Crystal Dynamics: Difference between revisions

Crystal Dynamics, Inc.
Company type	Subsidiary
Industry	Video games
Founded	July 8, 1992; 32 years ago in Palo Alto, California, US
Founders	Madeline Canepa; Judy Lange; Dave Morse;
Headquarters	San Mateo, California, US
Key people	Scot Amos (head of studio)
Products	Tomb Raider series; Legacy of Kain series; Gex series;
Number of employees	273 (2022)
Parent	Eidos Interactive (1998–2009); Square Enix Limited (2009–2022); CDE Entertainment (2022–present);
Divisions	Crystal Northwest; Crystal Southwest;
Website	crystaldynamics.com

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Crystal Dynamics, Inc. is an American video game developer based in San Mateo, California. The studio is best known for its games in the Tomb Raider, Legacy of Kain, and Gex series.

Madeline Canepa, Judy Lange, and Dave Morse founded Crystal Dynamics as a spin-off from The 3DO Company in July 1992. Initially focusing on the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer console, the studio's first title, Crash 'N Burn (1993), was the system's pack-in game. In 1994, it became the first developer for the PlayStation outside Japan and soon began converting its older titles for the system. The studio also created Gex (1995) and published Blood Omen: Legacy of Kain (1996), later expanding both into franchises. Facing financial hardships in 1996, the company's investors instituted significant layoffs and the discontinuation of its game publishing business. As fiscal issues persisted, the publisher Eidos Interactive acquired the studio in November 1998.

In 2003, Eidos Interactive put Crystal Dynamics in charge of the Tomb Raider series, and the studio consequently developed a modernized trilogy with Tomb Raider: Legend (2006), Tomb Raider: Anniversary (2007), and Tomb Raider: Underworld (2008). In 2009, Crystal Dynamics became part of the Japanese conglomerate Square Enix as that company acquired and consolidated Eidos Interactive's parent company. The studio then developed the first two games in a Tomb Raider reboot trilogy—Tomb Raider (2013) and Rise of the Tomb Raider (2015)—and shifted into a support role for Shadow of the Tomb Raider (2018) while working on Marvel's Avengers (2020). Square Enix sold Crystal Dynamics to Embracer Group in August 2022.

As of 2022, Crystal Dynamics employs 273 people across three studios under the leadership of head of studio Scot Amos. It is working on another Tomb Raider game and co-developing Perfect Dark.

History

Background and early years (1992–1995)

Crystal Dynamics was founded by Madeline Canepa, Judy Lange, and Dave Morse on July 8, 1992, when they spun off from The 3DO Company.^[1]^[2] Canepa and Lange were previously marketing executives for Sega, where the former's integral role in the launch of Sonic the Hedgehog gave her the nickname "Mother of Sonic".^[3]^[4] Morse had co-founded Amiga Corporation, the creator of the Amiga family of home computers, and New Technology Group, which sought to design a video game console.^[1]^[5] In 1990, New Technology Group had partnered with Electronic Arts to create the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, a collaboration that eventually grew into The 3DO Company.^[1] At Crystal Dynamics, Lange assumed the president role and Canepa headed the marketing department.^[6]^[7] While Morse became its chairman and chief executive officer (CEO), he also continued as New Technology Group's CEO until that company was merged into The 3DO Company.^[8]^[9] Technology Partners and Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers provided Crystal Dynamics with seed capital.^[10] The studio set up its first offices in the retail space of Palo Alto Airport in Palo Alto, California.^[11]^[12] Mark Cerny, also from Sega, became its first developer later that year.^[13] The studio's first projects were Crash 'N Burn and Total Eclipse, which entered production simultaneously and were announced as launch titles for the upcoming 3DO in April 1993.^[6]^[12] Cerny was vital in the development of the game engine technology used by Crash 'N Burn, Total Eclipse, and Off-World Interceptor.^[5] Developing for the system meant that the company could produce games for the CD-ROM format, avoiding the higher costs associated with cartridges.^[11]

