Dave and Busters, and Gatti's Pizza combined the traditional restaurant and/or bar environment with arcades.^[22] By the late-1980s, the arcade video game craze was beginning to fade due to advances in home video game console technology. By 1991, US arcade video game revenues had fallen to $2.1 billion.^[23]

Resurgence

In the early 1990s, the arcades experienced a major resurgence with the 1991 release of Capcom's Street Fighter II,^[24] which popularized competitive fighting games and revived the arcade industry to a level of popularity not seen since the days of Pac-Man.^[25] Its success led to a wave of other popular fighting games, such as Mortal Kombat by Midway Games,^[26] Fatal Fury: King of Fighters (1992) by SNK, Killer Instinct (1994) by Rare, and The King of Fighters (1994–2005) by SNK. Arcade video games thus experienced a resurgence with the advent of two-player fighting games.

Following the rise of 3D graphics in the early-mid 1990s, racing games^[25] and light gun shooters^[27] would also gain considerable popularity in the arcades.^[25] By 1994, arcade games in the United States were generating revenues of $7 billion^[28] in quarters (equivalent to $11 billion in 2011),^[29] in comparison to home console game sales of $6 billion,^[28] with many of the best-selling home video games in the early 1990s often being arcade ports.^[30] Combined, total arcade and console game revenues in 1994 was nearly two and a half times the $5 billion revenue grossed by movies in the United States at the time.^[28]

Around the mid-1990s, the fifth-generation home consoles, Sega Saturn, PlayStation, and Nintendo 64, began offering true 3D graphics. By 1996, personal computers followed, with 3D accelerator cards. While arcade systems such as the Sega Model 3 remained more advanced than home systems,^[31] consoles and computers began approaching technological parity with arcade equipment. The technological advantage that arcade games had, in their ability to customize and use the latest graphics and sound chips, narrowed, and the convenience of home games caused a rapid decline in arcade gaming. By 1998, Sega's 128-bit console, the Dreamcast, could produce 3D graphics on-par with arcade machines at the time.

Decline

Arcade video games had declined in popularity so much by the late 1990s, that revenues in the United States dropped to $1.33 billion in 1999,^[32] and reached a low of $866 million in 2004.^[33] Furthermore, by the early 2000s, networked gaming via computers and then consoles across the Internet had also appeared,^[34] replacing the venue of head to head competition and social atmosphere once provided solely by arcades.^[35]

The arcades also lost their status as the forefront of new game releases. Given the choice between playing a game at an arcade three or four times (perhaps 15 minutes of play for a typical arcade game), and renting, at about the same price, exactly the same game—for a video game console—the console became the preferred choice. Fighting games were the most attractive feature for arcades, since they offered the prospect of face-to-face competition and tournaments, which correspondingly led players to practice more (and spend more money in the arcade), but they could not support the business all by themselves.

To remain viable, arcades added other elements to complement the video games such as redemption games, merchandisers, and food service. Referred to as "fun centers" or "family fun centers",^[36] some of the longstanding chains such as Chuck E. Cheese's and Gatti's Pizza ("GattiTowns")^[37] also changed to this format. Many old video game arcades have long since closed, and classic coin-operated games have become largely the province of dedicated hobbyists.

Today

Today's arcades have found a niche in games that use special controllers largely inaccessible to home users. An alternative interpretation (one that includes fighting games, which continue to thrive and require no special controller) is that the arcade game is now a more socially-oriented hangout, with games that focus on an individual's performance, rather than the game's content, as the primary form of novelty. Examples of today's popular genres are rhythm games such as Dance Dance Revolution (1998) and DrumMania (1999), and rail shooters such as Virtua Cop (1994), Time Crisis and House of the Dead (1996).

In the Western world, the arcade video game industry still exists today but in a greatly reduced form. Video arcade game hardware is often based on home game consoles to facilitate porting a video arcade game to a home system; there are video arcade versions of Dreamcast (NAOMI, Atomiswave), PlayStation 2 (System 246), Nintendo GameCube (Triforce), and Microsoft Xbox (Chihiro) home consoles. Some arcades have survived by expanding into ticket-based prize redemption and more physical games with no home console equivalent, such as skee ball and whack-a-mole. Some genres, particularly dancing and rhythm games (such as Konami's Dance Dance Revolution), continue to be popular in arcades.

In the Japanese gaming industry, on the other hand, arcades have remained popular through to the present day. As of 2009, out of Japan's $20 billion gaming market, $6 billion of that amount is generated from arcades, which represent the largest sector of the Japanese video game market, followed by home console games and mobile games at $3.5 billion and $2 billion, respectively.^[38] In 2005, arcade ownership and operation accounted for a majority of Namco's revenues, for example.^[39] However, due to the country's economic recession, the Japanese arcade industry has also been steadily declining, from ¥702.9 billion (US$8.7 million) in 2007 to ¥504.3 billion ($6.2 billion) in 2010.^[40]

Worldwide, arcade game revenues gradually increased from $1.8 billion in 1998 to $3.2 billion in 2002, rivalling PC game sales of $3.2 billion that same year.^[41] In particular, arcade video games are a thriving industry in China, where arcades are widespread across the country.^[42] The US market has also experienced a slight resurgence, with the number of video game arcades across the nation increasing from 2,500 in 2003 to 3,500 in 2008, though this is significantly less than the 10,000 arcades in the early 1980s. As of 2009, a successful arcade game usually sells around 4000 to 6000 units worldwide.^[43]

The relative simplicity yet solid gameplay of many of these early games has inspired a new generation of fans who can play them on mobile phones or with emulators such as MAME. Some classic arcade games are reappearing in commercial settings, such as Namco's Ms. Pac-Man 20 Year Reunion / Galaga Class of 1981 two-in-one game,^[44] or integrated directly into controller hardware (joysticks) with replaceable flash drives storing game ROMs. Arcade classics have also been reappearing as mobile games, with Pac-Man in particular selling over 30 million downloads in the United States by 2010.^[45]

Zynga, the social gaming giant launched its first arcade game, Bubble Safari.^[46]

Technology

Virtually all modern arcade games (other than the very traditional midway-type games at county fairs) make extensive use of solid state electronics and integrated circuits. In the past coin-operated arcade video games generally used custom per-game hardware often with multiple CPUs, highly specialized sound and graphics chips, and the latest in computer graphics display technology. Recent arcade game hardware is often based on modified video game console hardware or high-end PC components.

Arcade games frequently have more immersive and realistic game controls than either PC or console games, including specialized ambiance or control accessories: Fully enclosed dynamic cabinets with force feedback controls, dedicated lightguns, rear-projection displays, reproductions of automobile or airplane cockpits, motorcycle or horse-shaped controllers, or highly dedicated controllers such as dancing mats and fishing rods. These accessories are usually what set modern video games apart from other games, as they are usually too bulky, expensive, and specialized to be used with typical home PCs and consoles.

Arcade genre

Arcade games often have short levels, simple and intuitive control schemes, and rapidly increasing difficulty. This is due to the environment of the Arcade, where the player is essentially renting the game for as long as their in-game avatar can stay alive (or until they run out of tokens).

Games on consoles or PCs can be referred to as "arcade games" if they share these qualities or are direct ports of arcade titles. Many independent developers are now producing games in the arcade genre that are designed specifically for use on the Internet. These games are usually designed with Flash/Java/DHTML and run directly in web-browsers.

Arcade racing games have a simplified physics engine and do not require much learning time when compared with racing simulators. Cars can turn sharply without braking or understeer, and the AI rivals are sometimes programmed so they are always near the player (rubberband effect).

Arcade flight games also use simplified physics and controls in comparison to flight simulators. These are meant to have an easy learning curve, in order to preserve their action component. Increasing numbers of console flight video games, from Crimson Skies to Ace Combat and Secret Weapons Over Normandy indicate the falling of manual-heavy flight sim popularity in favor of instant arcade flight action.^[47]

Emulation

Emulators such as MAME, which can be run on modern computers and a number of other devices, aim to preserve the games of the past.

Legitimate emulated titles started to appear on the Sony PlayStation and Sega Saturn, with CD-ROM compilations such as Arcade's Greatest Hits: The Atari Collection 1, and on the PlayStation 2 and GameCube with DVD-ROM titles such as Midway Arcade Treasures.

Arcade games are currently being downloaded and emulated through the Nintendo Wii Virtual Console Service starting in 2009 with Gaplus, Mappy, Space Harrier, Star Force, The Tower of Druaga, Tecmo Bowl, Altered Beast and many more. Other classic arcade games such as Asteroids, Tron, Discs of Tron, Yie Ar Kung-Fu, Pac-Man, Joust, Battlezone, Dig Dug, Robotron: 2084, and Missile Command are emulated on PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade.

Locations

In addition to restaurants and video arcades, arcade games are also found in bowling alleys, college campuses, dormitories, laundromats, movie theatres, supermarkets, shopping malls, airports, ice rinks, corner shops, truck stops, bar/pubs, hotels, and even bakeries. In short, arcade games are popular in places open to the public where people are likely to have free time.

List of highest-grossing arcade video games

For arcade games, success was usually judged by either the number of arcade hardware units sold to operators, or the amount of revenue generated, from the number of coins (such as quarters or 100 yen coins) inserted into machines,^[48] and/or the hardware sales (with arcade hardware prices often ranging from $1000 to $4000). This list only includes arcade games that have either sold more than 1000 hardware units or generated a revenue of more than US$1 million. Most of the games in this list date back to the golden age of arcade video games, though some are also from before and after the golden age.

