Times Square: Difference between revisions

Times Square
Times Square
Neighborhood of New York City
	Official logo of Times Square Broadway show billboards in Times Square
	Nickname: The Crossroads of the World
Country	United States of America
State	New York
City	New York City
Borough	Manhattan
Boundaries	Broadway, 7th Avenue, 42nd and 47th Streets
Subways	1, 2, 3, 7, <7>, N, Q, R, W, and S
Historical features	Duffy Square; George Michael Cohan statue; One Times Square; Times Square Ball; Longacre Square (historical name)

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Revision as of 22:02, 13 January 2014

40°45′28″N 73°59′09″W / 40.75773°N 73.985708°W / 40.75773; -73.985708

Times Square is a major commercial intersection^[1] and a neighborhood in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, at the junction of Broadway (now converted into a pedestrian plaza) and Seventh Avenue and stretching from West 42nd to West 47th Streets. Times Square – iconified as "The Crossroads of the World",^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] "The Center of the Universe",^[7]^[8]^[9] and the "The Great White Way"^[10]^[11]^[12] – is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District,^[13] one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections,^[14] and a major center of the world's entertainment industry.^[15] According to Travel + Leisure magazine's October 2011 survey, Times Square is the world's most visited tourist attraction, hosting over 39 million visitors annually.^[16] Approximately 330,000 people pass through Times Square daily, many of whom are either tourists or people working in the area.^[17]

Formerly Longacre Square, Times Square was renamed in April 1904 after The New York Times moved its headquarters to the newly erected Times Building – now called One Times Square – site of the annual ball drop on New Year's Eve,^[18] a tradition which began on December 31, 1907.

The northern triangle of Times Square is technically Duffy Square, dedicated in 1937 to Chaplain Francis P. Duffy of New York City's "Fighting 69th" Infantry Regiment; a memorial to Duffy is located there, along with a statue of George M. Cohan, and the TKTS discount theater tickets booth. The stepped red roof of the TKTS booth also provides seating for various events. The Duffy Statue and the square were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.^[19]

History

Early history

Before and after the American Revolution, the area belonged to John Morin Scott, a general of the New York militia, in which he served under George Washington. Scott's manor house was at what is currently 43rd Street, surrounded by countryside used for farming and breeding horses. In the first half of the 19th century it became one of the prized possessions of John Jacob Astor, who made a second fortune selling off lots to hotels and other real estate concerns as the city rapidly spread uptown.^[20] By 1872, the area had become the center of New York's carriage industry. The area not having previously been named, the city authorities called it Longacre Square after Long Acre in London, where the carriage trade in that city was centered.^[21]

1900s–1970s

In 1904, New York Times publisher Adolph S. Ochs moved the newspaper's operations to a new skyscraper on 42nd Street at Longacre Square. Ochs persuaded Mayor George B. McClellan, Jr. to construct a subway station there, and the area was renamed "Times Square" on April 8, 1904. Just three weeks later, the first electrified advertisement appeared on the side of a bank at the corner of 46th Street and Broadway.^[22]

The New York Times, according to Nolan, moved to more spacious offices west of the square in 1913. The old Times Building was later named the Allied Chemical Building. Now known simply as One Times Square, it is famed for the Times Square Ball drop on its roof every New Year's Eve.

In 1913, the Lincoln Highway Association, headed by entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, chose the intersection of 42nd Street and Broadway, at the southeast corner of Times Square, to be the Eastern Terminus of the Lincoln Highway, the first road across the United States, which originally spanned 3,389 miles (5,454 km) coast-to-coast through 13 states to its Western Terminus in Lincoln Park in San Francisco, California.^[23]^[24]

As the growth in New York City continued, Times Square quickly became a cultural hub full of theaters, music halls, and upscale hotels.

