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For the volcano in the Aleutian Islands, see Pogromni Volcano.

A pogrom (Russian: погром) is a form of violent riot, a mob attack directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious, or other, and characterized by killings and destruction of their homes and properties, businesses, and religious centres. The term usually carries connotation of spontaneous hatred within the majority population against certain (usually ethnic) minorities, which they see as dangerous and harming the interests of the majority.

According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, "The term is usually applied to attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries".^[2] The term is also used in reference to attacks on non-Jewish ethnic minorities; reviewing its uses in scholarly literature, Werner Bergmann proposes that pogroms be "defined as a 'unilateral, nongovernmental form of collective violence initiated by the majority population against a largely defensive ethnic group, and occurring when the majority expect the state to provide them with no assistance in overcoming a (perceived) threat from the minority."^[3]

Etymology

The word pogrom came from the verb громить (Russian pronunciation: [ɡrɐˈmʲitʲ]), "to destroy, to wreak havoc, to demolish violently" (in perfective, taking the form погромить). In Russian/Ukrainian the word pogrom has a much wider application than in English, and can be applied to any incident of wanton and unrestrained destruction on a mass scale, such as may occur during wartime. The word pogrom may have come into English from the Yiddish word פאָגראָם, also a loanword from Russian.^[4]

Pogroms against Jews

Ancient

There were tensions between Hellenism and Judaism following the conquests of Alexander the Great, see for example the Maccabean Revolt of 167 BC. Particularly disputed were circumcision and antinomianism.

There were antisemitic riots in Alexandria under Roman rule in AD 38 during the reign of Caligula.^[5]^[6]

Evidence of communal violence against Jews and Early Christians, who were seen as a Jewish sect, exists dating from the 2nd century AD in Rome. These riots were generally precipitated by the Romans because Jews refused to accept Roman rule over Judaea^{[citation needed]} and early Christians were seen as a Jewish sect that proselytized actively. It should be noted that Romans were generally quite tolerant of other religions, yet they conducted several wars against the Jews, see Jewish-Roman Wars, and, before the Edict of Milan, persecuted Christians.

Medieval

Massive violent attacks against Jews date back at least to the Crusades such as the Pogrom of 1096 in France and Germany (the first "Christian" pogroms to be officially recorded), as well as the massacres of Jews at London and York in 1189–1190.

During the Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain, beginning in the 9th century, Islamic Spain was more tolerant towards Jews.^[7] The 11th century, however, saw several Muslim pogroms against Jews; notably those that occurred in Cordoba in 1011 and in Granada in 1066.^[8] In the 1066 Granada massacre, the first large pogrom on European soil, a Muslim mob crucified the Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacred about 4,000 Jews^[9] In 1033 about 6,000 Jews were killed in Fez, Morocco by Muslim mobs.^[10]^[11] Mobs in Fez murdered thousands of Jews in 1276,^[12] and again, leaving only 11 alive, in 1465.^[12]^[13]

In 1348, because of the hysteria surrounding the Black Plague, Jews were massacred in Chillon, Basle, Stuttgart, Ulm, Speyer, Dresden, Strasbourg, and Mainz. By 1351, 60 major and 150 smaller Jewish communities had been destroyed.^[14] A large number of the surviving Jews fled to Poland, which was very welcoming to Jews at the time.^[15]

In 1543, Martin Luther wrote On the Jews and Their Lies, a treatise in which he advocated harsh persecution of the Jewish people, up to what are now called pogroms. He advocated that their synagogues and schools be set on fire, their prayer books destroyed, rabbis forbidden to preach, homes razed, and property and money confiscated.^[16]^[17]

Jews, Poles, and Catholics were massacred during the Khmelnytsky Uprising of Ukrainian Cossacks in retaliation for Polish colonialism in 1648–1654,^[18] and during the Koliyivshchyna in 1768-1769.

20th century

Russian Empire

There were several waves of pogroms throughout the Russian Empire.

See Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire.

Outside Russia

Pogroms spread throughout Central and Eastern Europe. Anti-Jewish riots also broke out elsewhere in the world.