Game	Release year	Hardware units sold	Gross revenue (US$ without inflation)	Gross revenue (US$ with 2012 inflation)^[29]
Pac-Man	1980	400,000 (up to 1982)^[49]	$3.5 billion (up to 1999)^{[n 1]}	$7.61 billion^{[n 2]}
Space Invaders	1978	360,000 (up to 1980)^[50]	$2.702 billion (up to 1982)^{[n 3]}	$7.25 billion^{[n 4]}
Street Fighter II (includes The World Warrior and Champion Edition)	1991	200,000 (up to 1992) (The World Warrior and Champion Edition)^{[n 5]}	$1.5 billion (up to 1993)^[53]	$2.4 billion
Street Fighter II': Champion Edition	1992	140,000 (in Japan as of 1992)^[51]	$182 million (up to 1992) (Japan hardware sales)^[51]	$323.3 million^{[n 6]} (Japan hardware sales)
Donkey Kong	1981	132,000 (up to 1982)^{[n 7]}	$280 million (up to 1982) (US hardware sales)^[56]	$684 million^{[n 8]} (US hardware sales)
Ms. Pac-Man	1981	125,000 (up to 1988)^[57]^[58]
Asteroids	1979	100,000 (up to 2001)^[59]^[58]	$800 million (up to 1991)^[60]^[61]	$1.3 billion
Street Fighter II: The World Warrior	1991	60,000^[52] (up to 1992)
Defender	1981	60,000 (up to 2002)^[62]^[63]	$1 billion (up to 2002)^[64]^[65]	$1.2 billion
Galaxian	1979	40,000 (in the US up to 1982)^[66]^[67]
Donkey Kong Jr.	1982	30,000 (in the US up to 1982)^{[n 7]}
Mr. Do!	1982	30,000 (in the US up to 1982)^[68]
Mortal Kombat II	1993	27,000 (up to 2002)^[26]
Mortal Kombat	1992	24,000 (up to 2002)^[26]	$570 million (up to 2002)^[26]	$718 million
Mushiking: King of the Beetles	2003	13,500 (up to 2005)^[69]	$530 million (up to 2007)^{[n 9]}	$588.13 million
Oshare Majo: Love and Berry	2004	10,300 (up to 2006)^[72]^[73]	$302.68 million (up to 2007)^{[n 10]}	$335.88 million
Centipede	1981	55,988 (up to 1991)^[74]	$115.65 million (up to 1991)^[74]	$193.31 million
Dragon's Lair	1983	16,000 (up to 1983)^[75]^[76]	$68.8 million (up to 1983)^[75]^[77]	$157.26 million
World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs	2008	1,689 (up to 2009)^{[n 11]}	$144 million (up to 2012)^{[n 12]}	$147.34 million^{[n 13]}
Tempest	1981	29,000 (up to 1983)^[84]	$62.408 million (up to 1983)^[74]	$142.65 million
Qbert*	1982	25,000 (up to 2001)^[85]
Robotron: 2084	1982	23,000 (up to 1983)^[84]
Pole Position	1982	21,000 (in the US up to 1983)^[84]	$60.933 million (up to 1983)^[74]^[84] (US hardware sales)	$139.28 million (US hardware sales)
Popeye	1982	20,000 (in the US up to 1982)^[55]
Out Run	1986	20,000 (up to 1987)^[86]
StarHorse3 Season I: A New Legend Begins	2011		$125.8 million (up to 2012)^{[n 14]}	$125.8 million
Dig Dug	1982	22,228^[74] (in the US up to 1983)^[87]	$46.3 million (up to 1983)^[74] (US hardware sales)	$105.83 million (US hardware sales)
Out Run	1986	20,000 (up to 1987)^[88]
Jungle Hunt	1982	18,000 (in the US up to 1983)^[87]
Stargate	1983	15,000 (up to 1983)^[84]
Space Duel	1982	12,038 (up to 1991)^[74]
Sega Network Mahjong MJ3	2005	7,608 (up to 2006)^[89]
Hang-On	1985	7,500 (up to 1985)^[90]
Dinosaur King	2005	7,000 (up to 2006)^[91]
Sega Network Mahjong MJ2	2003	5,486 (up to 2005)^{[n 15]}
Donkey Kong 3	1983	5,000 (in the US up to 1982)^{[n 7]}
Sangokushi Taisen 2	2006	4,041 (up to 2007)^{[n 16]}
Initial D Arcade Stage 4	2007	3,904 (up to 2007)^{[n 17]}
Border Break	2009	2,998 (up to 2009)^[79]	$100.223 million (up to 2012)^{[n 18]}	$102.96 million^{[n 19]}
Initial D Arcade Stage	2001	2,534 (up to 2004)^[97]
Sangokushi Taisen	2005	1,942 (up to 2006)^{[n 20]}
The House of the Dead 4	2005	1,008 (up to 2005)^[98]
Tron	1982	800 (in the US up to 1982)^[99]	$45 million (up to 1983)^[100]	$102 million
Sengoku Taisen	2010		$94.04 million (up to 2012)^{[n 21]}	$95.85 million^{[n 22]}
Dragon Quest: Monster Battle Road	2007		$78.2 million (up to 2008)^{[n 23]}	$83.57 million
Asteroids Deluxe	1981	22,399 (up to 1999)^[103]	$46.1 million (up to 1999)^[103]	$63 million
Pump It Up	1999	20,000 (up to 2005)^[104]
Mahjong Fight Club 3	2004	13,000 (up to 2004)^[105]
Dance Dance Revolution	1998	3,500 (in Japan as of 1999)^[106]
Samba de Amigo	1999	3,000 (up to 2000)^[107]	$47.11 million (up to 2000)^{[n 24]}	$62.76 million
StarHorse2	2005	38,614 (up to 2009)^{[n 25]}	$59.321 million (up to 2011) (Fifth Expansion)^{[n 26]}	$61.61 million (Fifth Expansion)^{[n 27]}
Missile Command	1980	19,999 (up to 2010)^[109]	$36.8 million (up to 1991)^[103]	$61.5 million
Big Buck Hunter Pro	2006	10,000 (up to 2009)^[110]^[111]
Snake Pit	1983	9,000 (up to 1983)^[112]
Bagman	1983	5,000 (in the US up to 1983)^[87]
Big Buck Safari	2008	5,500 (up to 2009)^[110]
Mario Bros.	1983	3,800 (in the US up to 1983)^[84]
Zoo Keeper	1982	3,000 (in the US up to 1983)^[87]
Shining Force Cross	2009	2,389 (up to 2009)^[79]
Pengo	1982	2,000 (in the US up to 1983)^[87]
Sangokushi Taisen 3	2007		$54.4 million (up to 2011)^{[n 28]}	$56.2 million^{[n 29]}
Pong	1972	8,500–19,000^[113]^[114]	$11 million (up to 1973)^[115]	$56 million
Lord of Vermilion	2008		$50.443 million (up to 2008)^{[n 30]}	$53.91 million
Sega Network Mahjong MJ4	2008	12,892 (up to 2009)^{[n 31]}	$47 million (up to 2010)^{[n 32]}	$49.44 million
Kangaroo	1982	9,803^[74] (up to 1983)^[87]	$20.58 million (up to 1983) (US hardware sales)^[74]	$47.04 million (US hardware sales)
Hard Drivin'	1989	3,318 (up to 1989)^[74]	$22.9 million (up to 1989)^[74]	$42 million
Gauntlet	1985	7,848 (up to 1985)^[74]	$18.01 million (up to 1985)^[74]	$38.11 million
Sega Network Mahjong MJ5	2011		$34.87 million (up to 2012)^{[n 33]}	$34.87 million
Millipede	1982	9,990 (up to 1991)^[74]	$20.669 million (up to 1991)^[74]	$34.55 million
Race Drivin'	1990	3,525 (up to 1991)^[74]	$20.03 million (up to 1991)^[74]	$33.48 million
Time Traveler	1991		$18 million (up to 1991)^[77]	$30 million
Space Ace	1984		$13 million (up to 1984)^[77]	$28 million
Lunar Lander	1979	4,830 (up to 1979)^[103]	$8.19 million (up to 1979)^[103]	$25.68 million
Xevious	1982	5,295 (in the US up to 1983)^[74]	$11.1 million (up to 1983)^[74] (US hardware sales)	$25.4 million (US hardware sales)
Atari Football	1978	11,306 (up to 1999)^[103]	$17.266 million (up to 1999)^[103]	$23.59 million
Final Lap	1987	1,150 (in the US up to 1988)^[74]	$9.5 million (up to 1988)^[74] (US hardware sales)	$18.42 million (US hardware sales)
Paperboy	1984	3,442 (up to 1985)^[74]	$8.6 million (up to 1985)^[74]	$18.2 million
Star Wars	1983	12,695 (up to 1983)^[74]	$7.595 million (up to 1983)^[74]	$17.49 million
Beatmania	1997	25,000 (up to 2000)^[116]	$12.4 million (up to 1998) (Japan hardware sales)^{[n 34]}	$17.45 million (Japan hardware sales)
Sprint 2	1976	8,200 (up to 1999)^[103]	$12.669 million (up to 1999)^[103]	$17.31 million
Championship Sprint	1986	3,595 (up to 1986)^[74]	$8.26 million (up to 1986)^[74]	$17.16 million
Pole Position II	1983	2,400 (in the US up to 1983)^[74]	$7.43 million (up to 1983)^[74] (US hardware sales)	$16.98 million (US hardware sales)
Breakout	1976	11,000 (up to 1999)^[103]	$12.045 million (up to 1999)^[103]	$16.46 million
Sea Wolf	1976	10,000 (up to 2000)^[117]
Super Sprint	1986	2,232 (up to 1999)^[103]	$7.8 million (up to 1999)^[103]	$10.66 million
Marble Madness	1984	4,000 (up to 1985)^[118]	$6.3 million (up to 1991)^[74]	$10.5 million
Sea Wolf II	1978	4,000 (up to 2000)^[119]
Rolling Thunder	1986	2,406 (in the US up to 1987)^[74]	$4.8 million (up to 1987)^[74] (US hardware sales)	$9.62 million (US hardware sales)
Tetris	1989	5,771 (in the US up to 1989)^[74]	$5.2 million (up to 1989)^[74] (US hardware sales)	$9.55 million (US hardware sales)
Gun Fight	1975	2,000+ (up to 1976)^[120]
Blasteroids	1987	2,000 (up to 1988)^[74]	$4.69 million (up to 1988)^[74]	$9.03 million
Arabian	1983	1,950 (in the US up to 1983)^[87]	$3.9 million (up to 1983)^[74] (US hardware sales)	$8.91 million (US hardware sales)
Super Breakout	1978	4,805 (up to 1999)^[103]	$5.7 million (up to 1999)^[103]	$7.79 million
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom	1985	2,825 (up to 1985)^[74]	$3.2 million (up to 1985)^[74]	$6.77 million
Pac-Mania	1987	1,412 (in the US up to 1987)^[74]	$2.82 million (up to 1987)^[74] (US hardware sales)	$5.65 million (US hardware sales)
Radar Scope	1980	1,000 (in the US up to 1980)^[121]
Four Trax	1989	205 (in the US & EU as of 1989)^[74]	$2.9 million (up to 1989)^[74] (US & EU hardware sales)	$5.32 million (US & EU hardware sales)
Gauntlet II	1986	3,520 (up to 1986)^[74]	$2.4 million (up to 1986)^[74]	$5 million
Assault	1988	1,079 (in the US up to 1988)^[74]	$2.5 million (up to 1988)^[74] (US hardware sales)	$4.81 million (US hardware sales)
Drag Race	1977	1,900 (up to 1999)^[103]	$2.8 million (up to 1999)^[103]	$3.8 million
Star Wars: Return of the Jedi	1984	800 (up to 1984)^[74]	$1.68 million (up to 1984)^[74]	$3.68 million
Night Driver	1976	2,100 (up to 1999)^[103]	$2.4675 million (up to 1999)^[103]	$3.37 million
I, Robot	1984	750-1,000^[74]^[122]	$1.5 million (up to 1984)^[74]	$3.29 million
R.B.I. Baseball	1987	3,945 (in the US up to 1987)^[74]	$1.6 million (up to 1987)^[74] (US hardware sales)	$3.21 million (US hardware sales)
Computer Space	1971	1,500–2,000 (up to 1984)^[123]^[124]
Death Race	1976	1,000 (up to 1976)^[120]
Dunk Shot	1986	556 (in the US up to 1987)^[74]	$1.4 million (up to 1987)^[74] (US hardware sales)	$2.81 million (US hardware sales)
Dragon Spirit	1987	600 (in the US up to 1987)^[74]	$1.2 million (up to 1987)^[74] (US hardware sales)	$2.4 million (US hardware sales)
Triple Hunt	1977	865 (up to 1999)^[103]	$1.2 million (up to 1999)^[103]	$1.6 million

Best-selling arcade video game franchises

These are the combined hardware sales of at least two or more arcade games that are part of the same franchise. This list only includes franchises that have sold at least 5,000 hardware units or grossed at least $10 million revenues.

Franchise	Original release year	Total hardware units sold	Gross revenue (US$ without inflation)	Gross revenue (US$ with 2012 inflation)^[29]
Pac-Man	1980	526,412 (up to 1988)^{[n 35]}	$3.503 billion (up to 1999)^{[n 36]}	$7.616 billion^{[n 37]}
Street Fighter	1987	500,000 (up to 2002)^[125]^[126]	$1.5 billion (up to 1993) (Street Fighter II)^[53]	$2.4 billion (Street Fighter II)
Space Invaders	1978	360,000 (up to 1980)^[50]	$2.702 billion (up to 1982)^{[n 3]}	$7.25 billion^{[n 4]}
Mario	1981	170,800 (up to 1983)^{[n 38]}	$280 million (up to 1982) (US hardware sales)^[56]	$684 million^{[n 8]} (US hardware sales)
Donkey Kong	1981	167,000 (up to 1983)^{[n 7]}	$280 million (up to 1982) (US hardware sales)^[56]	$684 million^{[n 8]} (US hardware sales)
Asteroids	1979	136,437 (up to 1999)^{[n 39]}	$850.79 million (up to 1999)^{[n 40]}	$1.37 billion^{[n 41]}
Golden Tee Golf	1989	100,000 (up to 2011)^[127]
Defender	1981	75,000 (up to 2002)^{[n 42]}	$1 billion (up to 2002)^[64]	$1.2 billion
Centipede	1981	65,978 (up to 1991)^{[n 43]}	$136.3 million (up to 1991)^{[n 44]}	$227.86 million^{[n 45]}
Mortal Kombat	1993	51,000 (up to 2002)^[26]	$1 billion (up to 1995)^[128]	$1.5 billion
Galaxian	1979	40,986 (in the US up to 1988)^{[n 46]}
Starhorse	2000	38,734 (up to 2009)^{[n 47]}	$185.121 million (up to 2012)^{[n 48]}	$187.41 million^{[n 49]}
e-Amusement	2002	32,000 (up to 2004)^[129]
Big Buck	2000	30,500 (up to 2009)^{[n 50]}
Mr. Do!	1982	30,000 (in the US up to 1982)^[68]
Dragon Quest: Monster Battle Road	2007		$78.2 million (up to 2008)^{[n 23]}	$83.57 million
Lord of Vermilion	2008		$50.443 million (up to 2008)^{[n 30]}	$53.91 million
Bemani	1997	28,500 (up to 2000)^{[n 51]}	$12.4 million (up to 1998) (Japan hardware sales)^{[n 34]}	$17.45 million (Japan hardware sales)
Sega Network Mahjong	2000	25,986 (up to 2006)^{[n 52]}	$81.87 million (up to 2012)^{[n 53]}	$84.28 million^{[n 54]}
Pole Position	1982	24,550 (in the US up to 1983)^{[n 55]}	$77.9 million (up to 1988) (US hardware sales)^{[n 56]}	$174.7 million (US hardware sales)^{[n 57]}
Dig Dug	1982	22,228^[74] (in the US up to 1983)^[87]	$46.3 million (up to 1983)^[74] (US hardware sales)	$105.83 million (US hardware sales)
Pump It Up	1999	20,000 (up to 2005)^[104]
Pong	1972	8500–19,000^[113]^[114]	$11 million (up to 1973)^[115]	$56 million
Breakout	1976	15,805 (up to 1999)^[103]	$17.745 million (up to 1999)^[103]	$24.25 million
Star Wars	1983	14,039 (up to 1991)^[74]	$9.275 million (up to 1983)^[74]	$21.17 million
Sprint	1976	14,027 (up to 1999)^[103]	$28.729 million (up to 1999)^[103]	$45.13 million
Mushiking	2003	13,500 (up to 2005)^[69]	$530 million (up to 2007)^{[n 9]}	$588.13 million
Sea Wolf	1976	14,000 (up to 2000)^[117]
Mahjong Fight Club	2002	13,000 (up to 2004)^[105]
Gauntlet	1985	11,368 (up to 1991)^[74]	$20.41 million (up to 1985)^[74]	$43.11 million
Love and Berry	2004	10,300 (up to 2006)^[72]	$302.68 million (up to 2007)^{[n 10]}	$335.88 million
Sangokushi Taisen	2005	9,929 (up to 2008)^{[n 58]}	$148.44 million (up to 2012)^{[n 59]}	$152.05 million^{[n 60]}
Hang-On	1985	7,500 (up to 1985)^[90]
Initial D Arcade Stage	2001	7,111 (up to 2005)^{[n 61]}
Dinosaur King	2005	7,000 (up to 2006)^[91]
Hard Drivin'	1989	6,843 (up to 1991)^[74]	$42.93 million (up to 1991)^[74]	$75.48 million
Xevious	1982	5,295 (in the US up to 1983)^[74]
Samba de Amigo	1999	3,000 (up to 2000)^[107]	$47.11 million (up to 2000)^{[n 24]}	$62.76 million
Border Break	2009	2,998 (up to 2009)^[79]	$100.223 million (up to 2012)^{[n 18]}	$102.96 million^{[n 19]}
World Club Champion Football	2002	2,479 (up to 2009)^{[n 62]}	$696.3 million (up to 2012)^{[n 63]}	$739.67 million^{[n 64]}