In June 1993, Crystal Dynamics hired Strauss Zelnick as its president and CEO, who resigned from the same roles at 20th Century Fox. According to Lange, Zelnick had been hired for his business expertise, whereas creative expertise was already present at the studio, which had twenty-eight developers at that time.^[6] Zelnick acquired between 25% and 50% of Crystal Dynamics and brought in further investors through earlier connections: Home Box Office bought 10% in July 1993, followed by King World Productions acquiring 10% for US$7.5 million in September of that year.^[6]^[14]^[15] The combined value of the latter two stakes was estimated at $20 million.^[16] Zelnick's background in film and television increased Crystal Dynamics's focus on full-motion video in its games.^[11] Crash 'N Burn was released as the 3DO's pack-in game in October 1993.^[17] An editorial in Electronic Gaming Monthly from the same month declared the studio "the hottest new video game company on the upscale scene".^[18]

In January 1994, Zelnick drafted plans for Star Interactive, which was to publish third-party games by outsourcing the management and distribution to Crystal Dynamics and the manufacturing to a third company.^[19]^[20] Crystal Dynamics was to receive annual payments of $1.5 million and 10% of Star Interactive's profit for the management role, plus 22.5% of its gross receipts for the distribution. Star Interactive's management was to consist of The Software Toolworks's former senior vice president (VP) Mark Beaumont as CEO, in addition to Crystal Dynamics's VP of sales Allen Chaplin, and Lange, then the company's executive VP.^[21] In February, Zelnick announced his intent for Crystal Dynamics to, like a movie studio, produce games internally while also releasing titles from independent developers.^[3] It hired Fred Ford and Paul Reiche III of Toys for Bob, initially as contractors and later as employees, to release The Horde, which they had pitched to Canepa and Lange during their time at Sega.^[22] Another potential publishing project had been Naughty Dog's Way of the Warrior, which the developer showed to multiple companies during the 1994 Consumer Electronics Show.^[23] In March 1994, Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG), which Zelnick had been consulting, agreed to handle marketing and distribution for Crystal Dynamics and Star Interactive outside North America.^[24] However, as Star Interactive failed to raise the targeted $30 million, the plan for this company was scrapped in early 1994 and Lange soon departed Crystal Dynamics.^[8]^[25] In August, the studio had more than 100 employees.^[26]

Also in 1994, Crystal Dynamics became the first developer for the PlayStation outside Japan.^[11]^[27] Zelnick had wanted to move away from the struggling 3DO for some time, and Cerny traveled to the headquarters of the PlayStation maker Sony in Tokyo on the company's behalf.^[11]^[13] Although PlayStation contracts were limited to companies in Japan at the time, Cerny spoke Japanese fluently and signed the agreement in that language, which was approved by Shuhei Yoshida.^[13]^[27] As Cerny was hired as the head of Universal Interactive Studios shortly thereafter, he never used the PlayStation game development kit the company received.^[13] By October 1994, the 3DO's poor commercial performance had a significant impact on the company.^[8] John Eastburn, the studio's chief operating officer, estimated that 3DO game developers could not break even unless its consumer base expanded from 75,000 to 500,000.^[28] In December 1994, the studio partnered with the 3DO manufacturer Matsushita Electric, enabling its 3DO games to be distributed through 10,000 consumer electronics stores.^[29] In January 1995, Zelnick left Crystal Dynamics to manage BMG's North American operations, remaining a director and shareholder in Crystal Dynamics.^[30] After this move was announced in September 1994, the vacant CEO position attracted several parties interested in acquiring the studio. Although The 3DO Company and Spectrum HoloByte were frequently rumored as potential buyers, Morse stated that Crystal Dynamics was not for sale, having spare savings of $20 million and a newly acquired loan of $5 million from Silicon Valley Bank.^[1]^[8] He subsequently took up the CEO role and became significantly more involved in the studio.^[9]^[31] The company hired Randy Komisar from LucasArts as president and CEO in May 1995.^[31] Under Komisar, Crystal Dynamics began converting its older 3DO games to the PlayStation and Sega Saturn.^[32]^[33]

Gex, Legacy of Kain, and acquisition by Eidos Interactive (1995–2000)

Crystal Dynamics sought to emulate major game companies by designing a mascot character, resulting in the 1995 game Gex, which features an anthropomorphic gecko of the same name.^[11] Around this time, Crystal Dynamics published Slam 'N Jam '95 and Blazing Dragons, while also was working with Canada-based Silicon Knights on Blood Omen: Legacy of Kain. The latter project began to lose focus as it grew in scope, so the publisher engaged Amy Hennig to make the game more engaging.^[11]