In the Americas, there was a pogrom in Argentina in 1919, during the Tragic Week^[19]^[20]
In 1919, pogroms were reported in several cities in Poland.^[21]
In 1927, there were pogroms in Oradea (Romania).^{[citation needed]}

In the Arab world, there were a number of pogroms which played a key role in the massive emigration from Arab countries to Israel.

On 1–2 June 1941, the Farhud pogrom in Iraq killed between 200 and 400 Jews.^{[citation needed]}
In 1945, anti-Jewish rioters in Tripoli, Libya killed 140 Jews.^{[citation needed]}
In 1948 (Oujda and Djerada) and 1954 (Petitjean) there were pogroms in Morocco.^[22]

During the Holocaust

Pogroms were also encouraged by the Nazis, especially early in the war before the larger mass killings began. The first of these pogroms was Kristallnacht in Nazi Germany, often called Pogromnacht, in which Jewish homes and businesses were destroyed, up to 200 Jews were killed and some 30,000 Jewish men and boys were arrested and sent to concentration camps.

A number of pogroms occurred during the Holocaust at the hands of non-Germans. Perhaps the deadliest of these Holocaust-era pogroms was the Iaşi pogrom in Romania, in which as many as 13,266 Jews were killed by Romanian citizens, police, and military officials.^[23]

In the city of Lwow, some Ukrainian police along with occupying Nazis organized two large pogroms in June–July, 1941, in which around 6,000 Jews were murdered,^[24] in alleged retribution for the collaboration of some Jews with the Soviet regime and the large number of communists who happened to be of Jewish descent (see Controversy regarding the Nachtigall Battalion).

In Lithuania, some Lithuanian police led by Algirdas Klimaitis and the Lithuanian partisans — consisting of LAF units reinforced by 3,600 deserters from 29th Lithuanian Territorial Corps of the Red Army^[25] engaged in anti-Jewish pogroms in Kaunas along with occupying Nazis. On 25–26 June 1941 about 3,800 Jews were killed and synagogues and Jewish settlements burned.^[26]

During the Jedwabne pogrom of July 1941, some non-Jewish Poles burned around 340 Jews in a barn-house (final findings of the Institute of National Remembrance) in the presence of Nazi German Ordnungspolizei. The role of the German Einsatzgruppe B remains the subject of debate.^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32] The guidelines for such massacres were formulated by Reinhard Heydrich, who ordered to induce pogroms on territories occupied by Germany.^[33] The village was previously occupied by the Soviet Union, (see Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact) and some members of the Jewish community were subsequently accused of collaboration with Soviet occupiers and the NKVD.

After World War II

After the end of World War II, a series of violent anti-Semitic incidents occurred throughout Europe, particularly in the Soviet-liberated East, where most of the returning Jews came back after liberation by the Allied Powers, and where the Nazi propagandists had extensively promoted the notion of a Jewish-Communist conspiracy (see anti-Jewish violence in Eastern Europe, 1944–1946).

Influence of pogroms

The pogroms of the 1880s caused a worldwide outcry and, along with harsh laws, propelled mass Jewish emigration. Two million Jews fled the Russian Empire between 1880 and 1914, with many going to the United Kingdom and United States.

In reaction to the pogroms and other oppressions of the Tsarist period, Jews increasingly became politically active. Jewish participation in The General Jewish Labor Bund, colloquially known as The Bund, and in the Bolshevik movements, was directly influenced by the pogroms. Similarly, the organization of Jewish self-defense leagues (which stopped the pogromists in certain areas during the second Kishinev pogrom), such as Hovevei Zion, led naturally to a strong embrace of Zionism, especially by Russian Jews.