Footnotes

^ ^a ^b
Pac-Man:
- Estimated 10 billion quarters ($2.5 billion) by 1999:
  - Chris Morris (10 May 2005). "Pac Man turns 25: A pizza dinner yields a cultural phenomenon – and millions of dollars in quarters". CNN. Retrieved 23 April 2011. In the late 1990s, Twin Galaxies, which tracks video game world record scores, visited used game auctions and counted how many times the average Pac Man machine had been played. Based on those findings and the total number of machines that were manufactured, the organization said it believed the game had been played more than 10 billion times in the 20th century.
  - Mark J. P. Wolf (2008), The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond, ABC-CLIO, p. 73, ISBN 0-313-33868-X, retrieved 10 April 2011, It would go on to become arguably the most famous video game of all time, with the arcade game alone taking in more than a billion dollars, and one study estimated that it had been played more than 10 billion times during the twentieth century.
- Estimated 7 billion coins (7 billion quarters / $1.75 billion) by 1982.^[49]
- $1 billion cabinet sales by 1982:
  - Marlene Targ Brill (2009). America in the 1980s. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 120. ISBN 0-8225-7602-3. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
- $1 billion revenue in 1980:
  - Kline, Stephen (2003). Digital play: the interaction of technology, culture, and marketing (Reprint ed.). Montréal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-7735-2591-2. Retrieved 25 February 2012. The game produced one billion dollars in 1980 alone {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b
Inflation:^[29]
- $1 billion revenue in 1980: $2.75 in 2012
- Additional $1.75 billion revenue in 1982: $4.11 billion in 2012
- Additional 3 billion quarters / $0.75 billion in 1999: $1.02 billion in 2012
^ ^a ^b
Space Invaders:
- $2 billion (4 billion quarters) by 1982: "Making millions, 25 cents at a time". The Fifth Estate. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 23 November 1982. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
- $1 billion (8 billion quarters) by 1981: Glinert, Ephraim P. (1990), Visual Programming Environments: Applications and Issues, IEEE Computer Society Press, p. 321, ISBN 0-8186-8974-9, retrieved 10 April 2011, As of mid-1981, according to Steve Bloom, author of Video Invaders, more than four billion quarters had been dropped into Space Invaders games around the world
- $600 million Japan cabinet sales in 1978: "Can Asteroids Conquer Space Invaders?" (PDF). Electronic Games. 1 (1): 30–33 [31]. 1981. Retrieved 1 February 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
- $102 million US cabinet sales by 1979.^[26]
^ ^a ^b
Inflation:^[29]
- $600 million Japan cabinet sales in 1978: $2.09 billion in 2012
- $102 million US cabinet sales in 1979: $318.45 million in 2012
- $1 billion (4 billion quarters) in 1981: $2.49 billion in 2012
- Additional $1 billion (4 billion quarters) in 1982: $2.35 billion in 2012
^
Street Fighter II:
- Street Fighter II': Champion Edition: 140,000^[51]
- Street Fighter II: The World Warrior: 60,000^[52]
^
Street Fighter II': Champion Edition
- 2009 Japanese yen inflation: ¥24.6 billion ("Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a Japanese Yen Amount, 1879 – 2009". Measuring Worth. Retrieved 25 April 2011.)
- Yen-Dollar currency conversion: $306 million^[54]
- 2012 Dollar inflation: $323.3 million^[29]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e
Donkey Kong:
- Japan: 65,000 of Donkey Kong
  - Brian Ashcraft ; with Jean Snow. ; forewords by Kevin Williams (2008). "sixty-five+thousand" Arcade Mania: The Turbo-charged World of Japan's Game Centers (1st ed. ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. ISBN 4-7700-3078-9. Retrieved 12 February 2012. Jumpman hopped over barrels, climbed ladders, and jumped from suspended platform to suspended platform as he tried to rescue a damsel from his pissed-off pet gorilla. The game was a smash, and sixty-five thousand cabinets were sold in Japan, propping up the then-struggling Nintendo and laying the groundwork for Nintendo and Donkey Kong creator Shigeru Miyamoto to dominate gaming throughout the 1980s and beyond. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- United States: 67,000 of Donkey Kong
  - Bienaimé, Pierre (13 January 2012). "Square Roots: Donkey Kong (NES)". Nintendojo. Retrieved 8 April 2012. Donkey Kong sold some 67,000 arcade cabinets in two years, making two of its American distributors sudden millionaires thanks to paid commission. As a barometer of success, know that Pac-Man and Ms. Pac-Man are the only arcade games to have sold over 100,000 units in the United States.
- United States: 30,000 of Donkey Kong Jr. and 5000 of Donkey Kong 3.^[55]
^ ^a ^b ^c
Inflation:^[29]
- $180 million in 1981: $448.84 million in 2012
- $100 million in 1982: $234.89 million in 2012
^ ^a ^b
Mushiking:
- 420 million^[70] 100 yen coins^[71] = ¥42 billion
- Currency conversion: $530 million^[54]
^ ^a ^b
Love and Berry:
- 240 million^[70] 100 yen coins^[71] = ¥24 billion
- Currency conversion: $302.68 million^[54]
^ ^a ^b
World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs
- World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2006-2007 - 831 units from June 2008 to March 2009^[78]
- World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2008–2009 - 858 units from April 2009 to December 2009^[79]
^ ^a ^b
World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥4.2 billion^[80]
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥3.8 billion^[81]
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥3.6 billion^[82]^[83]
- Currency conversion:^[54]
  - ¥4.2 billion = $51.9159 million
  - ¥3.8 billion = $46.9716 million
  - ¥3.6 billion = $44.8253 million
^ ^a ^b
Inflation:^[29]
- $51.9159 million in 2010 = $54.61 million in 2012
- $46.9716 million in 2011 = $47.9 million in 2012
- $44.8253 million in 2012
^ ^a ^b ^c
Fiscal year ended March 2012: ¥10.1 billion^[82]
- ¥10.1 billion = $125.8 million^[54]
^ ^a ^b
Sega Network Mahjong MJ2:
- April 2004 to March 2005: 4,984^[92]
- April 2005 to June 2005: 502^[93]
^
Sangokushi Taisen 2:
- 3,211 units during April-September 2006.^[91]
- 830 units during April-September 2007.^[94]
^ ^a ^b
Initial D Arcade Stage 4:
- 3,056 units in fiscal year ending March 2007.^[95]
- 848 units during April-September 2007.^[94]
^ ^a ^b
Border Break:
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥3.3 billion^[80]
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥2.5 billion^[81]
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥2.3 billion^[82]^[96]
- Currency conversion:^[54]
  - ¥3.3 billion = $40.7317 million
  - ¥2.5 billion = $30.8542 million
  - ¥2.3 billion = $28.6371 million
^ ^a ^b
Inflation:^[29]
- $40.7317 million in 2010 = $42.85 million in 2012
- $30.8542 million in 2011 = $31.47 million in 2012
- $28.6371 million in 2012
^ ^a ^b
Sangokushi Taisen:
- As of March 2005: 421^[92]
- April 2005 to March 2006: 1,521^[89]
^ ^a ^b
Sengoku Taisen:
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥6.4 billion^[81]
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥1.2 billion^[82]
Currency conversion:^[54]
- ¥6.4 billion = $79.1 million
- ¥1.2 billion = $14.94 million
^ ^a ^b
Sengoku Taisen, inflation:
- $79.1 million in 2011 = $80.91 in 2012
- $14.94 million in 2012
^ ^a ^b
Dragon Quest: Monster Battle Road
- ¥4.5 billion from June 2007 to March 2008^[101]
  - Currency conversion: $56.731 million^[54]
- ¥1.7 billion from April 2008 to September 2008^[102]
  - Currency conversion: $21.4317 million^[54]
^ ^a ^b
Samba de Amigo: ¥3.84 billion
- Currency conversion: $47.11 million^[54]
^ ^a ^b
StarHorse2:
- From April 2005 to March 2007: 18,079 units
  - StarHorse2: New Generation – 7,819 units from April 2005 to June 2006 (6,020 units in fiscal year ended March 2006,^[89] and 1,799 units during April-June 2006)^[91]
  - StarHorse2: Second Fusion - 10,260 units from April 2006 to March 2007 (8,105 conversion kits during April-December 2006,^[72] and 2,155 body and satellite units in fiscal year ending March 2007)^[95]
- From April 2007 to March 2008: 10,275 units (756 body and satellite units of StarHorse2: Second Fusion during April-September 2007,^[94] and 9,519 conversion kits in fiscal year ended March 2008)^[108]
- From April 2009 to December 2009: 10,657 units of StarHorse2: Fifth Expansion^[79]
^ ^a ^b
StarHorse2: Fifth Expansion:
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥2.8 billion^[80]
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥2 billion^[81]
- Currency conversion:^[54]
  - ¥2.8 billion = $34.6039 million
  - ¥2 billion = $24.7171 million
^ ^a ^b
StarHorse2: Fifth Expansion, inflation:^[29]
- $34.6039 million in 2010 = $36.4 million in 2012
- $24.7171 million in 2011 = $25.21 million in 2012
^ ^a ^b
Sangokushi Taisen 3:
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥1.8 billion^[80]
- Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥2.6 billion^[81]
- Currency conversion:^[54]
  - ¥1.8 billion = $22.2401 million
  - ¥2.6 billion = $32.1248 million
^ ^a ^b
Inflation:^[29]
- $22.2401 million in 2010 = $23.4 million in 2012
- $32.1248 million in 2011 = $32.76 million in 2012
^ ^a ^b
Lord of Vermilion: ¥4 billion^[102]
- Currency conversion: $50.443 million^[54]
^ ^a ^b
Sega Network Mahjong MJ4:
- Fiscal year ended March 2008: 10,427^[108]
- Fiscal year ended March 2009: 2,465^[78]
^ ^a ^b
Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥3.8 billion^[80]
- Currency conversion: $47 million^[54]
^ ^a ^b
Fiscal year ended March 2012: ¥2.8 billion^[82]
- Currency conversion: $34.87 million^[54]
^ ^a ^b
Beatmania:
- ¥1 billion in May 1998^[106]
- Yen-Dollar currency conversion: $12.4 million^[54]
^
Pac-Man series:
- Pac-Man: 400,000^[49]
- Ms. Pac-Man: 125,000^[57]
- Pac-Mania: 1,412^[74]
^
Pac-Man series:
- Pac-Man: $3.5& billion in 1999^{[n 1]}
- Pac-Mania: $2.82 million in the US in 1987^[74]
^
Pac-Man series:
- Pac-Man: $7.61 billion^{[n 2]}
- Pac-Mania: $5.65 million in the US^[74]
^
Mario series:
- Donkey Kong series: 167,000^{[n 7]}
- Mario Bros.: 3,800^[84]
^
Asteroids series:
- Asteroids: 100,000^[59]
- Asteroids sequels:^[103]
  - Asteroids Deluxe: 22,399
  - Space Duel: 12,038
  - Blasteroids: 2,000
^
Asteroids series:
- Asteroids: $800 million in 1991^[60]
- Asteroids sequels:
  - Asteroids Deluxe: $46.1 million in 1999^[103]
  - Blasteroids: $4.69 million in 1991^[74]
^
Asteroids series:^[29]
- Asteroids: $1.3 billion
- Asteroids Deluxe: $63 million
- Blasteroids: $9.03 million
^
Defender series:
- Defender: 60,000^[62]
- Stargate: 15,000^[84]
^
Centipede series:^[74]^[84]
- Centipede: 55,988
Millipede: 9,990
^
Centipede series:^[74]
- Centipede: $115.65 million
Millipede: $20.669 million
^
Centipede series:^[74]
- Centipede: $193.31 million
Millipede: $34.55 million
^
Galaxian series:
- Galaxian: 40,000 in the US^[66]^[67]
- Galaga '88: 986 in the US^[74]
^
StarHorse series:
- Starhorse Progress – 120 in fiscal year ended March 2005^[92]
- StarHorse2 – 38,614 up to 2009^{[n 25]}
^
Starhorse series, 2009–2011:
- Starhorse2 – $59.321 million^{[n 26]}
- StarHorse3 Season I: A New Legend Begins – $125.8 million^{[n 14]}
^
StarHorse series, inflation:
- Starhorse2 – $61.61 million million^{[n 27]}
- StarHorse3 Season I: A New Legend Begins – $125.8 million^{[n 14]}
^
Big Buck series:
- Big Buck Hunter series sales up until April 2007: 22,500 units, including 7,500 Big Buck Hunter Pro units.^[111]
- Series sales after April 2007 until September 2009: additional 2,500 Big Buck Hunter Pro units and 5,500 Big Buck Safari units.^[110]
^
Bemani series, sales:
- Beatmania as of 2000: 25,000^[116]
- Dance Dance Revolution in Japan as of May 1999: 3,500^[106]
^
Sega Network Mahjong MJ series:
- Sega Network Mahjong MJ2 from April 2004 to June 2005: 5,486 units^{[n 15]}
- Sega Network Mahjong MJ3 from April 2005 to March 2006: 7,608 units^[89]
- Sega Network Mahjong MJ4 from April 2007 to March 2009: 12,892^{[n 31]}
^
Sega Network Mahjong MJ series, 2009–2012:
- Sega Network Mahjong MJ4: $47 million in fiscal year 2010^{[n 32]}
- Sega Network Mahjong MJ5: $34.87 million in fiscal year 2012^{[n 33]}
^
Sega Network Mahjong MJ series, inflation:^[29]
- Sega Network Mahjong MJ4: $49.44 million
- Sega Network Mahjong MJ5: $34.87 million
^
Pole Position series US sales:
- Pole Position: 21,000^[84]
- Pole Position sequels:^[74]
  - Pole Position II: 2,400
  - Final Lap: 1,150
^
Pole Position series US sales:^[74]^[84]
- Pole Position: $60.933 million in 1983
- Pole Position II: $7.43 million in 1983
- Final Lap: $9.5 million in 1988
^
Pole Position series US sales with 2012 inflation:^[29]
- Pole Position: $139.28 million
- Pole Position II: $16.98 million
- Final Lap: $18.42 million
^
Sangokushi Taisen series:
- Sales from January 2005 to September 2006: 5,153 units
  - Sangokushi Taisen from January 2005 to March 2006: 1,942 units^{[n 20]}
  - Sangokushi Taisen 2 during April-September 2006: 3,211 units^[91]
- Sales from April 2007 to March 2008: 4,776
  - 166 body units of Sangokushi Taisen 2 during April-September 2007^[94]
  - 4,610 satellite units of Sangokushi Taisen from April 2007 to March 2008^[108]
^
Sangokushi Taisen series, 2009–2011:
- Sangokushi Taisen 3: $54.4 million^{[n 28]}
- Sengoku Taisen: $94.04 million^{[n 21]}
^
Sangokushi Taisen series inflation:
- Sangokushi Taisen 3: $56.2 million million^{[n 29]}
- Sengoku Taisen: $95.85 million^{[n 22]}
^
Initial D series:
- Initial D Arcade Stage: 2,534 units from April 2004 to September 2004^[97]
- Initial D Arcade Stage Ver. 3: 673 units from April 2004 to March 2005^[92]
- Initial D Arcade Stage 4: 3,904 units from April 2006 to September 2007^{[n 17]}
^
World Club Champion Football series, unit sales:
- World Club Champion Football: European Clubs 2004–2005 - 514 units in fiscal year ending March 2006^[89]
- World Club Champion Football: European Clubs 2004–2005 Ver. 2 - 276 units during April-September 2006 (240 satellite units during April-June 2006,^[130] and 36 body units during April-September 2006)^[91]
- World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2008–2009 - 1,689 units from June 2008 to December 2009^{[n 11]}
^
World Club Champion Football series, revenue:
- Series revenues up until March 2009 - $552.3 million
  - 480 million player cards sold. Prices could range from ¥300 for a single card from an arcade machine to ¥1000 for a starter pack.^[131] A ¥1000 starter pack consists of 11 player cards, equivalent to ¥90.91 each.^[132] Total revenues from player card sales thus range from ¥43.64 billion (at ¥90.91 per card) to ¥144 billion (at ¥300 per card). In US dollars, this is equivalent to a range of $552.3 million to $1.82244 billion.^[54] The lowest value of $552.3 million will be assumed.
- World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs revenues from April 2009 to March 2012 - $144 million^{[n 12]}
^
World Club Champion Football series, inflation:
- $552.3 million as of March 2009 = $592.33 million in 2012
- World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs inflation from April 2009 to March 2012 - $147.34 million^{[n 13]}