By 1996, due largely to the unexpectedly slow growth of the CD-ROM games market, the studio was financially stricken.^[34]^[35] In June, the company revealed plans for a reorganization: The board of directors appointed Ted Ardell, a general partner at Technology Partners, as CEO. Komisar, Canepa, and Eastburn were ousted and a third of the company's 102 employees were laid off over three months.^[10]^[33] Crystal Dynamics subsequently ceased publishing efforts to focus solely on internally developed games.^[34] Surplus computer hardware and office equipment were auctioned off in September of that year.^[36] Ardell managed the day-to-day operations, and the studio lacked a president until Rob Dyer, previously senior VP and general manager, was promoted to this position in April 1997.^[37]^[38]

Following the release of the second Gex game, Gex: Enter the Gecko, Crystal Dynamics began producing Gex 3: Deep Cover Gecko.^[11] By this point, many developers—including most of the Gex team and Enter the Gecko's lead designer, Daniel Arey—had left the company, with some of them joining Naughty Dog.^[11]^[39] Bruce Straley, a designer on Enter the Gecko, was offered the director role for the third game, but he chose to join his friends at Naughty Dog instead.^[11] Crystal Dynamics further began the development of a second Legacy of Kain game, codenamed Shifter, without Silicon Knights's involvement. While Hennig and Seth Carus created original characters, Silicon Knights filed an injunction, accusing Crystal Dynamics of plagiarizing the characters from Blood Omen. In a private settlement, the two companies agreed that Crystal Dynamics could use Blood Omen's characters as long as Silicon Knights was credited as their creator. Shifter ultimately became Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver.^[11] Toys for Bob, as part of Crystal Dynamics, developed Pandemonium! and The Unholy War, while consulting on Pandemonium 2.^[22]

Following losses of $1.5 million in its 1997 fiscal year, Crystal Dynamics agreed to be bought by the British publisher Eidos Interactive in September 1998 for £28.4 million (equivalent to $47.5 million) paid in cash.^[40]^[41] The studio had returned to over 100 employees by this time.^[42] Originally set to close on October 31, the acquisition was completed on November 5, 1998.^[41]^[43]^[44] Dyer and Crystal Dynamics's VP of marketing, Scott Steinberg, subsequently acceded to Eidos Interactive as president and senior VP of marketing, respectively, in January 1999.^[45] Toys for Bob's final project under Crystal Dynamics was Disney's 102 Dalmatians: Puppies to the Rescue. The team was subsequently fired during a Christmas party.^[22]

Taking over Tomb Raider for Eidos Interactive (2001–2009)

Among Crystal Dynamics's early projects under Eidos Interactive were Mad Dash Racing (2001) and Whiplash (2003). The publisher also sought a first-person shooter with a sci-fi setting akin to Deus Ex, ultimately mandating it be part of the series. This decision was reversed six months before the game's completion, and it was released as Project: Snowblind in 2005.^[11] In the meantime, the Eidos Interactive studio Core Design was completing its work on Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness, its sixth game in the Tomb Raider series within seven years. Released as a commercial failure failure in 2003, developers at Crystal Dynamics believed the game to be in a poor final state. Eidos Interactive consequently assigned the series to Crystal Dynamics, with several staffers excited about the possibility of working on a large franchise they had played before.^[11]^[46] Hennig, who had since been the director for most Legacy of Kain games, requested to be involved with such a project but was directed to design another Soul Reaver game instead. This led her to leave the studio and join Naughty Dog, where she created the Uncharted series.^[11]

For Tomb Raider: Legend, the developers at Crystal Dynamics played through all previous games and read guides to gain a better understanding of their design. They intended to return to the series's roots of exploring abandoned places while adding an original feel, particularly through a new control scheme.^[11] The game was released in April 2006 and proved successful, selling 2.9 million copies within its first few months.^[47] Its designers then pitched Tomb Raider: Anniversary, a remake of the original Tomb Raider based on the gameplay of Legend. They worked with Toby Gard, one of the series's creators, to understand the intentions behind certain scenes and unrealized concepts from the original game. The game's scope was reduced to roughly half of the original game, which had been deemed too large to remake entirely, and the studio needed to deviate from the original design where it did not suit the newer gameplay. Anniversary was completed in nine months.^[11]