Other ethnic targets

Diverse ethnic groups have suffered from these targeted riots at various times and in different countries. The term "pogrom" is commonly used in the general context of violences against various ethnic groups. Werner Bergmann proposes that "[b]y the collective attribution of a threat, the pogrom differs from forms of violence, such as lynching, which are directed at individual members of a minority, while the imbalance of power in favor of the rioters distinguishes pogroms from other forms of riot (food riots, race riots, or 'communal riots' between evenly matched groups), and again, the low level of organization separates them from vigilantism, terrorism, massacre and genocide".^[34]

Historic episodes

Before 1900

The Asiatic Vespers of 88 BC (massacre of Roman citizens and other foreigners in Asia Minor).^[35]^[36]^{[need quotation to verify]}
Boudica's revolt in AD 60-61,^[37]^[38]^{[need quotation to verify]}
Massacre of foreigners in Guangzhou in 878,^[39]^{[need quotation to verify]}
St. Brice's Day massacre (killing of Danes in England) in 1002^[40]^{[need quotation to verify]}
Sicilian Vespers (massacre of French inhabitants of Sicily) in 1282,.^[41]^[42]^{[need quotation to verify]}
1740 Batavia massacre was a pogrom against ethnic Chinese living in the port city of Batavia, the Dutch East Indies. The incident lasted for two weeks in October.^[43]^{[need quotation to verify]}
The Haun's Mill massacre of 18 Latter Day Saints in Haun's Mill, Missouri, an example of several pogroms in the mid-19th century targeting Mormons. It occurred on October 30, 1838^[44]^{[need quotation to verify]}
Chinese massacre of 1871 in Los Angeles, California^[45]^{[need quotation to verify]}
1860 Lebanon conflict, a burst of sectarian violence in Mount Lebanon, wherein the Druze massacred more than 10,000 Christians, mostly Maronites,^[46] An uprising in Damascus resulted in the destruction of the Christian quarter and the massacre of many Maronite Christians.^[47]^{[need quotation to verify]}

1900–1999

The 1937 Parsley Massacre of 20,000+ Haitians in the Dominican Republic^[48]^{[need quotation to verify]}
World War II saw many ethnic massacres and pogroms,^[49] as well as the systematic killing of Jews in the Holocaust.^[50]^{[need quotation to verify]}
In the 1955 Istanbul Pogrom, ethnic Greeks were attacked and overwhelmed by ethnic Turkish mobs.^[51]
In the years 1960-1967 leading up to the Biafran War, ethnic Igbos and others from southeastern Nigeria were victims of targeted attacks.^[52]^{[need quotation to verify]}
The Zanzibar Revolution of January 12, 1964 put an end to the local Arab dynasty. Many Arabs and Asians were massacred by the descendants of black African slaves, according to reports, and thousands of others were detained and their property either confiscated or destroyed.^[53]^[54]^[55]^{[need quotation to verify]}
During the Indonesian killings of 1965–66, in which more than 500,000 people died,^[56] local Chinese were killed in some areas, and their properties looted and burned as a result of anti-Chinese racism on the excuse that Aidit had brought the PKI closer to China.^[57]^[58]^{[need quotation to verify]}
During the "Troubles" (1966–96) in Northern Ireland, many killings took place.^[59]^{[original research?]}
The Jakarta Riots of May 1998 were pogroms targeted against ethnic Chinese in Indonesia. Businesses associated with Chinese were burnt down, women were raped, tortured and killed.^[60] Fearing for their lives, many ethnic Chinese, who made up about 3–5% of Indonesia's population, fled the country.^{[need quotation to verify]}
Sikhs came under attack in India in November 1984 when India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her Sikh guards acting in the aftermath of Operation Bluestar. In these 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots, Sikhs were killed in pogroms led by government loyalists, with the government allegedly aiding the attacks by furnishing the mobs with voting lists to identify Sikh families.^[61] Congress party leader, Sonia Gandhi apologized to the Sikh community in 1988and began reconciliation efforts, as well as efforts to provide justice for the victims, the most notable being the Nanavati commission.^[62]^{[need quotation to verify]}
Over 500,000 Hindus, belonging to a community called Kashmiri Pandits, have also experienced a pogrom in the Pakistan controlled territory of Jammu and Kashmir when they were systematically targeted by the separatist militants and driven out of the Kashmir Valley in 1989.^[63]^[64]^[65]^{[need quotation to verify]}
In 1989, after bloody pogroms against the Meskhetian Turks by Uzbeks in Central Asia's Ferghana Valley, nearly 90,000 Meskhetian Turks left Uzbekistan.^[66]^[67]
In the summer of 1990, an anti-Russian rioting engulfed Tuva's urban areas, leaving scores dead. Thousands of ethnic Russians reportedly fled Tuva in the wake of the 1990 ethnic disturbances.^[68]^[69]^{[need quotation to verify]}
Pogrom of Armenians in Baku in January 1990 forced almost all of the 200,000 Armenians in Baku to flee to Armenia.^[70]^{[original research?]}
Black July refers to the anti-Tamil pogrom and attacks carried out by Sinhala mobs in Sri Lanka which began on July 23, 1983. It is estimated that between 400 and 3000 Tamils were killed, tens of thousands of houses were destroyed, and a wave of Sri Lankan Tamils left for other countries.^[71]