References

^ Vintage Coin Operated Fortune Tellers, Arcade Games, Digger/Cranes, Gun Games and other Penny Arcade games, pre-1977 from Marvin's Marvelous Mechanical Museum
^ ^a ^b Steven L. Kent (2000), The First Quarter: A 25-Year History of Video Games, p. 83, BWD Press, ISBN 0-9704755-0-0
^ Brian Ashcraft (2008) Arcade Mania! The Turbo Charged World of Japan's Game Centers, p. 133, Kodansha International
^ Steve L. Kent (2001), The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokémon and beyond: the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world, p. 102, Prima, ISBN 0-7615-3643-4
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^ S.A.M.I. at the Killer List of Videogames
^ Jet Rocket at the Killer List of Videogames
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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ "CPI Inflation Calculator". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
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^ "News: Virtua Fighter 3". Computer and Video Games (174): 10–1. 1996. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ Henry, Lydia (26 April 2001). "Skee-ball Mania". Reading Eagle. p. 36. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
^ "Video killed the arcade star". East Valley Tribune. 20 April 2006. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
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^ Carless, Simon (2 May 2005). "Namco, Bandai To Merge". Gamasutra. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
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^ Nigel K. Li Pope, Kerri-Ann L. Kuhn, John J.H. Forster, ed. (2009). Digital sport for performance enhancement and competitive evolution : intelligent gaming technologies. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. p. 260. ISBN 1-60566-406-5. Retrieved 14 March 2012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
^ "Ms. Pac-Man/Galaga — Class Of 1981". KLOV. Retrieved 10 September 2006.
^ "Namco Networks' Pac-Man Franchise Surpasses 30 Million Paid Transactions in the United States on Brew". AllBusiness.com. 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
^ http://mashable.com/2012/05/08/bubble-safari/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Mashable+%28Mashable%29
^ Butts, Steve (2003). "Secret Weapon Over Normandy Review". IGN. Retrieved 15 August 2007.
^ Mark J. P. Wolf (2008), The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond, ABC-CLIO, p. 275, ISBN 0-313-33868-X, retrieved 10 April 2011, What are the best-selling video games? There are a number of factors to consider when attempting to answer this question. First, there are several different types of video games, which makes comparisons difficult, or perhaps unfair. Arcade games are played for a quarter a play (although some are 50 cents, or even more), while home games are bought outright, and their systems must be purchased as well.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kao, John J. (1989). Entrepreneurship, creativity & organization: text, cases & readings. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 45. ISBN 0-13-283011-6. Retrieved 12 February 2012. Estimates counted 7 billion coins that by 1982 had been inserted into some 400,000 Pac Man machines worldwide, equal to one game of Pac Man for every person on earth. US domestic revenues from games and licensing of the Pac Man image for T-shirts, pop songs, to wastepaper baskets, etc. exceeded $1 billion. {{cite book}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
^ ^a ^b
- Jiji Gaho Sha, inc. (2003), Asia Pacific perspectives, Japan, vol. 1, University of Virginia, p. 57, retrieved 9 April 2011, At that time, a game for use in entertainment arcades was considered a hit if it sold 1000 units; sales of Space Invaders topped 300,000 units in Japan and 60,000 units overseas.
- Dale Peterson (1983), Genesis II, creation and recreation with computers, Reston Publishing, p. 175, ISBN 0-8359-2434-3, retrieved 1 May 2011, By 1980, some 300,000 Space Invader video arcade games were in use in Japan, and an additional 60,000 in the United States.
- Kohler, Chris (2004). Power-Up: How Japanese Video Games Gave the World an Extra Life. Indianapolis, Ind.: BradyGames. p. "represented+a+significant+portion+of+the+cost" 19. ISBN 0-7440-0424-1. Within one year of its US release, an additional 60,000 machines had been sold. One arcade owner said of Space Invaders that it was the first arcade game whose intake "represented a significant portion of the cost of [buying] the game in any one week." That is, it was the first video game that paid for itself within about a month.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ste Curran (2004), Game plan: great designs that changed the face of computer gaming, Rotovision, p. 38, ISBN 2-88046-696-2, retrieved 11 April 2011, When Street Fighter II′ (pronounced street fighter two dash) was released just a short time later, it sold around 140,000 units, at ¥160.000 (c. US $1300 / £820) each. The figures were beyond massive – they were simply unheard of. Capcom's Titanic wasn't sinking. Anything but. The game was a runaway success in its territory of choice, bringing Western gamers as much joy as it had in the East.
^ ^a ^b Steven L. Kent (2001), The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story behind the Craze that Touched Our Lives and Changed the World, Prima, p. 446, retrieved 9 April 2011, Capcom will not release the final numbers, but some outsiders have estimated that more than 60,000 Street Fighter II arcade machines were sold worldwide.
^ ^a ^b Steven J. Kirsh (2006), Children, adolescents, and media violence: a critical look at the research, SAGE Publications, p. 228, ISBN 0-7619-2976-2, retrieved 23 April 2011, In 1993, sales of the violent beat em up video game Street Fighter II exceeded $1.5 billion.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q "Currency Conversion". XE.com. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b Steven L. Kent (2001), The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story behind the Craze that Touched Our Lives and Changed the World, Prima, p. 352, retrieved 9 April 2011, With more than 60,000 units sold in the United States, Donkey Kong was Nintendo's biggest arcade hit. The arcade industry began its long collapse the year after Donkey Kong was released, and Nintendo's arcade fortunes eroded quickly. Nintendo released Donkey Kong Junior in 1982 and sold only 30,000 machines, 20,000 Popeye machines (also 1982), and a mere 5000 copies of Donkey Kong 3 (1983).
^ ^a ^b ^c Jörg Ziesak (2009), Wii Innovate – How Nintendo Created a New Market Through Strategic Innovation, GRIN Verlag, p. 2029, ISBN 3-640-49774-0, retrieved 9 April 2011, Donkey Kong was Nintendo's first international smash hit and the main reason behind the company's breakthrough in the Northern American market. In the first year of its publication, it earned Nintendo 180 million US dollars, continuing with a return of 100 million dollars in the second year.
^ ^a ^b "Bally Will Quit Making Pinball, Video Machines". Toledo Blade. 11 July 1988. p. 22. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
^ ^a ^b Mark J. P. Wolf (2001), The medium of the video game, University of Texas Press, p. 44, ISBN 0-292-79150-X, retrieved 9 April 2011
^ ^a ^b Steve L. Kent (2001), The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokémon and beyond : the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world, Prima, p. 132, ISBN 0-7615-3643-4, Atari sold more than 70,000 Asteroids machines in the United States. The game did not do as well in Europe and Asia, however. Only about 30,000 units were sold overseas.
^ ^a ^b Gottschalk, S. (1995). "Videology: Video-Games as Postmodern Sites/Sights of Ideological Reproduction". Symbolic Interaction. 18 (1). Retrieved 26 February 2012.
^ "Forbes , Volume 127". Forbes: 102. 1981. Retrieved 25 February 2012. At $2000 a unit, Atari has made about $140 million from that game alone.
^ ^a ^b Sellers, John (2001). [books.google.co.uk/books?id=8_3TjWRSLuAC Arcade fever: the fan's guide to the golden age of video games]. Philadelphia: Running Press. p. 51. ISBN 0-7624-0937-1. Retrieved 25 February 2012. Williams sold around 60,000 units of Defender, easily the company's most successful game. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
^ Steven L. Kent (2001), The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story behind the Craze that Touched Our Lives and Changed the World, Prima, p. 147, retrieved 9 April 2011, Defender was Williams Electronics' biggest seller. More than 55,000 units were placed worldwide.
^ ^a ^b Morrison, Michael (2002). Sams teach yourself game programming in 24 hours (1. printing. ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Sams Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 0-672-32461-X. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
^ Mark J. P. Wolf, The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond, ABC-CLIO, p. 104, ISBN 0-313-33868-X, retrieved 19 April 2011
^ ^a ^b "MIDWAY MFG. CO. v. ARTIC INTERN". 10 March 1982. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
^ ^a ^b Bureau of National Affairs (1983), "United States Patents Quarterly, Volume 216", United States Patents Quarterly, vol. 216, Associated Industry Publications, retrieved 9 April 2011, Since February 1980, Midway has sold in excess of 40,000 Galaxian games
^ ^a ^b Steve L. Kent (2001), The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokémon and beyond : the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world, Prima, p. 352, ISBN 0-7615-3643-4, In 1982, Universal Sales made arcade history with a game called Mr Do! Instead of selling dedicated Mr Do! machines, Universal sold the game as a kit. The kit came with a customized control panel, a computer board with Mr Do! read-only memory (ROM) chips, stickers that could be placed on the side of stand-up arcade machines for art, and a plastic marquee. It was the first game ever sold as a conversion only. According to former Universal Sales western regional sales manager Joe Morici, the company sold approximately 30,000 copies of the game in the United States alone.
^ ^a ^b "FY Ending March 2006: Interim Results Presentation (April–September 2005)" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 22 November 2005. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
^ ^a ^b Carless, Simon (29 March 2007). "Uemura – Sega's Hidden Game Design Power?". GameSetWatch. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
^ ^a ^b Ashcraft, Brian (14 October 2005). "How Sega Reels in Girls". Kotaku. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Fiscal Year Ending March 2007: 3rd Quarter Results (April-December 2006)" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 7 February 2007. pp. 11–13. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
^ "Fiscal Year Ending March 2006: 3rd quarter Results (April–December 2005)" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 8 February 2006. p. 8. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx "Atari Production Numbers Memo". Atari Games. 4 January 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
^ ^a ^b Steve L. Kent (2001), The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokémon and beyond : the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world, Prima, p. 225, ISBN 0-7615-3643-4, Cinematronics sold more than 16,000 Dragon's Lair machines in 1983, for an average price of $4300. Coleco purchased the home rights to the game, giving Cinematronics an additional $2 million.
^ Harmetz, Aljean (13 August 1983). "Daring Dirk Perk For Arcades". Ottawa Citizen. p. 29. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Rick Dyer: Biography". Allgame. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Segment Results: Amusement Machine" (PDF). Fiscal Year 2009: Full Year Results (Ending March 2009). Sega Sammy Holdings. 14 May 2009. p. 15. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Appendix of Consolidated Financial Statements: 9 Months Ended December 31, 2009" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 5 February 2010. p. 3. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Appendix of Consolidated Financial Statements: Year Ended March 31, 2010" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 14 May 2010. p. 3. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Appendix of Consolidated Financial Statements: Year Ended March 31, 2011" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 13 May 2011. p. 3. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Appendix of Consolidated Financial Statements: Year Ended March 31, 2012" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 11 May 2012. p. 3. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
^ "Appendix of Consolidated Financial Statements: 9 Months Ended December 31, 2011" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 3 February 2012. p. 3. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Fujihara, Mary (2 November 1983). "Inter Office Memo". Atari. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
^ Steve L. Kent (2001). The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokémon and beyond : the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world. Prima. p. 224. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. Gottlieb sold approximately 25,000 Q*Bert arcade machines.
^ Out Run: ZX Spectrum Instructions. U.S. Gold. 1987. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Fujihara, Mary (25 July 1983). "Inter Office Memo". Atari. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
^ Out Run: ZX Spectrum Instructions. U.S. Gold. 1987. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "FY Ending March 2006: Full Year Results Presentation" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 16 May 2006. p. 11. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Motorcycle game to Atari". NewsBytes. 1 October 1985. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2012. So far, Sega has shipped approx. 7,000 Hang-ons to the Japanese and overseas market. ATARI IRELAND gets 500 sets for the initial shipment, a report says.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "FY 2007: Interim Results (April-September 2006)" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 10 November 2006. pp. 11–13. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "FY2004 Financial Results (for the year ended March 31, 2005)" (PDF). Tokyo: Sega Sammy Holdings. 25 May 2005. p. 11. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
^ "FY2005 1Q Results: Amusement Machine Sales" (PDF). FY2005 1Q Business Results (April-June 2005). Sega Sammy Holdings. 4 August 2005. p. 6. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Fiscal Year 2008: Interim Results" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 12 November 2007. p. 11. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Fiscal Year Ended March 2007: Full Year Results" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 14 May 2007. p. 11. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
^ "Appendix of Consolidated Financial Statements 6 Months Ended September 30, 2011" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 31 October 2011. p. 3. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b "First Half Business Results (April–September 2004)" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 11 November 2004. p. 4. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
^ "Amusement Machine: 3Q Principle Titles" (PDF). Fiscal Year Ending March 2006: 3rd Quarter Appendix (April-December 2005). Sega Sammy Holdings. 8 February 2006. p. 4. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
^ Harmetz, Aljean (3 July 1982). "Movie Themes Come To Video Games". Star-News. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^ Jack B. Rochester & John Gantz (1983), The naked computer: a layperson's almanac of computer lore, wizardry, personalities, memorabilia, world records, mind blowers, and tomfoolery, William Morrow and Company, p. 164, ISBN 0-688-02450-5, retrieved 20 April 2011, Although the Disney Studios expected to make over $400 million from this siliconic extravaganza, our source at Variety tells us that its North American rentals were $15 million and estimated total gross, $30 million. The arcade game Tron, made by Bally, grossed more.
^ "Outline of Results Briefing" (PDF). Square Enix. 23 May 2008. p. 4. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Outline of Results Briefing by SQUARE ENIX HOLDINGS held on November 7, 2008" (PDF). Square-Enix.com. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa "Production Numbers" (PDF). Atari. 1999. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
^ ^a ^b [Pump It Up debuted in the arcades in 1999 and has sold over 20,000 machines worldwide. The phenomenonal success of the game has made it a strong competitor to Konami's Dance Dance Revolution. "Pump It Up: Exceed drops to PS2 / Xbox"]. Punch Jump Crew. 8 September 2005. Retrieved 18 March 2012. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
^ ^a ^b "FY2005 Third quarter Financial Results (April–December 2004)" (PDF). Konami. 27 January 2005. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2006. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ("Special Feature: Music Simulation Games Rock the Market". Annual Report. Konami. 1999. p. 2. Archived from the original on 25 June 2004. Retrieved 6 March 2012.)
^ ^a ^b "Japanese gamers shake it, shake it!". South Africa: Independent Online. 14 August 2000. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Segment Results: Amusement Machines" (PDF). FY 2008: Full Year Results (Ending March 2008). Sega Sammy Holdings. 15 May 2008. p. 13. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
^ Fulton, Jeff Fulton, Steve (2010). "A short history of Missile Command". The essential guide to Flash games : building interactive entertainment with ActionScript 3.0 (New ed. ed.). [Berkeley, Calif.]: Friends of ED. p. 138. ISBN 1-4302-2614-5. Retrieved 7 February 2012. While certainly not the size of Asteroids, the game was still a huge hit with almost 20,000 units sold. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c "Big Buck Safari® Reaches Two Milestones!". Raw Thrills. 1 September 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
^ ^a ^b Strang, Katie (24 April 2007). "Shootout at the local pub: Big Buck Hunter is a hit". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
^ "Entering The Snakepit – A Winner". NewsBytes. 20 December 1983. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 25 February 2009 suggested (help)
^ ^a ^b "Business 1974: Industry: Space Age Pinball, Atari's PONG", Time, 5 October 1983, retrieved 21 April 2011, Typical of the new games is Pong, a popular version of electronic table tennis manufactured by two-year-old Atari, Inc. (estimated fiscal 1974 revenue: $14 million) of Los Gatos, Calif. Atari sold some 8,500 games to U.S. amusement parlors and other businesses last year.
^ ^a ^b Ashley S. Lipson & Robert D. Brain (2009), Computer and Video Game Law: Cases and Materials, Carolina Academic Press, p. 9, ISBN 1-59460-488-6, retrieved 11 April 2011, Atari eventually sold more than 19,000 Pong machines, giving rise to many imitations. Pong made its first appearance in 1972 at "Andy Capp's," a small bar in Sunnyvale, California, where the video game was literally "overplayed" as eager customers tried to cram quarters into an already heavily overloaded coin slot.
^ ^a ^b Barack, Lauren (8 May 2003). "In Blast From the Past, Atari Video Games Plan a Return". New York Post. p. 34. Retrieved 28 February 2012. It's first hit game, "Pong," launched in 1972, made $11 million in revenue in just one year.
^ ^a ^b Beals, Gregory (11 December 2000). "Kings of Cool". Newsweek. Retrieved 19 April 2012. Konami has sold 25,000 Beatmania machines in three years. In the arcade industry, selling 1000 units is considered a success.
^ ^a ^b Steven L. Kent (2000), The first quarter: a 25-year history of video games, BWD Press, p. 83, ISBN 0-9704755-0-0, retrieved 9 April 2011, Sea Wolf, which was another creation of Dave Nutting, did solid business, selling more than 10,000 machines.
^ Orland, Kyle (4 March 2011). "GDC 2011: Mark Cerny Discusses Marble Madness' Turbulent Development". Gamasutra. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
^ Steven L. Kent (2000), The first quarter: a 25-year history of video games, BWD Press, p. 83), ISBN 0-9704755-0-0, retrieved 9 April 2011
^ ^a ^b Steven L. Kent (2001), The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story behind the Craze that Touched Our Lives and Changed the World, Prima, p. 91, retrieved 9 April 2011, According to Kauffman, Exidy sold only 1,000 Death Race machines, just a fraction of the number of Sea Wolf and Gun Fight machines Midway placed that same year, but Death Race stirred up protests and was even discussed on CBS's 60 Minutes.
^ Radar Scope at the Killer List of Videogames
^ Buchanan, Levi (28 August 2008). The Revolution of I, Robot, IGN.
^ "Atari: From Starting Block To Auction Block". InfoWorld. 6 (32). InfoWorld Media Group: 52. 6 August 1984. ISSN 0199-6649. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
^ Modine, Austin (13 December 2008). "Before Pong, there was Computer Space". The Register. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
^ "Call-it Entertainment, Inc. Partners with Capcom to Launch Street Fighter Wireless Game Series". Business Wire. 16 May 2002. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
^ "Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2008", Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition, Guinness World Records, p. 77, 2008, ISBN 1-904994-21-0, retrieved 9 April 2011, Street Fighter has sold over 25 million console games and 500,000 arcade units generating more than a billion dollars in revenue.
^ "What is Golden Tee?". Incredible Technologies.
^ Sickinger, Ted (6 November 1995). "The year of Mortal Kombat". The Kansas City Star. p. 1. Retrieved 4 March 2012. More than 1 billion quarters have dropped through its slots since 1992. The first two home versions sold more than 10 million copies at $50 and $60 apiece.
^ "3rd quarter of FY2005: Summary of Financial Results". Konami. 2005. Archived from the original on 7 March 2005. Retrieved 20 April 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ "Segment Results: Amusement Machines" (PDF). FY 2007: 1st Quarter Results (April-June 2006). Sega Sammy Holdings. 28 July 2006. p. 10. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
^ "AOU 2009 - Sega World Club Champion Football Intercontinental Clubs 2007-2008". AOU Amusement Expo 2009. DigInfo TV. 2 March 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
^ "Sports Gaming in Japan: World Club Champion Football". GameSpot. 22 September 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