The last game in Crystal Dynamics's original Tomb Raider trilogy was Tomb Raider: Underworld. Around this time, a team within the studio pitched a new intellectual property called Downfall, a post-apocalyptic, open-world game set in San Francisco. However, the studio considered working on two large projects simultaneously as too ambitious and decided to halt development on Downfall.^[11] Eidos Interactive laid off roughly 30 people from Crystal Dynamics in January 2009, citing the studio's increased focus on Tomb Raider, and installed Darrell Gallagher as the head of studio.^[48]^[49]

Tomb Raider reboot trilogy under Square Enix (2009–2022)

By January 2009, Underworld had sold 1.5 million, falling short of Eidos Interactive's expectations. The publisher blamed this largely on issues distributing the game in North America. Eidos plc, Eidos Interactive's publicly traded parent company, then significantly lowered its sales forecast, and its share price fell to its lowest point in mid-January.^[50]^[51] The Japanese video game company Square Enix subsequently offered to acquire Eidos plc, citing particular interest in the Tomb Raider franchise and the prospect of expanding its Western operations.^[51] The buy-out was approved by Eidos plc in March and completed in April.^[52] Under Square Enix, another 25 staffers were dismissed from Crystal Dynamics in June 2009 "to focus resources".^[53] Gard, who had led a team for an unannounced project for a few months, left the studio in September.^[54] In November, Square Enix integrated Eidos Interactive into its European operations to form Square Enix Limited.^[55]^[56] Gallagher was later promoted to oversee all Square Enix studios in Europe and North America while retaining his role at Crystal Dynamics.^[57]

Crystal Dynamics continued to work on the Tomb Raider series, with intentions to reboot the series for new audiences. Over several years, the team discarded many concepts that would have drastically changed the core gameplay, before deciding on a modern, story-driven game with survival elements. The story was planned over three games, beginning with a new origin story. In the meantime, Crystal Dynamics sustained the franchise with the 2010 release of Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light, a spin-off with different gameplay. The first game in the reboot trilogy, titled Tomb Raider, was released in 2013.^[11] The studio followed up Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light with Lara Croft and the Temple of Osiris in 2014. Rise of the Tomb Raider was released in 2015.^[11] In December of that year, Gallagher left the studio and was replaced by Scot Amos and Ron Rosenberg, long-time producers at the company.^[49]^[58] Brian Horton, the senior art director for Tomb Raider and director of Rise of the Tomb Raider, left in 2016.^[59]

In January 2017, Square Enix announced a partnership with Marvel Entertainment to create multiple video games based on Marvel characters, with Crystal Dynamics developing Marvel's Avengers.^[60] The studio had pitched a single-player game akin to Tomb Raider that would see the player take control of the Avengers group of superheroes, switching between characters as the story progressed. However, the studio found that playing one character at a time failed to capture the team dynamic of the Avengers, leading them to refocus the project on multiplayer gameplay.^[60] With Crystal Dynamics working on Marvel's Avengers, the third game in the Tomb Raider reboot trilogy, Shadow of the Tomb Raider, was handed to the sister studio Eidos-Montréal, with a small team at Crystal Dynamics working on minor parts of the game.^[11]

In August 2018, Crystal Dynamics opened the satellite studio Crystal Northwest in Bellevue, Washington, to support the development of Marvel's Avengers.^[61] The late stages of the development saw the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and consequent shift to work from home, which the studio had not been used to. Because the developers mostly worked alone during this time, the game launched with several issues they had been unaware of and needed later addressing. Afterward, Crystal Dynamics implemented hybrid work and remote hiring.^[11] In May 2021, Crystal Dynamics opened Crystal Southwest in Austin, Texas, under the leadership of Dallas Dickinson, who had been an executive producer for the company.^[62] Later that year, Crystal Dynamics joined Gallagher's newer studio, The Initiative, in developing a reboot of the Perfect Dark series.^[11]^[63] Crystal Dynamics was initially to replace the departed Certain Affinity as a support studio but soon took over several unfilled lead roles as the game's development was restarted.^[64] The studio further announced another Tomb Raider game in April 2022.^[65]

Acquisition by Embracer Group (2022–present)