Times Square quickly became New York's agora, a place to gather to await great tidings and to celebrate them, whether a World Series or a presidential election
— James Traub, The Devil's Playground: A Century of Pleasure and Profit in Times Square

Celebrities such as Irving Berlin, Fred Astaire, and Charlie Chaplin were closely associated with Times Square in the 1910s and 1920s. During this period, the area was nicknamed The Tenderloin^[25] because it was supposedly the most desirable location in Manhattan. However, it was during this period that the area was besieged by crime and corruption, in the form of gambling and prostitution; one case that garnered huge attention was the arrest and subsequent execution of police officer Charles Becker.^[26]

The general atmosphere changed with the onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s. Times Square acquired a reputation as a dangerous neighborhood in the following decades. From the 1960s to the early 1990s, the seediness of the area, especially due its go-go bars, sex shops, and adult theaters, became an infamous symbol of the city's decline.^[27]

1980s–present

In the 1980s, a commercial building boom began in the western parts of the Midtown as part of a long-term development plan developed under Mayors Ed Koch and David Dinkins. In the mid-1990s, Rudolph Giuliani led an effort to clean up the area, increasing security, closing pornographic theaters, pressuring undesireables to relocate, and opening more tourist-friendly attractions and upscale establishments. Advocates of the remodeling claim that the neighborhood is safer and cleaner. Detractors have countered that the changes have homogenized or "Disneyfied" the character of Times Square and have unfairly targeted lower-income New Yorkers from nearby neighborhoods such as Hell's Kitchen.^{[citation needed]}

In 1990, the state of New York took possession of six of the nine historic theaters on 42nd Street, and the New 42nd Street non-profit organization was appointed to oversee their restoration and maintenance. The theaters underwent renovation for Broadway shows, conversion for commercial purposes, or demolition.

The theaters of Broadway and the huge number of animated neon and LED signs have long made them one of New York's iconic images, and a symbol of the intensely urban aspects of Manhattan. Times Square is the only neighborhood with zoning ordinances requiring building owners to display illuminated signs.^[28] The neighborhood actually has a minimum limit for lighting instead of the standard maximum limit.^[29] The density of illuminated signs in Times Square now rivals that of Las Vegas. Officially, signs in Times Square are called "spectaculars", and the largest of them are called "jumbotrons."

Notable signage includes the Toshiba billboard directly under the NYE ball drop and the curved seven-story NASDAQ sign at the NASDAQ MarketSite at 4 Times Square on 43rd Street and the curved Coca-Cola sign located underneath another large LED display owned and operated by Samsung. Both the Coca-Cola sign and Samsung LED displays were built by LED display manufacturer Daktronics. Times Square's first environmentally friendly billboard powered by wind and solar energy was first lit on December 4, 2008.^[30]

In 1992, the Times Square Alliance (formerly the Times Square Business Improvement District, or "BID" for short), a coalition of city government and local businesses dedicated to improving the quality of commerce and cleanliness in the district, started operations in the area.^[31] Times Square now boasts attractions such as ABC's Times Square Studios, where Good Morning America is broadcast live, an elaborate Toys "Я" Us store, and competing Hershey's and M&M's stores across the street from each other, as well as restaurants such as Ruby Foo's (serving Chinese food), the Bubba Gump Shrimp Company (seafood), Planet Hollywood Restaurant and Bar (a theme restaurant) and Carmine's (Italian) along with a number of multiplex movie theaters. It has also attracted a number of large financial, publishing, and media firms to set up headquarters in the area. A larger presence of police has improved the safety of the area.

File:TheNakedCowboy.jpg

The "Naked Cowboy" – who is not actually naked – performs in Times Square.

In 2002, New York City's mayor, Rudy Giuliani, gave the oath of office to the city's next mayor, Michael Bloomberg, at Times Square after midnight on January 1 as part of the 2001–2002 New Year's celebration. Approximately 500,000 revelers attended. Security was high following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, with more than 7,000 New York City police officers on duty in the Square, twice the number for an ordinary year.^[32]

Since 2002, the summer solstice has been marked by "Mind over Madness", a mass yoga event involving up to 15,000 people. Tim Tompkins, co-founder of the event, said part of its appeal was "finding stillness and calm amid the city rush on the longest day of the year".^[33]^[34]

From August 14, 2003 to August 15, 2003, the lights of Times Square went dark as a result of the 2003 Northeast blackout, which paralyzed most of the region and parts of Canada for over 24 hours. Power was finally restored to the area on the evening of Friday, August 15.