Since 2000

In Egypt, the rise in extremist Islamist groups such as the Gama'at Islamiya during the 1980s was accompanied by attacks on Copts and on Coptic churches; these have since declined with the decline of those organizations, but still continue.^[72] The police have been accused of siding with the attackers in some of these cases.^[73]^{[need quotation to verify]}
2002 Gujarat violence: in 2002, about 1,250 Muslims were killed by Hindus in the Indian state of Gujarat, allegedly with the complicity or support of Chief Minister Narendra Modi and his Bharatiya Janata Party government.^[74]^[75]^{[original research?]}
In November 2004, Chinese authorities have admitted that inter-ethnic rioting gripped part of central Henan province. Henan's riots escalated with Hui and Han Chinese gangs attacking and burning villages of the opposing community.^[76]^{[need quotation to verify]}
In November 2004, several thousand of the estimated 14,000 French nationals in Ivory Coast left the country after days of anti-white violence.^[77]^{[original research?]}
In 2006, rioters damaged shops owned by Chinese-Tongans in Nukuʻalofa.^[78] Chinese migrants were evacuated from the riot-torn Solomon Islands.^[79]^{[need quotation to verify]}
In 2007, ethnic Kurds in South Kazakhstan suffered arson attacks which continued for three days.^[80]^[81]^{[need quotation to verify]}
2007 Orissa violence^{[original research?]}
2008 attacks on North Indians in Maharashtra^{[original research?]}
In May 2008, there were pogroms against migrants across South Africa that left almost 100 people dead and up to 100,000 displaced.^[82]
Although Iraqi Christians represent less than 5% of the total Iraqi population, they make up 40% of the Iraqi refugees now living in nearby countries, according to UNHCR.^[83]^[84] Massacres, ethnic cleansing, and harassment has increased since the U.S.-led invasion in 2003.^[85] Furthermore, the Mandaean and Yazidi communities are at the risk of elimination due to the ongoing atrocities by Islamic extremists.^[86]^[87]^{[need quotation to verify]}
The 2009 Gojra riots were anti-Christian pogroms that erupted in Gojra, Pakistan, in 2009 where Muslim mobs killed eight Christians over Pakistan's blasphemy laws.^[88]^{[original research?]}