In May 2022, Embracer Group announced it would acquire several games and studios, including Crystal Dynamics with its Tomb Raider and Legacy of Kain series, from Square Enix for $300 million.^[66] At the time, the studio had 273 employees across its three studios.^[67] Square Enix told investors it feared the studios would subsist off the revenue of the group's Japanese-made games, so their sale "could improve capital efficiency".^[68] Embracer Group expressed interest in continuing the studio's established franchises, including Tomb Raider and Legacy of Kain, through sequels, remakes, and remasters.^[69] The acquisition was completed on August 26, 2022, and Crystal Dynamics became a part of the new CDE Entertainment operating group.^[70] Square Enix retained the Gex franchise and announced ports to modern platforms with Gex Trilogy in July 2023.^[71] In September 2023, at a time when Embracer Group was implementing cost reduction measures, Crystal Dynamics laid off nine marketing personnel and one IT worker.^[72] The studio had previously stated that such layoffs would not impact its Perfect Dark and Tomb Raider projects.^[73] Also in September, Crystal Dynamics revealed Tomb Raider I-III Remastered, a remastered collection of Core Design's first three Tomb Raider games. Aspyr, another Embracer Group company, developed the collection in collaboration with Crystal Dynamics.^[74]

Games developed

List of games developed by Crystal Dynamics
Year	Title	Platform(s)	Publisher(s)
1993	Crash 'N Burn	3DO	Crystal Dynamics
1994	Total Eclipse	3DO, PlayStation
	Off-World Interceptor	3DO, PlayStation, Sega Saturn
	Samurai Shodown	3DO
1995	Gex	3DO, PlayStation, Sega Saturn, Windows	Crystal Dynamics, Microsoft
1995	Solar Eclipse	PlayStation, Sega Saturn	Crystal Dynamics
1996	3D Baseball	PlayStation, Sega Saturn	Crystal Dynamics
1997	Pandemonium 2	PlayStation, Windows	Midway Games
1998	Gex: Enter the Gecko	Nintendo 64, PlayStation, Windows	Midway Games
1999	Akuji the Heartless	PlayStation	Eidos Interactive
	Gex 3: Deep Cover Gecko	Nintendo 64, PlayStation
	Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver	Dreamcast, PlayStation, Windows
2000	Walt Disney World Quest: Magical Racing Tour	Dreamcast, PlayStation, Windows
2001	Soul Reaver 2	PlayStation 2, Windows
2001	Mad Dash Racing	Xbox
2002	Blood Omen 2	GameCube, PlayStation 2, Windows, Xbox
2003	Legacy of Kain: Defiance	PlayStation 2, Windows, Xbox
2003	Whiplash	PlayStation 2, Xbox
2005	Project: Snowblind	PlayStation 2, Windows, Xbox
2006	Tomb Raider: Legend	GameCube, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Windows, Xbox, Xbox 360
2007	Tomb Raider: Anniversary	macOS, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Wii, Windows, Xbox 360
2008	Tomb Raider: Underworld	macOS, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Wii, Windows, Xbox 360
2010	Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light	Android, BlackBerry PlayBook, iOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 3, Stadia, Windows, Xbox 360	Square Enix
2013	Tomb Raider	Linux, macOS, Nvidia Shield TV, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Stadia, Windows, Xbox 360, Xbox One
2014	Lara Croft and the Temple of Osiris	Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Stadia, Windows, Xbox One
2015	Rise of the Tomb Raider	Linux, macOS, PlayStation 4, Stadia, Windows, Xbox 360, Xbox One
2018	Shadow of the Tomb Raider	Linux, macOS, PlayStation 4, Stadia, Windows, Xbox One
2020	Marvel's Avengers	PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Stadia, Windows, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
TBA	Perfect Dark	TBA	Xbox Game Studios
TBA	Untitled Tomb Raider game	TBA	Amazon Games

Games published

List of games published by Crystal Dynamics
Year	Title	Platform(s)	Developer(s)
1994	The Horde	3DO, MS-DOS, PlayStation, Sega Saturn	Toys for Bob
	Star Control II	3DO	Toys for Bob
	PaTaank	3DO	PF.Magic
1995	Slam 'N Jam '95	3DO	Left Field Productions
1996	Slam 'N Jam '96 Featuring Magic & Kareem	MS-DOS, PlayStation, Sega Saturn	Left Field Productions
	Blazing Dragons	PlayStation, Sega Saturn	The Illusions Gaming Company
	Pandemonium!	PlayStation, Sega Saturn, Windows	Toys for Bob
	Blood Omen: Legacy of Kain	PlayStation, Windows	Silicon Knights