External links

[PacMan-50] Pac-Man:
Estimated 10 billion quarters ($2.5 billion) by 1999:
Chris Morris (10 May 2005). "Pac Man turns 25: A pizza dinner yields a cultural phenomenon – and millions of dollars in quarters". CNN. Retrieved 23 April 2011. In the late 1990s, Twin Galaxies, which tracks video game world record scores, visited used game auctions and counted how many times the average Pac Man machine had been played. Based on those findings and the total number of machines that were manufactured, the organization said it believed the game had been played more than 10 billion times in the 20th century.

Mark J. P. Wolf (2008), The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond, ABC-CLIO, p. 73, ISBN 0-313-33868-X, retrieved 10 April 2011, It would go on to become arguably the most famous video game of all time, with the arcade game alone taking in more than a billion dollars, and one study estimated that it had been played more than 10 billion times during the twentieth century.

Estimated 7 billion coins (7 billion quarters / $1.75 billion) by 1982.^[49]

$1 billion cabinet sales by 1982:
Marlene Targ Brill (2009). America in the 1980s. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 120. ISBN 0-8225-7602-3. Retrieved 1 May 2011.

$1 billion revenue in 1980:
Kline, Stephen (2003). Digital play: the interaction of technology, culture, and marketing (Reprint ed.). Montréal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-7735-2591-2. Retrieved 25 February 2012. The game produced one billion dollars in 1980 alone {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[2] Estimated 10 billion quarters ($2.5 billion) by 1999:
Chris Morris (10 May 2005). "Pac Man turns 25: A pizza dinner yields a cultural phenomenon – and millions of dollars in quarters". CNN. Retrieved 23 April 2011. In the late 1990s, Twin Galaxies, which tracks video game world record scores, visited used game auctions and counted how many times the average Pac Man machine had been played. Based on those findings and the total number of machines that were manufactured, the organization said it believed the game had been played more than 10 billion times in the 20th century.

Mark J. P. Wolf (2008), The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond, ABC-CLIO, p. 73, ISBN 0-313-33868-X, retrieved 10 April 2011, It would go on to become arguably the most famous video game of all time, with the arcade game alone taking in more than a billion dollars, and one study estimated that it had been played more than 10 billion times during the twentieth century.

[3] Chris Morris (10 May 2005). "Pac Man turns 25: A pizza dinner yields a cultural phenomenon – and millions of dollars in quarters". CNN. Retrieved 23 April 2011. In the late 1990s, Twin Galaxies, which tracks video game world record scores, visited used game auctions and counted how many times the average Pac Man machine had been played. Based on those findings and the total number of machines that were manufactured, the organization said it believed the game had been played more than 10 billion times in the 20th century.

[4] Mark J. P. Wolf (2008), The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond, ABC-CLIO, p. 73, ISBN 0-313-33868-X, retrieved 10 April 2011, It would go on to become arguably the most famous video game of all time, with the arcade game alone taking in more than a billion dollars, and one study estimated that it had been played more than 10 billion times during the twentieth century.

[5] Estimated 7 billion coins (7 billion quarters / $1.75 billion) by 1982.^[49]

[6] $1 billion cabinet sales by 1982:
Marlene Targ Brill (2009). America in the 1980s. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 120. ISBN 0-8225-7602-3. Retrieved 1 May 2011.

[7] Marlene Targ Brill (2009). America in the 1980s. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 120. ISBN 0-8225-7602-3. Retrieved 1 May 2011.

[8] $1 billion revenue in 1980:
Kline, Stephen (2003). Digital play: the interaction of technology, culture, and marketing (Reprint ed.). Montréal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-7735-2591-2. Retrieved 25 February 2012. The game produced one billion dollars in 1980 alone {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[9] Kline, Stephen (2003). Digital play: the interaction of technology, culture, and marketing (Reprint ed.). Montréal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-7735-2591-2. Retrieved 25 February 2012. The game produced one billion dollars in 1980 alone {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[PacManInflation-51] Inflation:^[29]
$1 billion revenue in 1980: $2.75 in 2012

Additional $1.75 billion revenue in 1982: $4.11 billion in 2012

Additional 3 billion quarters / $0.75 billion in 1999: $1.02 billion in 2012

[11] $1 billion revenue in 1980: $2.75 in 2012

[12] Additional $1.75 billion revenue in 1982: $4.11 billion in 2012

[13] Additional 3 billion quarters / $0.75 billion in 1999: $1.02 billion in 2012

[SpaceInvaders-53] Space Invaders:
$2 billion (4 billion quarters) by 1982: "Making millions, 25 cents at a time". The Fifth Estate. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 23 November 1982. Retrieved 30 April 2011.