References

^ Amos Elon (2002), The Pity of It All: A History of the Jews in Germany, 1743–1933. Metropolitan Books. ISBN 0-8050-5964-4. p. 103.
^ "Pogrom", Encyclopaedia Britannica. "pogrom, (Russian: “devastation,” or “riot”), a mob attack, either approved or condoned by authorities, against the persons and property of a religious, racial, or national minority. The term is usually applied to attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries."
^ For this definition and a review of scholarly definitions see Wilhelm Heitmeyer and John Hagan, International handbook of violence research, Volume 1 (Springer, 2005) pp 352-55 online
^ Oxford English Dictionary, Dec. 2007 revision.
^ Walter Laqueur (2006): The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day, Oxford University Press, p.41 ISBN 0-19-530429-2.
^ H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-674-39731-2, The Crisis Under Gaius Caligula, pages 254-256: "The reign of Gaius Caligula (37-41) witnessed the first open break between the Jews and the Julio-Claudian empire. Until then — if one accepts Sejanus' heyday and the trouble caused by the census after Archelaus' banishment — there was usually an atmosphere of understanding between the Jews and the empire ... These relations deteriorated seriously during Caligula's reign, and, though after his death the peace was outwardly re-established, considerable bitterness remained on both sides. ... Caligula ordered that a golden statue of himself be set up in the Temple in Jerusalem. ... Only Caligula's death, at the hands of Roman conspirators (41), prevented the outbreak of a Jewish-Roman war that might well have spread to the entire East."
^ Menocal, María Rosa (April 2003). "The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain" (Document). Back Bay Books. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |isbn= ignored (help)
^ Frederick M. Schweitzer, Marvin Perry., Anti-Semitism: myth and hate from antiquity to the present, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, ISBN 0-312-16561-7, pp. 267–268.
^ Granada by Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling, Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906 ed.
^ Moroccan Jews.
^ The Forgotten Refugees - Historical Timeline.
^ ^a ^b N.A. Stillman. 1978. The Moroccan jewish experience: a revisionist view. Jerusalem Quarterly 9: 111-123
^ The Treatment of Jews in Arab/Islamic Countries
^ "Jewish History 1340 - 1349".
^ Norman Davies (1996). Europe: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 412. ISBN 0-19-820171-0.
^ Michael, Robert. Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
^ Michael, Robert. "Luther, Luther Scholars, and the Jews," Encounter 46:4, (1985).
^ Serhii Plokhi. “The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine” – Oxford.: Oxford University Press, 2001 p. 178.
^ http://www.bookrags.com/research/tragic-week-sjel-02/
^ http://mujereslibres.blogspot.com/2006/07/anarchist-visions-argentina.html
^ Tobenkin, Elias (1919-06-01). "Jewish Poland and its Red Reign of Terror". New York Tribune. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
^ Bostom, Andrew G. (Ed.) 2007. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism: From Sacred Texts to Solemn History.
^ Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania (RICHR) submitted to President Ion Iliescu in Bucharest on 11 November 2004.
^ Holocaust Resources, History of Lviv.
^ Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust, McFarland & Company, 1997, ISBN 0-7864-0371-3, Google Print, p.164.
^ "Holocaust Revealed". www.holocaustrevealed.org. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
^ http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal.php?serwis=en&dzial=55&id=131&search=5667
^ A communiqué regarding the decision to end the investigation of the murder of Polish citizens of Jewish nationality in Jedwabne on 10 July 1941 (Komunikat dot. postanowienia o umorzeniu śledztwa w sprawie zabójstwa obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej w Jedwabnem w dniu 10 lipca 1941 r.) from 30 June 2003.
^ Contested memories By Joshua D. Zimmerman, Rutgers University Press - Publisher; pp. 67-68.
^ Antisemitism By Richard S. Levy, ABC-CLIO - Publisher; p. 366.
^ Alexander B. Rossino, Polish "Neighbors" and German Invaders: Contextualizing Anti-Jewish Violence in the Białystok District during the Opening Weeks of Operation Barbarossa, Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry, Volume 16 (2003).
^ Jan Tomasz Gross, "Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland", Penguin Books, Princeton University Press, 2002.
^ Paweł Machcewicz, "Płomienie nienawiści", Polityka 43 (2373), October 26, 2002, pp. 71-73 The Findings.
^ Heitmeyer and Hagan, International handbook of violence research, Volume 1 pp 352-55
^ Manius Aquillius and the First Mithridatic War.
^ "Pogrom" is used in Linda-Marie Günther, Griechische Antike (2008) p 399
^ Dig uncovers Boudicca's brutal streak, The Observer, December 3, 2000.
^ "Pogrom" is used by Gus Martin, Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues (2009) p 555
^ Kaifung Jews. University of Cumbria.
^ "Pogrom" is used by Hugh Thomas, The English and the Normans (2003) p 28
^ Sicilian Vespers, 1911 Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
^ Pogrom is used by Piers Read, The Templars: The Dramatic History of the Knights Templar (2009) p 239
^ Pogrom is used by Jemma Purdey, Anti-Chinese violence in Indonesia, 1996-1999 (2006) p 235
^ "Pogrom" is used in Paul A. Gilje, Rioting in America (1999) P. 79
^ Pogrom is used in Justin Akers Chacón et al. No one is illegal (2006) p. 27
^ Lebanon - Religious Conflicts, U.S. Library of Congress.
^ Damascus - LoveToKnow 1911.
^ Douglas A. Phillips, The Dominican Republic (2010) p. 41
^ Michael Burleigh, Moral Combat: Good and Evil in World War II (2011)
^ Doris L. Bergen, War and Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust (2009) excerpt and text search
^ Ali Tuna Kuyucu, "Ethno-religious 'unmixing' of 'Turkey': 6–7 September riots as a case in Turkish nationalism". Nations and Nationalism (2005). 11 (3): 361–380. doi:10.1111/j.1354-5078.2005.00209.x.
^ Godfrey Mwakikagile, Ethnic politics in Kenya and Nigeria (2001) pp 26-57
^ Country Histories- Empire's Children.
^ Heartman, Adam (2006-09-26). "A Homemade Genocide". Who's Fault Is It?. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ Zanzibar Revolution 1964.
^ Indonesian academics fight burning of books on 1965 coup, smh.com.au.
^ BBC News | Analysis | Indonesia: Why ethnic Chinese are afraid.
^ Vickers (2005), p. 158.
^ Tim Pat Coogan, The troubles: Ireland's ordeal, 1966-1996, and the search for peace (2002) p 182-83
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^ Swadesh Bahadur Singh (editor of the Sher-i-Panjâb weekly): “Cabinet berth for a Sikh”, Indian Express, 1996-05-31.
^ Mahesh Sharma, Sonia Gandhi: A Biography (2005) p. 65
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^ Dyer, Gwynne (22 April 2002). "Leader whips up anti-Muslim hatred". The Record. p. A.9.
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^ France, U.N. Start Ivory Coast Evacuation, FOXNews.com.
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^ Iraq's Mandaeans 'face extinction'.
^ Iraq's Yazidis fear annihilation.
^ Mahir Ali, "Tragedy in Gojra" Forbes Aug 5, 2009