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^ ^a ^b Elliott, Phil (February 12, 2009). "Square Enix reveals Eidos bid". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on November 5, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
^ Graft, Kris (April 21, 2009). "Court Approves Eidos Takeover by Square Enix". Game Developer. Archived from the original on November 5, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
^ Fahey, Mike (June 10, 2009). "Crystal Dynamics Loses Another 25 Jobs". Kotaku. Archived from the original on November 5, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
^ "Tomb Raider creator departs Crystal Dynamics". GameSpot. September 15, 2009. Archived from the original on November 5, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
^ Ransom-Wiley, James (July 7, 2009). "Eidos dissolved into 'Square Enix Europe,' layoffs likely". Yahoo! Finance. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
^ Nunneley, Stephany (November 10, 2009). "Square and Eidos now known as Square Enix Europe". VG247. Archived from the original on November 5, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
^ Handrahan, Matthew (June 21, 2013). "Square Enix names Crystal Dynamics boss as new head of studios". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on November 5, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
^ Phillips, Tom (December 16, 2015). "Crystal Dynamics boss quits after decade at Square Enix". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
^ Makuch, Eddie (January 16, 2016). "Rise of the Tomb Raider Director Leaves Crystal Dynamics". GameSpot. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
^ ^a ^b Frank, Allegra (January 26, 2017). "Square Enix teams up with Marvel for The Avengers project". Polygon. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
^ Romano, Sal (August 13, 2018). "Crystal Dynamics expands with new Washington studio Crystal Northwest". Gematsu. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
^ Knoop, Joseph (May 26, 2021). "Crystal Dynamics Opens Southwest Studio Led by Industry Vets". IGN. Archived from the original on May 31, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
^ Yang, George (September 23, 2021). "Perfect Dark Reboot Being Co-Developed By Tomb Raider Dev Crystal Dynamics". GameSpot. Archived from the original on April 14, 2022. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
^ Valentine, Rebekah (June 26, 2023). "Xbox's Perfect Dark Reboot Is Still Years Away". IGN. Archived from the original on November 17, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
^ McWhertor, Michael (April 5, 2022). "A new Tomb Raider is coming, built on Unreal Engine 5". Polygon. Archived from the original on February 28, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
^ Minotti, Mike (May 1, 2022). "Embracer agrees to buy Crystal Dynamics, Eidos-Montréal, Square Enix Montréal, and their IP". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
^ "Embracer Group acquires Eidos, Crystal Dynamics, and Square Enix Montréal" (PDF). Embracer Group. May 2, 2022. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
^ Good, Owen S. (August 5, 2022). "Square Enix feared Eidos, Crystal Dynamics games cannibalized other sales". Polygon. Archived from the original on November 5, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
^ Ivan, Tom (May 20, 2022). "Embracer sees 'great potential' in Crystal Dynamics and Eidos Montreal sequels, remakes and remasters". Video Games Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 22, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
^ "Embracer Group completes acquisition of Crystal Dynamics, Eidos-Montréal, Square Enix Montréal amongst other assets" (Press release). Embracer Group. August 26, 2022. Archived from the original on August 26, 2022. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
^ Dixmier, Nicolas (July 13, 2023). "C'était impossible à prévoir ! Cette licence vieille de 20 ans fait un retour inattendu" [It was impossible to predict! This 20-year-old license makes an unexpected return]. Jeuxvideo.com (in French). Archived from the original on November 12, 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
^ Wood, Austin (September 21, 2023). "Months after declaring Tomb Raider unaffected by layoffs, Tomb Raider dev hit with wave of layoffs". GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on September 21, 2023. Retrieved September 21, 2023.
^ Campbell, Evan (June 13, 2023). "Crystal Dynamics Says Tomb Raider, Perfect Dark Won't Be Affected By Embracer Layoffs". GameSpot. Archived from the original on December 12, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
^ Smith, Graham (September 14, 2023). "The original Tomb Raider trilogy is being remastered for release next year". Rock Paper Shotgun. Archived from the original on November 5, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.

External links

Official website
Media related to Crystal Dynamics at Wikimedia Commons

[San_Francisco_Examiner_1994-10_2-1] Smith, Gina (October 23, 1994). "Crystal Dynamics faces bumpy road". San Francisco Examiner. p. B-6. Archived from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.

[GameSpot:_30th-2] Bonthuys, Darryn (July 8, 2022). "Crystals Dynamics Confirms Legacy Of Kain Still Exists in 30th Anniversary Celebration". GameSpot. Archived from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022.