On the morning of March 6, 2008, a small bomb caused minor damage but no reported injuries.^[35]

On February 26, 2009, Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced that traffic lanes along Broadway from 42nd Street to 47th Street would be de-mapped starting Memorial Day 2009 and transformed into pedestrian plazas until at least the end of the year as a trial. The same was done from 33rd to 35th Street. The goal was to ease traffic congestion throughout the Midtown grid. The results were to be closely monitored to determine if the project worked and should be extended.^[36] Bloomberg also stated that he believed the street shutdown would make New York more livable by reducing pollution, cutting down on pedestrian accidents and helping traffic flow more smoothly.^[37] The project was originally opposed by local businesses, who thought that closing the street to cars would hurt business.^[38]

The original seats put out for pedestrians were inexpensive multicolored plastic lawn chairs, a source of amusement to many New Yorkers. They lasted from the onset of the plaza transformation until August 14, 2009, when they were ceremoniously bundled together in an installation christened "Now You See It, Now You Don't" by the artist Jason Peters.^[39] Although the plaza had mixed results on traffic in the area, injuries to motorists and pedestrians decreased, fewer pedestrians were walking in the road and the number of pedestrians in Times Square increased.^[40] The plastic chairs were shortly replaced by sturdier metal furniture, and on February 11, 2010, Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced that the pedestrian plazas would become permanent.^[41]

In February 2011, Times Square became smoke free as New York extended the outdoors smoking ban to the area. The measure fines any person smoking within the area a fee of $50.^[42]

On May 1, 2010, Times Square was evacuated from 43rd to 46th Street following the discovery of a car bomb. It was found to be a failed bombing.^[43]

New Year's Eve celebrations

Times Square is the site of the annual New Year's Eve ball drop. On December 31, 1907, a ball signifying New Year's Day was first dropped at Times Square,^[44] and the Square has held the main New Year's celebration in New York City ever since. On that night, hundreds of thousands of people congregate to watch the Waterford Crystal ball being lowered on a pole atop the building, marking the start of the new year. It replaced a lavish fireworks display from the top of the building that was held from 1904 to 1906, but stopped by city officials because of the danger of fire. Beginning in 1908, and for more than eighty years thereafter, Times Square sign maker Artkraft Strauss was responsible for the ball-lowering. During World War II, a minute of silence, followed by a recording of church bells pealing, replaced the ball drop because of wartime blackout restrictions. Today, Countdown Entertainment and One Times Square handle the New Year's Eve event in conjunction with the Times Square Alliance.^[44]

A new energy-efficient LED ball, celebrating the centennial of the ball drop, debuted for the arrival of 2008. The 2008/2009-ball, which was dropped on New Year's Eve (Wednesday, December 31, 2008)^[44] for the arrival of 2009, is larger and has become a permanent installation as a year-round attraction, being used for celebrations such as Valentine's Day and Halloween.

On average, about one million revelers crowd Times Square for the New Year's Eve celebrations.^[45] However, for the millennium celebration on December 31, 1999, published reports stated approximately two million people overflowed Times Square, flowing from 6th Avenue to 8th Avenue and all the way back on Broadway and Seventh Avenues to 59th Street, making it the largest gathering in Times Square since August 1945 during celebrations marking the end of World War II.^[46]

Notable landmarks

Times Square is a busy intersection of art and commerce, where scores of advertisements – electric, neon and illuminated signs and "zipper" news crawls – vie for viewers' attention.^[48] A few famous examples:

TKTS booth
Coca-Cola sign
Budweiser
Times Square Studios (home of ABC's Good Morning America, Nightline and Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve)
One Astor Plaza (home of MTV's New York studios)
Chevrolet clock (an analog clock displayed on a digital screen)
Forever 21 (formerly Virgin Megastores)
The Hard Rock Cafe New York
Planet Hollywood
Disney Store
M&M's World
Toys "R" Us