@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 ====After World War II====
 After the end of [[World War II]], a series of violent anti-Semitic incidents occurred throughout [[Europe]], particularly in the Soviet-liberated East, where most of the returning Jews came back after liberation by the Allied Powers, and where the [[Nazi]] propagandists had extensively promoted the notion of a [[Judeo-Bolshevism|Jewish-Communist conspiracy]] (see [[anti-Jewish violence in Eastern Europe, 1944–1946]]).
-[[Crown Heights Riot]] in Brooklyn, New York have been referred to as "pogrom" by many people such as [[Rudolf Giuliani]]  <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/01/nyregion/mayor-race-focuses-on-word.html"Mayor race focuses on word"] By JAMES C. McKINLEY Jr, ''The New York Times'', June 01, 1993, accessed August 16, 2011, page 1.</ref> and the New York Times columnist [[A. M. Rosenthal]] <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/03/opinion/on-my-mind-pogrom-in-brooklyn.html"On My Mind; Pogrom in Brooklyn"] by A. M. ROSENTHAL, ''The New York Times'', September 03, 1991, accessed August 16, 2011, page 1.</ref>.
 ===Influence of pogroms===
 The pogroms of the 1880s caused a worldwide outcry and, along with harsh laws, propelled mass [[Jewish]] emigration. Two million Jews fled the [[Russian Empire]] between 1880 and 1914, with many going to the [[United Kingdom]] and [[United States]].