[NYTimes_1994-02-3] Fisher, Lawrence M. (February 13, 1994). "Sound Bytes; The Not-So-Silent Screen". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2012.

[Oakland_Tribune_1994-11-4] Bryant, Howard (November 6, 1994). "Marketing: Developers disparage ethical criticism". Oakland Tribune. p. D-4. Archived from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.

[Game_Informer:_History-5] Miller, Matt (December 14, 2010). "The History Of Crystal Dynamics". Game Informer. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2022.

[NYTimes_1993-06-6] Sims, Calvin (June 22, 1993). "COMPANY NEWS; Fox Film President Resigns To Head Start-Up Company". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022.

[3DO_Magazine:_Profile-7] Wynne, Stuart (December 1994). "Profile: Crystal Dynamics – Gamers Extraordinaire". 3DO Magazine. No. 1. Paragon Publishing. pp. 22–23. Retrieved November 13, 2023 – via Internet Archive.

[San_Francisco_Examiner_1994-10_1-8] Smith, Gina (October 23, 1994). "Game over? Not by a long shot". San Francisco Examiner. p. B-5. Archived from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.

[3DO_Magazine:_Morse-9] Wynne, Stuart (April 1995). "Interview: David Morse – Silicon Messiah". 3DO Magazine. No. 3. Paragon Publishing. pp. 14–15. Retrieved November 13, 2023 – via Internet Archive.

[SFGate:_Shakeup-10] Pelline, Jeff (June 14, 1996). "Crystal Dynamics Shakeup". SFGate. Archived from the original on November 12, 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.

[Noclip:_30_Year_History-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v The 30 Year History of Crystal Dynamics – Noclip Documentary. Noclip. November 23, 2022. Archived from the original on November 23, 2022. Retrieved November 23, 2022 – via YouTube.

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[San_Francisco_Examiner_1994-12-29] "Crystal Dynamics lands big contract". San Francisco Examiner. December 14, 1994. p. B-1. Archived from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.

[LA_Times_1995-09-30] "BMG Picks Zelnick to Run North American Operations". Los Angeles Times. September 14, 1994. p. B6. Archived from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.

[SFGate:_Komisar-31] Einstein, David (May 10, 1995). "Crystal Dynamics Snags Rival's CEO / LucasArts' Komisar joins gamemaker". SFGate. Archived from the original on October 15, 2023. Retrieved October 15, 2023.

[Hounslow_Borough_Chronicle_1995-07-32] "Byte Back". Hounslow Borough Chronicle. July 6, 1995. p. 18. Archived from the original on September 15, 2022. Retrieved September 15, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.

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[NG:_Financial_Reality-34] Svensson, Christian (August 1996). "Crystal Dynamics Faces Financial Reality". Next Generation. No. 20. Imagine Media. p. 22. Retrieved September 15, 2022 – via Internet Archive.

[GamePro:_Dynamic_Changes-35] "Dynamic Changes at Crystal Dynamics". GamePro. No. 96. IDG. September 1996. pp. 20–21. Retrieved September 15, 2022 – via Internet Archive.

[San_Francisco_Chronicle_1996-09-36] "Major Public Auction by Order of Crystal Dynamics". San Francisco Chronicle. September 11, 1996. p. C-12. Archived from the original on September 15, 2022. Retrieved September 15, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.

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[The_Birmingham_Post_1998-09-41] Dresser, Guy (September 8, 1998). "Eidos's £28.4m deal for Crystal is virtual reality". The Birmingham Post. p. 22. Archived from the original on September 15, 2022. Retrieved September 15, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.

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[GameSpot:_Eidos_complete-43] Jebens, Harley (February 26, 1999). "Eidos in the Money". GameSpot. Archived from the original on January 19, 2000.

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[SCi:_2006_results-47] "Preliminary results for the twelve months ended 30 June 2006". SCi Entertainment. September 27, 2006. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2012.

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[PCGamesN:_Gallagher_leaves-49] Barrett, Ben (December 16, 2015). "Tomb Raider boss Darrell Gallagher quits Crystal Dynamics after six years at the top". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on November 5, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.

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[GIbiz:_Square_Enix_bid-51] Elliott, Phil (February 12, 2009). "Square Enix reveals Eidos bid". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on November 5, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.