Major buildings on or near Times Square

One Times Square (site of the New Year's Eve ball drop)
Bertelsmann Building
Brill Building
Thomson Reuters Building (3 Times Square)^[49]
Times Square Tower
New York Times Tower
Bank of America Tower
The Orion
AXA Center
One Astor Plaza
1500 Broadway
Paramount Theatre
Church of Saint Mary the Virgin
Condé Nast Building (4 Times Square)
1585 Broadway
810 7th Avenue
5 Times Square
3 Times Square
11 Times Square (Times Square Plaza)
The Bowtie Building (1530 Broadway)

"Numbered” Times Square buildings

One Times Square – The former New York Times Tower (1904)
2 Times Square – Renaissance Hotel Times Square (1992)
3 Times Square – Thomson Reuters Building (1998–2001)
4 Times Square – Condé Nast Building (1996–1999)
5 Times Square – Ernst & Young Building (1999–2002)
6 Times Square – Knickerbocker Building (1906)
7 Times Square – Times Square Tower (2002–2007)
11 Times Square – Times Square Plaza (2007–2010)
20 Times Square – Port Authority Bus Terminal

Hotels

New York Marriott Marquis
W Times Square
Renaissance Hotel Times Square (2 Times Square)
Sheraton New York
Doubletree Guest Suites
Crowne Plaza Times Square

Corporate presence
The following companies have corporate presences in the area:

In popular culture

Times Square has been featured countless times in literature, on television, in films – including the 1980 film Times Square, which featured a punk rock/new wave soundtrack – in music videos and recently in video games, such as Grand Theft Auto IV, in which a recreation of the Times Square area is included in the game's fictional "Liberty City" setting, and Battlefield 3, where the final fight with the main antagonist takes place, where the player must stop him from detonating a nuke in the square. Times Square is also portrayed in video game Crysis 2, in which player must fight off attacking alien forces in order to assist US Marines to evacuate the area.

An immediately recognizable location, Times Square has been frequently attacked and destroyed in a number of movies, including Knowing, when a solar flare destroys New York City, Deep Impact, when a tsunami created from a meteor impact destroys New York City, Stephen King's The Stand, where the intersection is overcome by total anarchy, the ending of Captain America, and Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. Films have also employed the opposite tactic, depicting the typically bustling area as eerily still, such as in Vanilla Sky, as well as the post-apocalyptic I Am Legend, in which Will Smith and his dog go hunting for deer in the deserted urban canyon. Times Square was also depicted in the 2011 movie, New Year's Eve, and was also seen in the festival battle scene in the 2002 film Spider-Man.

Times Square was featured in 2012 when an announcement about the apocalypse from the President of the United States was occurring. It included the area being crowded and NYPD officers.