$1 billion (8 billion quarters) by 1981: Glinert, Ephraim P. (1990), Visual Programming Environments: Applications and Issues, IEEE Computer Society Press, p. 321, ISBN 0-8186-8974-9, retrieved 10 April 2011, As of mid-1981, according to Steve Bloom, author of Video Invaders, more than four billion quarters had been dropped into Space Invaders games around the world

$600 million Japan cabinet sales in 1978: "Can Asteroids Conquer Space Invaders?" (PDF). Electronic Games. 1 (1): 30–33 [31]. 1981. Retrieved 1 February 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

$102 million US cabinet sales by 1979.^[26]

[15] $2 billion (4 billion quarters) by 1982: "Making millions, 25 cents at a time". The Fifth Estate. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 23 November 1982. Retrieved 30 April 2011.

[16] $1 billion (8 billion quarters) by 1981: Glinert, Ephraim P. (1990), Visual Programming Environments: Applications and Issues, IEEE Computer Society Press, p. 321, ISBN 0-8186-8974-9, retrieved 10 April 2011, As of mid-1981, according to Steve Bloom, author of Video Invaders, more than four billion quarters had been dropped into Space Invaders games around the world

[17] $600 million Japan cabinet sales in 1978: "Can Asteroids Conquer Space Invaders?" (PDF). Electronic Games. 1 (1): 30–33 [31]. 1981. Retrieved 1 February 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[18] $102 million US cabinet sales by 1979.^[26]

[SpaceInvadersInflation-54] Inflation:^[29]
$600 million Japan cabinet sales in 1978: $2.09 billion in 2012

$102 million US cabinet sales in 1979: $318.45 million in 2012

$1 billion (4 billion quarters) in 1981: $2.49 billion in 2012

Additional $1 billion (4 billion quarters) in 1982: $2.35 billion in 2012

[20] $600 million Japan cabinet sales in 1978: $2.09 billion in 2012

[21] $102 million US cabinet sales in 1979: $318.45 million in 2012

[22] $1 billion (4 billion quarters) in 1981: $2.49 billion in 2012

[23] Additional $1 billion (4 billion quarters) in 1982: $2.35 billion in 2012

[57] Street Fighter II:
Street Fighter II': Champion Edition: 140,000^[51]

Street Fighter II: The World Warrior: 60,000^[52]

[25] Street Fighter II': Champion Edition: 140,000^[51]

[26] Street Fighter II: The World Warrior: 60,000^[52]

[60] Street Fighter II': Champion Edition
2009 Japanese yen inflation: ¥24.6 billion ("Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a Japanese Yen Amount, 1879 – 2009". Measuring Worth. Retrieved 25 April 2011.)

Yen-Dollar currency conversion: $306 million^[54]

2012 Dollar inflation: $323.3 million^[29]

[28] 2009 Japanese yen inflation: ¥24.6 billion ("Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a Japanese Yen Amount, 1879 – 2009". Measuring Worth. Retrieved 25 April 2011.)

[29] Yen-Dollar currency conversion: $306 million^[54]

[30] 2012 Dollar inflation: $323.3 million^[29]

[DonkeyKong-62] Donkey Kong:
Japan: 65,000 of Donkey Kong
Brian Ashcraft ; with Jean Snow. ; forewords by Kevin Williams (2008). "sixty-five+thousand" Arcade Mania: The Turbo-charged World of Japan's Game Centers (1st ed. ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. ISBN 4-7700-3078-9. Retrieved 12 February 2012. Jumpman hopped over barrels, climbed ladders, and jumped from suspended platform to suspended platform as he tried to rescue a damsel from his pissed-off pet gorilla. The game was a smash, and sixty-five thousand cabinets were sold in Japan, propping up the then-struggling Nintendo and laying the groundwork for Nintendo and Donkey Kong creator Shigeru Miyamoto to dominate gaming throughout the 1980s and beyond. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

United States: 67,000 of Donkey Kong
Bienaimé, Pierre (13 January 2012). "Square Roots: Donkey Kong (NES)". Nintendojo. Retrieved 8 April 2012. Donkey Kong sold some 67,000 arcade cabinets in two years, making two of its American distributors sudden millionaires thanks to paid commission. As a barometer of success, know that Pac-Man and Ms. Pac-Man are the only arcade games to have sold over 100,000 units in the United States.

United States: 30,000 of Donkey Kong Jr. and 5000 of Donkey Kong 3.^[55]

[32] Japan: 65,000 of Donkey Kong
Brian Ashcraft ; with Jean Snow. ; forewords by Kevin Williams (2008). "sixty-five+thousand" Arcade Mania: The Turbo-charged World of Japan's Game Centers (1st ed. ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. ISBN 4-7700-3078-9. Retrieved 12 February 2012. Jumpman hopped over barrels, climbed ladders, and jumped from suspended platform to suspended platform as he tried to rescue a damsel from his pissed-off pet gorilla. The game was a smash, and sixty-five thousand cabinets were sold in Japan, propping up the then-struggling Nintendo and laying the groundwork for Nintendo and Donkey Kong creator Shigeru Miyamoto to dominate gaming throughout the 1980s and beyond. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[33] Brian Ashcraft ; with Jean Snow. ; forewords by Kevin Williams (2008). "sixty-five+thousand" Arcade Mania: The Turbo-charged World of Japan's Game Centers (1st ed. ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. ISBN 4-7700-3078-9. Retrieved 12 February 2012. Jumpman hopped over barrels, climbed ladders, and jumped from suspended platform to suspended platform as he tried to rescue a damsel from his pissed-off pet gorilla. The game was a smash, and sixty-five thousand cabinets were sold in Japan, propping up the then-struggling Nintendo and laying the groundwork for Nintendo and Donkey Kong creator Shigeru Miyamoto to dominate gaming throughout the 1980s and beyond. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[34] United States: 67,000 of Donkey Kong
Bienaimé, Pierre (13 January 2012). "Square Roots: Donkey Kong (NES)". Nintendojo. Retrieved 8 April 2012. Donkey Kong sold some 67,000 arcade cabinets in two years, making two of its American distributors sudden millionaires thanks to paid commission. As a barometer of success, know that Pac-Man and Ms. Pac-Man are the only arcade games to have sold over 100,000 units in the United States.

[35] Bienaimé, Pierre (13 January 2012). "Square Roots: Donkey Kong (NES)". Nintendojo. Retrieved 8 April 2012. Donkey Kong sold some 67,000 arcade cabinets in two years, making two of its American distributors sudden millionaires thanks to paid commission. As a barometer of success, know that Pac-Man and Ms. Pac-Man are the only arcade games to have sold over 100,000 units in the United States.

[36] United States: 30,000 of Donkey Kong Jr. and 5000 of Donkey Kong 3.^[55]

[DKInflation-64] Inflation:^[29]
$180 million in 1981: $448.84 million in 2012

$100 million in 1982: $234.89 million in 2012

[38] $180 million in 1981: $448.84 million in 2012

[39] $100 million in 1982: $234.89 million in 2012

[Mushiking-80] Mushiking:
420 million^[70] 100 yen coins^[71] = ¥42 billion

Currency conversion: $530 million^[54]

[41] 420 million^[70] 100 yen coins^[71] = ¥42 billion

[42] Currency conversion: $530 million^[54]

[LoveBerry-83] Love and Berry:
240 million^[70] 100 yen coins^[71] = ¥24 billion

Currency conversion: $302.68 million^[54]

[44] 240 million^[70] 100 yen coins^[71] = ¥24 billion

[45] Currency conversion: $302.68 million^[54]

[IntercontinentalSales-90] World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs
World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2006-2007 - 831 units from June 2008 to March 2009^[78]

World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2008–2009 - 858 units from April 2009 to December 2009^[79]

[47] World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2006-2007 - 831 units from June 2008 to March 2009^[78]

[48] World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2008–2009 - 858 units from April 2009 to December 2009^[79]

[Intercontinental-95] World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs
Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥4.2 billion^[80]

Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥3.8 billion^[81]

Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥3.6 billion^[82]^[83]

Currency conversion:^[54]
¥4.2 billion = $51.9159 million

¥3.8 billion = $46.9716 million

¥3.6 billion = $44.8253 million

[50] Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥4.2 billion^[80]

[51] Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥3.8 billion^[81]

[52] Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥3.6 billion^[82]^[83]

[53] Currency conversion:^[54]
¥4.2 billion = $51.9159 million

¥3.8 billion = $46.9716 million

¥3.6 billion = $44.8253 million

[54] ¥4.2 billion = $51.9159 million

[55] ¥3.8 billion = $46.9716 million

[56] ¥3.6 billion = $44.8253 million

[IntercontinentalInflation-96] Inflation:^[29]
$51.9159 million in 2010 = $54.61 million in 2012

$46.9716 million in 2011 = $47.9 million in 2012

$44.8253 million in 2012

[58] $51.9159 million in 2010 = $54.61 million in 2012

[59] $46.9716 million in 2011 = $47.9 million in 2012

[60] $44.8253 million in 2012

[StarHorse3-100] Fiscal year ended March 2012: ¥10.1 billion^[82]
¥10.1 billion = $125.8 million^[54]

[62] ¥10.1 billion = $125.8 million^[54]

[MJ2-108] Sega Network Mahjong MJ2:
April 2004 to March 2005: 4,984^[92]

April 2005 to June 2005: 502^[93]

[64] April 2004 to March 2005: 4,984^[92]

[65] April 2005 to June 2005: 502^[93]

[SangokushiTaisen2-110] Sangokushi Taisen 2:
3,211 units during April-September 2006.^[91]

830 units during April-September 2007.^[94]

[67] 3,211 units during April-September 2006.^[91]

[68] 830 units during April-September 2007.^[94]

[Stage4-112] Initial D Arcade Stage 4:
3,056 units in fiscal year ending March 2007.^[95]

848 units during April-September 2007.^[94]

[70] 3,056 units in fiscal year ending March 2007.^[95]

[71] 848 units during April-September 2007.^[94]

[BorderBreak-114] Border Break:
Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥3.3 billion^[80]

Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥2.5 billion^[81]

Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥2.3 billion^[82]^[96]

Currency conversion:^[54]
¥3.3 billion = $40.7317 million

¥2.5 billion = $30.8542 million

¥2.3 billion = $28.6371 million

[73] Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥3.3 billion^[80]

[74] Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥2.5 billion^[81]

[75] Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥2.3 billion^[82]^[96]

[76] Currency conversion:^[54]
¥3.3 billion = $40.7317 million

¥2.5 billion = $30.8542 million

¥2.3 billion = $28.6371 million

[77] ¥3.3 billion = $40.7317 million

[78] ¥2.5 billion = $30.8542 million

[79] ¥2.3 billion = $28.6371 million

[BorderBreakInflation-115] Inflation:^[29]
$40.7317 million in 2010 = $42.85 million in 2012

$30.8542 million in 2011 = $31.47 million in 2012

$28.6371 million in 2012

[81] $40.7317 million in 2010 = $42.85 million in 2012

[82] $30.8542 million in 2011 = $31.47 million in 2012

[83] $28.6371 million in 2012

[Sangokushi-117] Sangokushi Taisen:
As of March 2005: 421^[92]

April 2005 to March 2006: 1,521^[89]

[85] As of March 2005: 421^[92]

[86] April 2005 to March 2006: 1,521^[89]

[Sengoku-121] Sengoku Taisen:
Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥6.4 billion^[81]

Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥1.2 billion^[82]
Currency conversion:^[54]
¥6.4 billion = $79.1 million

¥1.2 billion = $14.94 million

[88] Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥6.4 billion^[81]

[89] Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥1.2 billion^[82]

[90] ¥6.4 billion = $79.1 million

[91] ¥1.2 billion = $14.94 million

[SengokuInflation-122] Sengoku Taisen, inflation:
$79.1 million in 2011 = $80.91 in 2012

$14.94 million in 2012

[93] $79.1 million in 2011 = $80.91 in 2012

[94] $14.94 million in 2012

[BattleRoad-125] Dragon Quest: Monster Battle Road
¥4.5 billion from June 2007 to March 2008^[101]
Currency conversion: $56.731 million^[54]

¥1.7 billion from April 2008 to September 2008^[102]
Currency conversion: $21.4317 million^[54]

[96] ¥4.5 billion from June 2007 to March 2008^[101]
Currency conversion: $56.731 million^[54]

[97] Currency conversion: $56.731 million^[54]

[98] ¥1.7 billion from April 2008 to September 2008^[102]
Currency conversion: $21.4317 million^[54]

[99] Currency conversion: $21.4317 million^[54]

[Samba-131] Samba de Amigo: ¥3.84 billion
Currency conversion: $47.11 million^[54]

[101] Currency conversion: $47.11 million^[54]

[StarHorse2Sales-133] StarHorse2:
From April 2005 to March 2007: 18,079 units
StarHorse2: New Generation – 7,819 units from April 2005 to June 2006 (6,020 units in fiscal year ended March 2006,^[89] and 1,799 units during April-June 2006)^[91]

StarHorse2: Second Fusion - 10,260 units from April 2006 to March 2007 (8,105 conversion kits during April-December 2006,^[72] and 2,155 body and satellite units in fiscal year ending March 2007)^[95]

From April 2007 to March 2008: 10,275 units (756 body and satellite units of StarHorse2: Second Fusion during April-September 2007,^[94] and 9,519 conversion kits in fiscal year ended March 2008)^[108]

From April 2009 to December 2009: 10,657 units of StarHorse2: Fifth Expansion^[79]

[103] From April 2005 to March 2007: 18,079 units
StarHorse2: New Generation – 7,819 units from April 2005 to June 2006 (6,020 units in fiscal year ended March 2006,^[89] and 1,799 units during April-June 2006)^[91]