[Game_Developer:_Square_Enix_complete-52] Graft, Kris (April 21, 2009). "Court Approves Eidos Takeover by Square Enix". Game Developer. Archived from the original on November 5, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.

[Kotaku:_Layoffs_2009-06-53] Fahey, Mike (June 10, 2009). "Crystal Dynamics Loses Another 25 Jobs". Kotaku. Archived from the original on November 5, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.

[GameSpot:_Gard_leaves-54] "Tomb Raider creator departs Crystal Dynamics". GameSpot. September 15, 2009. Archived from the original on November 5, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.

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[GIbiz:_Gallagher_promotion-57] Handrahan, Matthew (June 21, 2013). "Square Enix names Crystal Dynamics boss as new head of studios". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on November 5, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.

[Eurogamer:_Gallagher_leaves-58] Phillips, Tom (December 16, 2015). "Crystal Dynamics boss quits after decade at Square Enix". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved May 1, 2022.

[GameSpot:_Horton_leaves-59] Makuch, Eddie (January 16, 2016). "Rise of the Tomb Raider Director Leaves Crystal Dynamics". GameSpot. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2016.

[Polygon:_Avengers-60] Frank, Allegra (January 26, 2017). "Square Enix teams up with Marvel for The Avengers project". Polygon. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2017.

[Gematsu:_Northwest-61] Romano, Sal (August 13, 2018). "Crystal Dynamics expands with new Washington studio Crystal Northwest". Gematsu. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.

[IGN:_Southwest-62] Knoop, Joseph (May 26, 2021). "Crystal Dynamics Opens Southwest Studio Led by Industry Vets". IGN. Archived from the original on May 31, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.

[GameSpot:_Perfect_Dark-63] Yang, George (September 23, 2021). "Perfect Dark Reboot Being Co-Developed By Tomb Raider Dev Crystal Dynamics". GameSpot. Archived from the original on April 14, 2022. Retrieved September 24, 2021.

[IGN:_Perfect_Dark-64] Valentine, Rebekah (June 26, 2023). "Xbox's Perfect Dark Reboot Is Still Years Away". IGN. Archived from the original on November 17, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2023.

[Polygon:_Tomb_Raider_UE5-65] McWhertor, Michael (April 5, 2022). "A new Tomb Raider is coming, built on Unreal Engine 5". Polygon. Archived from the original on February 28, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2023.

[VentureBeat:_Embracer_Group-66] Minotti, Mike (May 1, 2022). "Embracer agrees to buy Crystal Dynamics, Eidos-Montréal, Square Enix Montréal, and their IP". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.

[Embracer_Group:_Acquisition-67] "Embracer Group acquires Eidos, Crystal Dynamics, and Square Enix Montréal" (PDF). Embracer Group. May 2, 2022. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022.

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[Embracer_Group:_Acquisition_complete-70] "Embracer Group completes acquisition of Crystal Dynamics, Eidos-Montréal, Square Enix Montréal amongst other assets" (Press release). Embracer Group. August 26, 2022. Archived from the original on August 26, 2022. Retrieved August 26, 2022.

[Jeuxvideo.com:_Gex_Trilogy-71] Dixmier, Nicolas (July 13, 2023). "C'était impossible à prévoir ! Cette licence vieille de 20 ans fait un retour inattendu" [It was impossible to predict! This 20-year-old license makes an unexpected return]. Jeuxvideo.com (in French). Archived from the original on November 12, 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.

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v t e Crystal Dynamics
List of video games
Eclipse series	Total Eclipse Solar Eclipse
Gex series	Gex Gex: Enter the Gecko Gex 3: Deep Cover Gecko
Legacy of Kain series	Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver Soul Reaver 2 Blood Omen 2 Legacy of Kain: Defiance
Tomb Raider series	Tomb Raider: Legend Tomb Raider: Anniversary Tomb Raider: Underworld Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light Tomb Raider (2013) Lara Croft and the Temple of Osiris Lara Croft: Relic Run Rise of the Tomb Raider
Other games	Crash 'n Burn Off-World Interceptor The Horde Samurai Shodown Blazing Dragons 3D Baseball Pandemonium! Pandemonium 2 Akuji the Heartless Walt Disney World Quest: Magical Racing Tour 102 Dalmatians: Puppies to the Rescue Mad Dash Racing Whiplash Project Snowblind Marvel's Avengers Perfect Dark

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF
National	United States France BnF data
Other	IdRef MusicBrainz label