References

Notes

^ Rybczynski, Witold. City Life: Urban Expectations in a New World New York: Scribner, 1995. p.27. ISBN 0-684-81302-5. Quote: "...despite its name [Times Square] is really a street intersection, not a square."
^ "Big Apple History Arts and Entertainment The Crossroads of the World". Thirteen/WNET New York 2005 Educational Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
^ "Crossroads of the world – Times Square the official website of Times Square". Times Square District Management Association, Inc. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
^ "Times Square New York, NY Times Square". 2011 NYCTourist.com. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
^ Aditya Rangroo (October 14, 2010). "Times Square Crossroads of the World New York City Info". (C) 1980 – 2010 TimesSquare.com A Dataware Corporation Company. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
^ Allan Tannenbaum. "New York in the 70s: A Remembrance". © The Digital Journalist. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
^ Explore Manhattan Neighborhoods: The Center of the Universe (aka Times Square). Her Campus (2011-03-22). Retrieved on 2013-08-17.
^ Ewing, Michael. (2013-01-12) Ballin! Times Square Has Bigger Economy Than Pittsburgh. Observer. Retrieved on 2013-08-17.
^ back in Times Square | Times Square New York City. Timessquare.com (2009-10-30). Retrieved on 2013-08-17.
^ McBeth, VR. "The Great White Way" on TimesSquare.com. Quote: "Coined in 1901 by O.J. Gude, the designer of many prominent advertising displays, to describe the new light show that beckoned along Broadway,The Great White Way is a phrase known worldwide to describe Broadway's profusion of theaters in Times Square."
^ Tell, Darcy. Times Square spectacular: lighting up Broadway New York: HarperCollins, 2007
^ Allen, Irving Lewis. The City in Slang: New York Life and Popular Speech. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Quote: "By 1910, the blocks of Broadway just above 42nd Street were at the very heart of the Great White Way. The glow of Times Square symbolized the center of New York, if not of the world."
^ "Times Square". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
^ "The Most Jivin' Streetscapes in the World". Luigi Di Serio. 2010. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
^ "New York Architecture Images- Midtown Times Square". 2011 nyc-architecture. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
^ Joshua Pramis (October 2011). "World's Most-Visited Tourist Attractions No. 1: Times Square, New York City". Copyright © 1997 – 2011 American Express Publishing Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
^ Owen, David (January 21, 2013). "The Psychology of Space – Can a Norwegian firm solve the problems of Times Square?". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
^ VR Macbeth (November 17, 2005). "Times Square: Part of New York City History". (C) 1980 – 2010 TimesSquare.com A Dataware Corporation Company. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
^ Harris, Stephen L. Duffy's War: Fr. Francis Duffy, Wild Bill Donovan, and the Irish Fighting 69th in World War I, Potomac Books, 2006
^ Ulam, Alex (June 2, 2008). "John Jacob Astor: The making of a hardnosed speculator | The Real Deal | New York Real Estate News". The Real Deal. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
^ Kelly, Frank Bergen. Historical Guide to the City of New York New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1909
^ "Times Square – New York, New York – Scenic at Night on". Waymarking.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
^ "The Lincoln Highway Marker". Hmdb.org. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
^ www.Cruise-IN.com (July 7, 1919). "The Lincoln Highway: Main Street across America". Cruise-in.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
^ "Tenderloin facts". Freebase. May 30, 2009. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
^ "Killer Cop: Charles Becker – Crime Library on". Trutv.com. July 15, 1912. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
^ "Times Square New York City". Streetdirectory.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
^ Oser, Alan S. (December 14, 1986). "GREAT WHITE WAY; Planning for a Brighter Times Sq". New York Times. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
^ "Architect Robert A.M. Stern: Presence of the Past" (PBS video) on the Arch Daily website
^ Collins, Glenn (November 14, 2008). "In Times Square, a Company's Name in (Wind- and Solar-Powered) Lights". New York Times. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
^ Times Square Alliance Tourist information center in former Embassy Theater
^ "Inaugural Address Of Mayor Michael Bloomberg". Gothamgazette.com. January 1, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
^ Times Square takes yoga time-out on summer solstice at BBC News
^ Solstice in Times Square: Athleta Mind Over Madness Yoga
^ BBC News March 6, 2008
^ Seifman, David (February 26, 2009). "Broadway Cars Can Take A Walk". New York Post. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
^ Vanderford, Richard; Goldsmith, Samuel (May 25, 2009). "Walk, bike or sit, car-free, in Times Square and Herald Square". New York Daily News. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
^ Citing “Livability and Mobility,” Bloomberg Declares Broadway Plazas a Success – Next City. Americancity.org. Retrieved on 2013-08-17.
^ Noel Y.C. (August 16, 2009). "NYC ♥ NYC: Jason Peters' NOW YOU SEE IT, NOW YOU DON'T – Lawn Chair Sculpture". Nyclovesnyc.blogspot.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010. – See also: File:NowYouSeeIt-TimesSq2009.JPG.
^ Nyc Dot. Nyc.gov. Retrieved on 2013-08-17.
^ (March 30, 2010). "Pedestrian Plaza To Remain Permanent Fixture Of Times Square". NY1.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
^ Pilkington, Ed (February 3, 2011). "Times Square becomes smoke free as New York extends ban outdoors". Guardian. London. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
^ Baker, Al; Rashbaum, William K. (May 1, 2010). "Police Find Car Bomb in Times Square". The New York Times.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Times Square Alliance – New Year's Eve – About The Ball". Timessquarenyc.org. November 11, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
^ "Times Square Alliance – New Year's Eve". Timessquarenyc.org. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
^ www.nyctourist.com. "Times Square New York City, New York City Times Square by NYCTourist.com". Timessquare.nyctourist.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
^ White, Norval & Willensky, Elliot (2000). AIA Guide to New York City (4th ed.). New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-8129-3107-5.
^ "www.timessquarewishes.com". www.timessquarewishes.com. April 17, 2010. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
^ "The Reuters Building". Wirednewyork.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.