StarHorse2: Second Fusion - 10,260 units from April 2006 to March 2007 (8,105 conversion kits during April-December 2006,^[72] and 2,155 body and satellite units in fiscal year ending March 2007)^[95]

[104] StarHorse2: New Generation – 7,819 units from April 2005 to June 2006 (6,020 units in fiscal year ended March 2006,^[89] and 1,799 units during April-June 2006)^[91]

[105] StarHorse2: Second Fusion - 10,260 units from April 2006 to March 2007 (8,105 conversion kits during April-December 2006,^[72] and 2,155 body and satellite units in fiscal year ending March 2007)^[95]

[106] From April 2007 to March 2008: 10,275 units (756 body and satellite units of StarHorse2: Second Fusion during April-September 2007,^[94] and 9,519 conversion kits in fiscal year ended March 2008)^[108]

[107] From April 2009 to December 2009: 10,657 units of StarHorse2: Fifth Expansion^[79]

[StarHorse2-134] StarHorse2: Fifth Expansion:
Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥2.8 billion^[80]

Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥2 billion^[81]

Currency conversion:^[54]
¥2.8 billion = $34.6039 million

¥2 billion = $24.7171 million

[109] Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥2.8 billion^[80]

[110] Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥2 billion^[81]

[111] Currency conversion:^[54]
¥2.8 billion = $34.6039 million

¥2 billion = $24.7171 million

[112] ¥2.8 billion = $34.6039 million

[113] ¥2 billion = $24.7171 million

[StarHorse2Inflation-135] StarHorse2: Fifth Expansion, inflation:^[29]
$34.6039 million in 2010 = $36.4 million in 2012

$24.7171 million in 2011 = $25.21 million in 2012

[115] $34.6039 million in 2010 = $36.4 million in 2012

[116] $24.7171 million in 2011 = $25.21 million in 2012

[Sangokushi3-140] Sangokushi Taisen 3:
Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥1.8 billion^[80]

Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥2.6 billion^[81]

Currency conversion:^[54]
¥1.8 billion = $22.2401 million

¥2.6 billion = $32.1248 million

[118] Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥1.8 billion^[80]

[119] Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥2.6 billion^[81]

[120] Currency conversion:^[54]
¥1.8 billion = $22.2401 million

¥2.6 billion = $32.1248 million

[121] ¥1.8 billion = $22.2401 million

[122] ¥2.6 billion = $32.1248 million

[Sangokushi3Inflation-141] Inflation:^[29]
$22.2401 million in 2010 = $23.4 million in 2012

$32.1248 million in 2011 = $32.76 million in 2012

[124] $22.2401 million in 2010 = $23.4 million in 2012

[125] $32.1248 million in 2011 = $32.76 million in 2012

[Vermillion-145] Lord of Vermilion: ¥4 billion^[102]
Currency conversion: $50.443 million^[54]

[127] Currency conversion: $50.443 million^[54]

[MJ4Sales-146] Sega Network Mahjong MJ4:
Fiscal year ended March 2008: 10,427^[108]

Fiscal year ended March 2009: 2,465^[78]

[129] Fiscal year ended March 2008: 10,427^[108]

[130] Fiscal year ended March 2009: 2,465^[78]

[MJ4-147] Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥3.8 billion^[80]
Currency conversion: $47 million^[54]

[132] Currency conversion: $47 million^[54]

[MJ5-148] Fiscal year ended March 2012: ¥2.8 billion^[82]
Currency conversion: $34.87 million^[54]

[134] Currency conversion: $34.87 million^[54]

[Beatmania-150] Beatmania:
¥1 billion in May 1998^[106]

Yen-Dollar currency conversion: $12.4 million^[54]

[136] ¥1 billion in May 1998^[106]

[137] Yen-Dollar currency conversion: $12.4 million^[54]

[159] Pac-Man series:
Pac-Man: 400,000^[49]

Ms. Pac-Man: 125,000^[57]

Pac-Mania: 1,412^[74]

[139] Pac-Man: 400,000^[49]

[140] Ms. Pac-Man: 125,000^[57]

[141] Pac-Mania: 1,412^[74]

[160] Pac-Man series:
Pac-Man: $3.5& billion in 1999^{[n 1]}

Pac-Mania: $2.82 million in the US in 1987^[74]

[143] Pac-Man: $3.5& billion in 1999^{[n 1]}

[144] Pac-Mania: $2.82 million in the US in 1987^[74]

[161] Pac-Man series:
Pac-Man: $7.61 billion^{[n 2]}

Pac-Mania: $5.65 million in the US^[74]

[146] Pac-Man: $7.61 billion^{[n 2]}

[147] Pac-Mania: $5.65 million in the US^[74]

[164] Mario series:
Donkey Kong series: 167,000^{[n 7]}

Mario Bros.: 3,800^[84]

[149] Donkey Kong series: 167,000^{[n 7]}

[150] Mario Bros.: 3,800^[84]

[165] Asteroids series:
Asteroids: 100,000^[59]

Asteroids sequels:^[103]
Asteroids Deluxe: 22,399

Space Duel: 12,038

Blasteroids: 2,000

[152] Asteroids: 100,000^[59]

[153] Asteroids sequels:^[103]
Asteroids Deluxe: 22,399

Space Duel: 12,038

Blasteroids: 2,000

[154] Asteroids Deluxe: 22,399

[155] Space Duel: 12,038

[156] Blasteroids: 2,000

[166] Asteroids series:
Asteroids: $800 million in 1991^[60]

Asteroids sequels:
Asteroids Deluxe: $46.1 million in 1999^[103]

Blasteroids: $4.69 million in 1991^[74]

[158] Asteroids: $800 million in 1991^[60]

[159] Asteroids sequels:
Asteroids Deluxe: $46.1 million in 1999^[103]

Blasteroids: $4.69 million in 1991^[74]

[160] Asteroids Deluxe: $46.1 million in 1999^[103]

[161] Blasteroids: $4.69 million in 1991^[74]

[167] Asteroids series:^[29]
Asteroids: $1.3 billion

Asteroids Deluxe: $63 million

Blasteroids: $9.03 million

[163] Asteroids: $1.3 billion

[164] Asteroids Deluxe: $63 million

[165] Blasteroids: $9.03 million

[169] Defender series:
Defender: 60,000^[62]

Stargate: 15,000^[84]

[167] Defender: 60,000^[62]

[168] Stargate: 15,000^[84]

[170] Centipede series:^[74]^[84]
Centipede: 55,988
Millipede: 9,990

[170] Centipede: 55,988

[171] Centipede series:^[74]
Centipede: $115.65 million
Millipede: $20.669 million

[172] Centipede: $115.65 million

[172] Centipede series:^[74]
Centipede: $193.31 million
Millipede: $34.55 million

[174] Centipede: $193.31 million

[174] Galaxian series:
Galaxian: 40,000 in the US^[66]^[67]

Galaga '88: 986 in the US^[74]

[176] Galaxian: 40,000 in the US^[66]^[67]

[177] Galaga '88: 986 in the US^[74]

[175] StarHorse series:
Starhorse Progress – 120 in fiscal year ended March 2005^[92]

StarHorse2 – 38,614 up to 2009^{[n 25]}

[179] Starhorse Progress – 120 in fiscal year ended March 2005^[92]

[180] StarHorse2 – 38,614 up to 2009^{[n 25]}

[176] Starhorse series, 2009–2011:
Starhorse2 – $59.321 million^{[n 26]}

StarHorse3 Season I: A New Legend Begins – $125.8 million^{[n 14]}

[182] Starhorse2 – $59.321 million^{[n 26]}

[183] StarHorse3 Season I: A New Legend Begins – $125.8 million^{[n 14]}

[177] StarHorse series, inflation:
Starhorse2 – $61.61 million million^{[n 27]}

StarHorse3 Season I: A New Legend Begins – $125.8 million^{[n 14]}

[185] Starhorse2 – $61.61 million million^{[n 27]}

[186] StarHorse3 Season I: A New Legend Begins – $125.8 million^{[n 14]}

[179] Big Buck series:
Big Buck Hunter series sales up until April 2007: 22,500 units, including 7,500 Big Buck Hunter Pro units.^[111]

Series sales after April 2007 until September 2009: additional 2,500 Big Buck Hunter Pro units and 5,500 Big Buck Safari units.^[110]

[188] Big Buck Hunter series sales up until April 2007: 22,500 units, including 7,500 Big Buck Hunter Pro units.^[111]

[189] Series sales after April 2007 until September 2009: additional 2,500 Big Buck Hunter Pro units and 5,500 Big Buck Safari units.^[110]

[180] Bemani series, sales:
Beatmania as of 2000: 25,000^[116]

Dance Dance Revolution in Japan as of May 1999: 3,500^[106]

[191] Beatmania as of 2000: 25,000^[116]

[192] Dance Dance Revolution in Japan as of May 1999: 3,500^[106]

[181] Sega Network Mahjong MJ series:
Sega Network Mahjong MJ2 from April 2004 to June 2005: 5,486 units^{[n 15]}

Sega Network Mahjong MJ3 from April 2005 to March 2006: 7,608 units^[89]

Sega Network Mahjong MJ4 from April 2007 to March 2009: 12,892^{[n 31]}

[194] Sega Network Mahjong MJ2 from April 2004 to June 2005: 5,486 units^{[n 15]}

[195] Sega Network Mahjong MJ3 from April 2005 to March 2006: 7,608 units^[89]

[196] Sega Network Mahjong MJ4 from April 2007 to March 2009: 12,892^{[n 31]}

[182] Sega Network Mahjong MJ series, 2009–2012:
Sega Network Mahjong MJ4: $47 million in fiscal year 2010^{[n 32]}

Sega Network Mahjong MJ5: $34.87 million in fiscal year 2012^{[n 33]}

[198] Sega Network Mahjong MJ4: $47 million in fiscal year 2010^{[n 32]}

[199] Sega Network Mahjong MJ5: $34.87 million in fiscal year 2012^{[n 33]}

[183] Sega Network Mahjong MJ series, inflation:^[29]
Sega Network Mahjong MJ4: $49.44 million

Sega Network Mahjong MJ5: $34.87 million

[201] Sega Network Mahjong MJ4: $49.44 million

[202] Sega Network Mahjong MJ5: $34.87 million

[184] Pole Position series US sales:
Pole Position: 21,000^[84]

Pole Position sequels:^[74]
Pole Position II: 2,400

Final Lap: 1,150

[204] Pole Position: 21,000^[84]

[205] Pole Position sequels:^[74]
Pole Position II: 2,400

Final Lap: 1,150

[206] Pole Position II: 2,400

[207] Final Lap: 1,150

[185] Pole Position series US sales:^[74]^[84]
Pole Position: $60.933 million in 1983

Pole Position II: $7.43 million in 1983

Final Lap: $9.5 million in 1988

[209] Pole Position: $60.933 million in 1983

[210] Pole Position II: $7.43 million in 1983

[211] Final Lap: $9.5 million in 1988

[186] Pole Position series US sales with 2012 inflation:^[29]
Pole Position: $139.28 million

Pole Position II: $16.98 million

Final Lap: $18.42 million

[213] Pole Position: $139.28 million

[214] Pole Position II: $16.98 million

[215] Final Lap: $18.42 million

[187] Sangokushi Taisen series:
Sales from January 2005 to September 2006: 5,153 units
Sangokushi Taisen from January 2005 to March 2006: 1,942 units^{[n 20]}

Sangokushi Taisen 2 during April-September 2006: 3,211 units^[91]

Sales from April 2007 to March 2008: 4,776
166 body units of Sangokushi Taisen 2 during April-September 2007^[94]

4,610 satellite units of Sangokushi Taisen from April 2007 to March 2008^[108]

[217] Sales from January 2005 to September 2006: 5,153 units
Sangokushi Taisen from January 2005 to March 2006: 1,942 units^{[n 20]}

Sangokushi Taisen 2 during April-September 2006: 3,211 units^[91]

[218] Sangokushi Taisen from January 2005 to March 2006: 1,942 units^{[n 20]}

[219] Sangokushi Taisen 2 during April-September 2006: 3,211 units^[91]

[220] Sales from April 2007 to March 2008: 4,776
166 body units of Sangokushi Taisen 2 during April-September 2007^[94]

4,610 satellite units of Sangokushi Taisen from April 2007 to March 2008^[108]

[221] 166 body units of Sangokushi Taisen 2 during April-September 2007^[94]

[222] 4,610 satellite units of Sangokushi Taisen from April 2007 to March 2008^[108]

[188] Sangokushi Taisen series, 2009–2011:
Sangokushi Taisen 3: $54.4 million^{[n 28]}

Sengoku Taisen: $94.04 million^{[n 21]}

[224] Sangokushi Taisen 3: $54.4 million^{[n 28]}

[225] Sengoku Taisen: $94.04 million^{[n 21]}

[189] Sangokushi Taisen series inflation:
Sangokushi Taisen 3: $56.2 million million^{[n 29]}

Sengoku Taisen: $95.85 million^{[n 22]}

[227] Sangokushi Taisen 3: $56.2 million million^{[n 29]}

[228] Sengoku Taisen: $95.85 million^{[n 22]}

[190] Initial D series:
Initial D Arcade Stage: 2,534 units from April 2004 to September 2004^[97]

Initial D Arcade Stage Ver. 3: 673 units from April 2004 to March 2005^[92]

Initial D Arcade Stage 4: 3,904 units from April 2006 to September 2007^{[n 17]}

[230] Initial D Arcade Stage: 2,534 units from April 2004 to September 2004^[97]

[231] Initial D Arcade Stage Ver. 3: 673 units from April 2004 to March 2005^[92]

[232] Initial D Arcade Stage 4: 3,904 units from April 2006 to September 2007^{[n 17]}

[192] World Club Champion Football series, unit sales:
World Club Champion Football: European Clubs 2004–2005 - 514 units in fiscal year ending March 2006^[89]

World Club Champion Football: European Clubs 2004–2005 Ver. 2 - 276 units during April-September 2006 (240 satellite units during April-June 2006,^[130] and 36 body units during April-September 2006)^[91]

World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2008–2009 - 1,689 units from June 2008 to December 2009^{[n 11]}

[234] World Club Champion Football: European Clubs 2004–2005 - 514 units in fiscal year ending March 2006^[89]

[235] World Club Champion Football: European Clubs 2004–2005 Ver. 2 - 276 units during April-September 2006 (240 satellite units during April-June 2006,^[130] and 36 body units during April-September 2006)^[91]

[236] World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2008–2009 - 1,689 units from June 2008 to December 2009^{[n 11]}

[195] World Club Champion Football series, revenue:
Series revenues up until March 2009 - $552.3 million
480 million player cards sold. Prices could range from ¥300 for a single card from an arcade machine to ¥1000 for a starter pack.^[131] A ¥1000 starter pack consists of 11 player cards, equivalent to ¥90.91 each.^[132] Total revenues from player card sales thus range from ¥43.64 billion (at ¥90.91 per card) to ¥144 billion (at ¥300 per card). In US dollars, this is equivalent to a range of $552.3 million to $1.82244 billion.^[54] The lowest value of $552.3 million will be assumed.