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Social	Arophobia Acephobia Adultism Anti-albinism Anti-autism Anti-homelessness Anti-drug addicts Anti-intellectualism Anti-intersex Anti-left handedness Anti-Masonry Aporophobia Audism Biphobia Clannism Elitism Ephebiphobia Social determinants of health Social determinants of health in poverty Social determinants of mental health Fatphobia Gayphobia Gerontophobia Heterosexism HIV/AIDS stigma Homophobia Leprosy stigma Lesbophobia Discrimination against men Misandry Misogyny Nepotism Pedophobia Perpetual foreigner Pregnancy Sectarianism Supremacism White Male Transphobia Non-binary Transmisogyny Trans men Vegaphobia Xenophobia
Religious	Atheism Exclusivism Baháʼí Faith Buddhism Christianity Persecution Catholicism Eastern Orthodoxy Jehovah's Witnesses LDS or Mormon post–Cold War era Falun Gong Hinduism Persecution Untouchability Islam Persecution Ahmadiyya Shi'ism Sufism Sunnism minority Muslim Judaism Persecution Neopaganism Protestantism Rastafari Sikhism Yazidism Zoroastrianism
Ethnic/National	Afghan African Albanian Arab Armenian Asian France South Africa United States Assyrian Azerbaijani Black people African Americans China South Africa Bengali Bulgarian Catalan Chechen Chinese Colombian Croat Filipino Fulani Finnish Georgian Greek Haitian Hazara Hungarian Igbo Indian Indigenous people Australia Canada United States Irish Italian Japanese Jewish Antisemitism New Korean Kurdish Lithuanian Malay Māori Mexican Middle Eastern Mongolian Nigerian Pakistani Palestinians Pashtun Polish Quebec Romani Romanian Scottish Serb Slavic Somali Tatar Thai Turkish Ukrainian Uyghur Venezuelan Vietnamese Welsh
Manifestations	Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US Anti-trans movement in the UK Anti-Zionism Blood libel Bullying Cancel culture Capital punishment for homosexuality Compulsory sterilization Corrective rape Counter-jihad Cultural genocide Defamation Democide Disability hate crime Dog whistle Domicide Economic Education Employment Eliminationism Enemy of the people Ethnic cleansing Ethnic conflict Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnocide Excellence Forced conversion Freak show Gay bashing Gendercide Genital modification and mutilation Genocide examples Glass ceiling Hate crime LGBTQ Hate group Hate speech Homeless dumping Housing Indian rolling Kill Haole Day Lavender scare LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory List of people killed for being transgender Lynching Mortgage Murder music Native American mascots Occupational segregation Opposition to immigration Persecution Pogrom Political repression Purge Racialization Religious persecution Religious terrorism Religious violence Religious war Scapegoating Segregation academy Sexual harassment Sex-selective abortion Slut-shaming Trans bashing Victimisation Violence against women White flight White genocide conspiracy theory Wife selling Witch hunt
Discriminatory policies	Age of candidacy Blood purity Blood quantum Crime of apartheid Disabilities Catholic Jewish Gender pay gap Gender roles Gerontocracy Gerrymandering Ghetto benches Internment Jewish quota Law for Protection of the Nation MSM blood donation restrictions No kid zone Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota) One-drop rule Racial quota Racial segregation Jim Crow laws Nuremberg Laws Racial steering Redlining Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) Segregation age racial religious sexual Social exclusion Sodomy law State atheism State religion Ugly law Voter suppression
Countermeasures	Affirmative action Anti-discrimination law Anti-racism Constitutional colorblindness Cultural assimilation Cultural pluralism Diversity, equity, and inclusion Diversity training Empowerment Fat acceptance movement Feminism Fighting Discrimination Hate speech laws by country Human rights Intersex human rights LGBT rights Nonviolence Racial integration Reappropriation Self-determination Social integration Toleration
Related topics	Allophilia Amatonormativity Bias Cisnormativity Civil liberties Dehumanization Diversity Multiculturalism Neurodiversity Ethnic penalty Figleaf Gender-blind Heteronormativity Historical eugenics Internalized oppression Intersectionality Masculism Medical model of disability autism Net bias Oikophobia Oppression Police brutality Political correctness Polyculturalism Power distance Prejudice Prisoner abuse Racial bias in criminal news in the United States Racism by country Racial color blindness Religious intolerance Reverse discrimination Reverse racism Second-generation gender bias Snobbery Social exclusion Social identity threat Social model of disability Social privilege Christian male white Social stigma Speciesism Stereotype threat The talk
Category Commons