Bibliography

Traub, James The Devil's Playground: A Century of Pleasure and Profit in Times Square New York: Random House, 2004. ISBN 0-375-50788-4

External links

[1] Rybczynski, Witold. City Life: Urban Expectations in a New World New York: Scribner, 1995. p.27. ISBN 0-684-81302-5. Quote: "...despite its name [Times Square] is really a street intersection, not a square."

[2] "Big Apple History Arts and Entertainment The Crossroads of the World". Thirteen/WNET New York 2005 Educational Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved January 21, 2012.

[3] "Crossroads of the world – Times Square the official website of Times Square". Times Square District Management Association, Inc. Retrieved January 21, 2012.

[4] "Times Square New York, NY Times Square". 2011 NYCTourist.com. Retrieved January 21, 2012.

[5] Aditya Rangroo (October 14, 2010). "Times Square Crossroads of the World New York City Info". (C) 1980 – 2010 TimesSquare.com A Dataware Corporation Company. Retrieved January 22, 2012.

[6] Allan Tannenbaum. "New York in the 70s: A Remembrance". © The Digital Journalist. Retrieved January 21, 2012.

[7] Explore Manhattan Neighborhoods: The Center of the Universe (aka Times Square). Her Campus (2011-03-22). Retrieved on 2013-08-17.

[8] Ewing, Michael. (2013-01-12) Ballin! Times Square Has Bigger Economy Than Pittsburgh. Observer. Retrieved on 2013-08-17.

[9] Times Square | Times Square New York City. Timessquare.com (2009-10-30). Retrieved on 2013-08-17.

[10] McBeth, VR. "The Great White Way" on TimesSquare.com. Quote: "Coined in 1901 by O.J. Gude, the designer of many prominent advertising displays, to describe the new light show that beckoned along Broadway,The Great White Way is a phrase known worldwide to describe Broadway's profusion of theaters in Times Square."

[11] Tell, Darcy. Times Square spectacular: lighting up Broadway New York: HarperCollins, 2007

[12] Allen, Irving Lewis. The City in Slang: New York Life and Popular Speech. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Quote: "By 1910, the blocks of Broadway just above 42nd Street were at the very heart of the Great White Way. The glow of Times Square symbolized the center of New York, if not of the world."

[13] "Times Square". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 21, 2012.

[14] "The Most Jivin' Streetscapes in the World". Luigi Di Serio. 2010. Retrieved January 21, 2012.

[15] "New York Architecture Images- Midtown Times Square". 2011 nyc-architecture. Retrieved January 21, 2012.

[16] Joshua Pramis (October 2011). "World's Most-Visited Tourist Attractions No. 1: Times Square, New York City". Copyright © 1997 – 2011 American Express Publishing Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Retrieved January 21, 2012.

[17] Owen, David (January 21, 2013). "The Psychology of Space – Can a Norwegian firm solve the problems of Times Square?". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 18, 2013.

[18] VR Macbeth (November 17, 2005). "Times Square: Part of New York City History". (C) 1980 – 2010 TimesSquare.com A Dataware Corporation Company. Retrieved January 22, 2012.