World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs revenues from April 2009 to March 2012 - $144 million^{[n 12]}

[238] Series revenues up until March 2009 - $552.3 million
480 million player cards sold. Prices could range from ¥300 for a single card from an arcade machine to ¥1000 for a starter pack.^[131] A ¥1000 starter pack consists of 11 player cards, equivalent to ¥90.91 each.^[132] Total revenues from player card sales thus range from ¥43.64 billion (at ¥90.91 per card) to ¥144 billion (at ¥300 per card). In US dollars, this is equivalent to a range of $552.3 million to $1.82244 billion.^[54] The lowest value of $552.3 million will be assumed.

[239] 480 million player cards sold. Prices could range from ¥300 for a single card from an arcade machine to ¥1000 for a starter pack.^[131] A ¥1000 starter pack consists of 11 player cards, equivalent to ¥90.91 each.^[132] Total revenues from player card sales thus range from ¥43.64 billion (at ¥90.91 per card) to ¥144 billion (at ¥300 per card). In US dollars, this is equivalent to a range of $552.3 million to $1.82244 billion.^[54] The lowest value of $552.3 million will be assumed.

[240] World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs revenues from April 2009 to March 2012 - $144 million^{[n 12]}

[196] World Club Champion Football series, inflation:
$552.3 million as of March 2009 = $592.33 million in 2012

World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs inflation from April 2009 to March 2012 - $147.34 million^{[n 13]}

[242] $552.3 million as of March 2009 = $592.33 million in 2012

[243] World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs inflation from April 2009 to March 2012 - $147.34 million^{[n 13]}

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[13] S.A.M.I. at the Killer List of Videogames

[14] Jet Rocket at the Killer List of Videogames

[15] Brian Ashcraft (2008) Arcade Mania! The Turbo Charged World of Japan's Game Centers, p. 134, Kodansha International

[16] Wild Gunman (1974) at the Killer List of Videogames

[17] F-1 at the Killer List of Videogames

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[48] Mark J. P. Wolf (2008), The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond, ABC-CLIO, p. 275, ISBN 0-313-33868-X, retrieved 10 April 2011, What are the best-selling video games? There are a number of factors to consider when attempting to answer this question. First, there are several different types of video games, which makes comparisons difficult, or perhaps unfair. Arcade games are played for a quarter a play (although some are 50 cents, or even more), while home games are bought outright, and their systems must be purchased as well.

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Kohler, Chris (2004). Power-Up: How Japanese Video Games Gave the World an Extra Life. Indianapolis, Ind.: BradyGames. p. "represented+a+significant+portion+of+the+cost" 19. ISBN 0-7440-0424-1. Within one year of its US release, an additional 60,000 machines had been sold. One arcade owner said of Space Invaders that it was the first arcade game whose intake "represented a significant portion of the cost of [buying] the game in any one week." That is, it was the first video game that paid for itself within about a month.

[294] Jiji Gaho Sha, inc. (2003), Asia Pacific perspectives, Japan, vol. 1, University of Virginia, p. 57, retrieved 9 April 2011, At that time, a game for use in entertainment arcades was considered a hit if it sold 1000 units; sales of Space Invaders topped 300,000 units in Japan and 60,000 units overseas.

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[296] Kohler, Chris (2004). Power-Up: How Japanese Video Games Gave the World an Extra Life. Indianapolis, Ind.: BradyGames. p. "represented+a+significant+portion+of+the+cost" 19. ISBN 0-7440-0424-1. Within one year of its US release, an additional 60,000 machines had been sold. One arcade owner said of Space Invaders that it was the first arcade game whose intake "represented a significant portion of the cost of [buying] the game in any one week." That is, it was the first video game that paid for itself within about a month.

[curran38-55] Ste Curran (2004), Game plan: great designs that changed the face of computer gaming, Rotovision, p. 38, ISBN 2-88046-696-2, retrieved 11 April 2011, When Street Fighter II′ (pronounced street fighter two dash) was released just a short time later, it sold around 140,000 units, at ¥160.000 (c. US $1300 / £820) each. The figures were beyond massive – they were simply unheard of. Capcom's Titanic wasn't sinking. Anything but. The game was a runaway success in its territory of choice, bringing Western gamers as much joy as it had in the East.

[kent446-56] Steven L. Kent (2001), The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story behind the Craze that Touched Our Lives and Changed the World, Prima, p. 446, retrieved 9 April 2011, Capcom will not release the final numbers, but some outsiders have estimated that more than 60,000 Street Fighter II arcade machines were sold worldwide.

[Kirsh-228-58] Steven J. Kirsh (2006), Children, adolescents, and media violence: a critical look at the research, SAGE Publications, p. 228, ISBN 0-7619-2976-2, retrieved 23 April 2011, In 1993, sales of the violent beat em up video game Street Fighter II exceeded $1.5 billion.

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[Kent-352-61] Steven L. Kent (2001), The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story behind the Craze that Touched Our Lives and Changed the World, Prima, p. 352, retrieved 9 April 2011, With more than 60,000 units sold in the United States, Donkey Kong was Nintendo's biggest arcade hit. The arcade industry began its long collapse the year after Donkey Kong was released, and Nintendo's arcade fortunes eroded quickly. Nintendo released Donkey Kong Junior in 1982 and sold only 30,000 machines, 20,000 Popeye machines (also 1982), and a mere 5000 copies of Donkey Kong 3 (1983).

[DK_gross-63] Jörg Ziesak (2009), Wii Innovate – How Nintendo Created a New Market Through Strategic Innovation, GRIN Verlag, p. 2029, ISBN 3-640-49774-0, retrieved 9 April 2011, Donkey Kong was Nintendo's first international smash hit and the main reason behind the company's breakthrough in the Northern American market. In the first year of its publication, it earned Nintendo 180 million US dollars, continuing with a return of 100 million dollars in the second year.

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[kent_asteroids-67] Steve L. Kent (2001), The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokémon and beyond : the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world, Prima, p. 132, ISBN 0-7615-3643-4, Atari sold more than 70,000 Asteroids machines in the United States. The game did not do as well in Europe and Asia, however. Only about 30,000 units were sold overseas.

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[71] Steven L. Kent (2001), The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story behind the Craze that Touched Our Lives and Changed the World, Prima, p. 147, retrieved 9 April 2011, Defender was Williams Electronics' biggest seller. More than 55,000 units were placed worldwide.

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[kent_do-76] Steve L. Kent (2001), The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokémon and beyond : the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world, Prima, p. 352, ISBN 0-7615-3643-4, In 1982, Universal Sales made arcade history with a game called Mr Do! Instead of selling dedicated Mr Do! machines, Universal sold the game as a kit. The kit came with a customized control panel, a computer board with Mr Do! read-only memory (ROM) chips, stickers that could be placed on the side of stand-up arcade machines for art, and a plastic marquee. It was the first game ever sold as a conversion only. According to former Universal Sales western regional sales manager Joe Morici, the company sold approximately 30,000 copies of the game in the United States alone.

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[98] Steve L. Kent (2001). The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokémon and beyond : the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world. Prima. p. 224. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. Gottlieb sold approximately 25,000 Q*Bert arcade machines.

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[sega_sep04-116] "First Half Business Results (April–September 2004)" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 11 November 2004. p. 4. Retrieved 17 May 2012.

[sega_dec05_appendix-118] "Amusement Machine: 3Q Principle Titles" (PDF). Fiscal Year Ending March 2006: 3rd Quarter Appendix (April-December 2005). Sega Sammy Holdings. 8 February 2006. p. 4. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

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[120] Jack B. Rochester & John Gantz (1983), The naked computer: a layperson's almanac of computer lore, wizardry, personalities, memorabilia, world records, mind blowers, and tomfoolery, William Morrow and Company, p. 164, ISBN 0-688-02450-5, retrieved 20 April 2011, Although the Disney Studios expected to make over $400 million from this siliconic extravaganza, our source at Variety tells us that its North American rentals were $15 million and estimated total gross, $30 million. The arcade game Tron, made by Bally, grossed more.

[se_mar08-123] "Outline of Results Briefing" (PDF). Square Enix. 23 May 2008. p. 4. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

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[pump_sales-127] [Pump It Up debuted in the arcades in 1999 and has sold over 20,000 machines worldwide. The phenomenonal success of the game has made it a strong competitor to Konami's Dance Dance Revolution. "Pump It Up: Exceed drops to PS2 / Xbox"]. Punch Jump Crew. 8 September 2005. Retrieved 18 March 2012. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)

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[konami_report99-129] ("Special Feature: Music Simulation Games Rock the Market". Annual Report. Konami. 1999. p. 2. Archived from the original on 25 June 2004. Retrieved 6 March 2012.)

[iol_samba-130] "Japanese gamers shake it, shake it!". South Africa: Independent Online. 14 August 2000. Retrieved 19 April 2012.

[sega_mar08-132] "Segment Results: Amusement Machines" (PDF). FY 2008: Full Year Results (Ending March 2008). Sega Sammy Holdings. 15 May 2008. p. 13. Retrieved 19 May 2012.

[136] Fulton, Jeff Fulton, Steve (2010). "A short history of Missile Command". The essential guide to Flash games : building interactive entertainment with ActionScript 3.0 (New ed. ed.). [Berkeley, Calif.]: Friends of ED. p. 138. ISBN 1-4302-2614-5. Retrieved 7 February 2012. While certainly not the size of Asteroids, the game was still a huge hit with almost 20,000 units sold. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[bigbuck_safari-137] "Big Buck Safari® Reaches Two Milestones!". Raw Thrills. 1 September 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2012.

[bbh_sales-138] Strang, Katie (24 April 2007). "Shootout at the local pub: Big Buck Hunter is a hit". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 18 March 2012.

[139] "Entering The Snakepit – A Winner". NewsBytes. 20 December 1983. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 25 February 2009 suggested (help)

[time74-142] "Business 1974: Industry: Space Age Pinball, Atari's PONG", Time, 5 October 1983, retrieved 21 April 2011, Typical of the new games is Pong, a popular version of electronic table tennis manufactured by two-year-old Atari, Inc. (estimated fiscal 1974 revenue: $14 million) of Los Gatos, Calif. Atari sold some 8,500 games to U.S. amusement parlors and other businesses last year.

[ashley9-143] Ashley S. Lipson & Robert D. Brain (2009), Computer and Video Game Law: Cases and Materials, Carolina Academic Press, p. 9, ISBN 1-59460-488-6, retrieved 11 April 2011, Atari eventually sold more than 19,000 Pong machines, giving rise to many imitations. Pong made its first appearance in 1972 at "Andy Capp's," a small bar in Sunnyvale, California, where the video game was literally "overplayed" as eager customers tried to cram quarters into an already heavily overloaded coin slot.

[pong_gross-144] Barack, Lauren (8 May 2003). "In Blast From the Past, Atari Video Games Plan a Return". New York Post. p. 34. Retrieved 28 February 2012. It's first hit game, "Pong," launched in 1972, made $11 million in revenue in just one year.

[beatmania_sales-149] Beals, Gregory (11 December 2000). "Kings of Cool". Newsweek. Retrieved 19 April 2012. Konami has sold 25,000 Beatmania machines in three years. In the arcade industry, selling 1000 units is considered a success.

[seawolf_sales-151] Steven L. Kent (2000), The first quarter: a 25-year history of video games, BWD Press, p. 83, ISBN 0-9704755-0-0, retrieved 9 April 2011, Sea Wolf, which was another creation of Dave Nutting, did solid business, selling more than 10,000 machines.

[GDC2011-152] Orland, Kyle (4 March 2011). "GDC 2011: Mark Cerny Discusses Marble Madness' Turbulent Development". Gamasutra. Retrieved 8 March 2011.

[153] Steven L. Kent (2000), The first quarter: a 25-year history of video games, BWD Press, p. 83), ISBN 0-9704755-0-0, retrieved 9 April 2011

[kent91-154] Steven L. Kent (2001), The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story behind the Craze that Touched Our Lives and Changed the World, Prima, p. 91, retrieved 9 April 2011, According to Kauffman, Exidy sold only 1,000 Death Race machines, just a fraction of the number of Sea Wolf and Gun Fight machines Midway placed that same year, but Death Race stirred up protests and was even discussed on CBS's 60 Minutes.

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