v t e Religious persecution and discrimination
By group	Atheism Exclusivism Baháʼí Faith Buddhism Christianity Persecution Catholicism Eastern Orthodoxy Jehovah's Witnesses LDS or Mormon post–Cold War era Falun Gong Hinduism Persecution Untouchability Islam Persecution Ahmadiyya Shi'ism Sufism Sunnism minority Muslim Judaism Persecution Neopaganism Protestantism Rastafari Sikhism Yazidism Zoroastrianism
Methods	Censorship Communal violence Cultural genocide Deprogramming Desecration Domicide Discrimination Ethnic cleansing Ethnic conflict Ethnic violence Extrajudicial killing Extrajudicial punishment Forced conversion Forced displacement Hate crime Iconoclasm Intolerance Pogrom Political violence Population cleansing Population transfer Sectarian violence Social cleansing Segregation State atheism State religion Terrorism Violence War
Events	Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire (64–313) Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire (c. 324–c. 491) Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent (c.550–c. 1200) Yellow Turban Rebellion (c.184–c. 205) Battle of Tours (732) Rhineland massacres (1096) Jerusalem massacre (1099) Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent (643–1526) Inquisition (1184–1908) Massacre at Ayyadieh (1191) Northern Crusades (12th–16th cent.) Crusades against schismatics (13th–15th cent.) Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain (1500–1526) European wars of religion (1522–1712) Ottoman–Habsburg wars (1526–1791) Goa Inquisition (1561–1812) French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) Expulsion of the Moriscos (1609–1614) Test Acts (1673–1829) Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction (1683–1922) Christianization of the Sámi people (1700s) French Revolutionary dechristianisation (1789–1801) Utah War (1857–1858) 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war (1860) Circassian genocide (1864) Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) Adana massacre (1909) Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars (1912–1913) Greek genocide (1913–1922) Pontic Greek genocide Assyrian genocide (1914–1924) Armenian genocide (1915–1923) Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc (1917–1990) Soviet persecution (1922–1991) 1917–1921 1921–1928 1928–1941 1958–1964 1970–1987 legislation Šahovići massacre (1924) White Terror (Spain) (1936–1975) Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses (1933) The Holocaust (1939–1945) Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945) Communist Polish persecution (1945–1989) Communist Romanian persecution (1945–1989) Noakhali riots (1946) Direct Action Day (1946) 1946 Bihar riots (1946) Rawalpindi massacres (1947) Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan (1947–ongoing) Violence against Muslims in India (1947–ongoing) Violence against Hindus in independent India (1947–ongoing) 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight (1948) Jewish exodus from the Muslim world (1948–1980) Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party (1949–ongoing) Persecution of Tibetans (1950–ongoing) Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950) Religious violence in Nigeria (1953–ongoing) Istanbul pogrom (1955) Buddhist crisis (1963) Huế Phật Đản shootings (1963) Thích Quảng Đức (1963) Xá Lợi Pagoda raids (1963) Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) Four Olds (1966) Famen Temple (1966) Bangladesh genocide (1971) Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh (1971–ongoing) Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) Cambodian genocide (1975–1979) 1984 anti-Sikh riots (1984) Revival Process (1984–1989) Big Excursion (1989) Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus (1990) Yugoslav Wars (1991–2001) Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War (1992–1996) Bosnian genocide (1995) War crimes in the Kosovo War (1999) Walisongo school massacre (2000) Kosheh massacres (2000) September 11 attacks (2001) 2002 Gujarat riots (2002) South Thailand insurgency (2004–ongoing) Boko Haram insurgency (2009–ongoing) Maspero demonstrations (2011) Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh (2013–2016) Yazidi genocide (2014–2017) Genocide of Christians by ISIL (2014–ongoing) Iraqi Turkmen genocide (2014–2017) Persecution of Uyghurs in China (2014–ongoing) Rohingya genocide (2016–ongoing) Christchurch mosque shootings (2019) 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings (2019) 2020 Delhi riots (2020) 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel (2023) 2024 Istanbul church shooting Crocus City Hall attack (2024)
Religion