[19] Harris, Stephen L. Duffy's War: Fr. Francis Duffy, Wild Bill Donovan, and the Irish Fighting 69th in World War I, Potomac Books, 2006

[20] Ulam, Alex (June 2, 2008). "John Jacob Astor: The making of a hardnosed speculator | The Real Deal | New York Real Estate News". The Real Deal. Retrieved April 21, 2010.

[21] Kelly, Frank Bergen. Historical Guide to the City of New York New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1909

[22] "Times Square – New York, New York – Scenic at Night on". Waymarking.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.

[23] "The Lincoln Highway Marker". Hmdb.org. Retrieved April 21, 2010.

[24] www.Cruise-IN.com (July 7, 1919). "The Lincoln Highway: Main Street across America". Cruise-in.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.

[25] "Tenderloin facts". Freebase. May 30, 2009. Retrieved April 21, 2010.

[26] "Killer Cop: Charles Becker – Crime Library on". Trutv.com. July 15, 1912. Retrieved April 21, 2010.

[27] "Times Square New York City". Streetdirectory.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.

[28] Oser, Alan S. (December 14, 1986). "GREAT WHITE WAY; Planning for a Brighter Times Sq". New York Times. Retrieved August 22, 2009.

[29] "Architect Robert A.M. Stern: Presence of the Past" (PBS video) on the Arch Daily website

[30] Collins, Glenn (November 14, 2008). "In Times Square, a Company's Name in (Wind- and Solar-Powered) Lights". New York Times. Retrieved August 22, 2009.

[31] Times Square Alliance Tourist information center in former Embassy Theater

[32] "Inaugural Address Of Mayor Michael Bloomberg". Gothamgazette.com. January 1, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2010.

[33] Times Square takes yoga time-out on summer solstice at BBC News

[34] Solstice in Times Square: Athleta Mind Over Madness Yoga

[35] BBC News March 6, 2008

[36] Seifman, David (February 26, 2009). "Broadway Cars Can Take A Walk". New York Post. Retrieved August 22, 2009.

[37] Vanderford, Richard; Goldsmith, Samuel (May 25, 2009). "Walk, bike or sit, car-free, in Times Square and Herald Square". New York Daily News. Retrieved August 22, 2009.

[38] Citing “Livability and Mobility,” Bloomberg Declares Broadway Plazas a Success – Next City. Americancity.org. Retrieved on 2013-08-17.

[39] Noel Y.C. (August 16, 2009). "NYC ♥ NYC: Jason Peters' NOW YOU SEE IT, NOW YOU DON'T – Lawn Chair Sculpture". Nyclovesnyc.blogspot.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010. – See also: File:NowYouSeeIt-TimesSq2009.JPG.

[40] Nyc Dot. Nyc.gov. Retrieved on 2013-08-17.

[41] (March 30, 2010). "Pedestrian Plaza To Remain Permanent Fixture Of Times Square". NY1.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)

[42] Pilkington, Ed (February 3, 2011). "Times Square becomes smoke free as New York extends ban outdoors". Guardian. London. Retrieved February 3, 2011.

[nytimes1-43] Baker, Al; Rashbaum, William K. (May 1, 2010). "Police Find Car Bomb in Times Square". The New York Times.

[TSLNY-44] "Times Square Alliance – New Year's Eve – About The Ball". Timessquarenyc.org. November 11, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2010.

[45] "Times Square Alliance – New Year's Eve". Timessquarenyc.org. Retrieved April 21, 2010.

[46] www.nyctourist.com. "Times Square New York City, New York City Times Square by NYCTourist.com". Timessquare.nyctourist.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.

[aia4-47] White, Norval & Willensky, Elliot (2000). AIA Guide to New York City (4th ed.). New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-8129-3107-5.

[48] "www.timessquarewishes.com". www.timessquarewishes.com. April 17, 2010. Retrieved April 21, 2010.

[49] "The Reuters Building". Wirednewyork.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.

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