Sahiwal Division: Difference between revisions
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{{Distinguish|Sahiwal Division}} |
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'''Sahiwal Division''' is a newly constructed division of [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]. The division, heaquartered at [[Sahiwal]], was formed in November 2008. It contains the districts of [[Okara District|Okara]], [[Pakpattan District|Pakpattan]] and [[Sahiwal District|Sahiwal]].<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/2008/11/15/nat28.htm Commissioner’s post brings dual honour to Sahiwal]</ref> |
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{{Infobox settlement |
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| name = Sahiwal Division| official_name |
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| native_name = |
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| native_name_lang = |
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| settlement_type = [[Divisions of Pakistan|Division]] |
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| image_skyline = |
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| imagesize = |
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| image_alt = |
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| image_caption = |
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| image_map = Sahiwal District.png |
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| mapsize = 200px |
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| map_alt = |
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| map_caption = Location of Sahiwal in Punjab. |
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| latd = |latm = |lats = |latNS = |
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| longd = |longm = |longs = |longEW = |
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| coordinates_type = |
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| coordinates_display = |
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| subdivision_type = Country |
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| subdivision_name = {{flag|Pakistan}} |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|Province]] |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] |
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| subdivision_type2 = Capital |
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Sahiwal]] |
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| area_total_km2 = |
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| population_as_of = 1998 |
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| population_total = 1843194 |
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| population_density_km2 = |
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| timezone1 = [[Time in Pakistan|PST]] |
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| utc_offset1 = +5 |
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| established_title = Established |
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| established_date = |
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| blank1_name_sec1 = |
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| blank1_info_sec1 = |
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| demographics1_title1 = Main language(s) |
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| demographics1_info1 = [[Urdu]], [[Pakistani English|English]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} |
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| website = www.sahiwal.gov.pk |
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}} |
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'''Sahiwal Division''' ({{lang-ur|ضلع ساہیوال}}) is a [[Divisions of Pakistan|Division]] in the [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|province]] of [[Pakistan]]. As of 1998, it had a population of 208,778 people, with an annual growth-rate of 1.92%.<ref>[http://www.census.gov.pk/MajorCities.htm POPULATION SIZE AND GROWTH OF MAJOR CITIES Table]</ref> Since 2008, Sahiwal Division along with [[Okara District]] and [[Pakpattan District]] has comprised the [[Sahiwal Division]]. The city of [[Sahiwal]] is the capital of both the district and the division. About 18 miles south-west of Sahiwal is '''[[Harappa]]''', an ancient city of the world, oldest urban center of Harappan or Indus civilization in South Asia. About 28 miles (45 km) west of Sahiwal, at Kamalia, is the site of Malli city captured by Alexander the Great in 325 bc. Alexander stayed in this region of [[Punjab|Punjab]] for two years and fought almost 12 wars during his stay.<ref>{{Shahid, Abdul Razzaq|Abdul Razzak|2005|p=128}} Quote: "It shows that Sikandar spent two years Punjab and fought atleast 12 wars. And the evidence shows that the area of his stay was mostly between Lahore and Multan along with ravi river; the area which is the topic of my paper."</ref> In 1849, a district was made with the name of Pakpattan (now Sahiwal) between Lahore and Multan for the administrative purposes. In 1851, it's headquarter was moved to [[Gogera|Gogera]] (a small town) and this region got the name [[Gogera|Gogera]]. In September 1858, participating in [[India's First War of Independence (term)|India's First War of Independence]], this region fought war under the command of great Freedom Fighter [[Rae Ahmed Nawaz Khan Kharal|Rae Ahmed Nawaz Khan Kharal]] who was the famous landlord in this area. Along with his companions Murad Fatiana, Shujaa Bhadur, and Mokha Wehniwal, [[Rae Ahmed Nawaz Khan Kharal|Rae Ahmed Nawaz Khan Kharal]] killed Lord Burkley the Commissioner for [[Gogera|Gogera]]. They led an insurrection in the wide area of [[Punjab|Punjab]] covering [[Ganji Bar|Ganji Bar]], [[Neeli Bar|Neeli Bar]] and [[Sandal Bar|Sandal Bar]] area (an area between rivers [[Sutlej|Sutlej]], [[Ravi River|Ravi River]] and [[Chenab River|Chenab River]] covered with thick forests in past). These great warriors held the jungles of [[Gogera|Gogera]] and gave the immense resistance to the British forces, besieging Major Crawford Chamberlain at Chichawatni. In 1954, when Railway tack between Lahore and Multan was laid under the [[British Raj|British Raj]], a large railway station was constructed here and this region got the name of Sahiwal after the Sahi clan of Kharal Rajputs who were the inhabitants of this area. In 1865, Sahiwal name was changed and it was named Montgomery after [[Sir Robert Montgomery]], then Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab.[1] Its current name was reinstated in 1966. |
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==Location== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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[[File:Jungle in Punjab.JPG|thumb|right|280px|Scenic Jungle in Division Sahiwal]] |
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{{PakistanDivisions}} |
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Sahiwal Division is located in the south-east of Punjab, from [[Multan Division]] it lies between 30-40 north [[latitude]] and 73-06 [[longitude]]. It is {{convert|500|ft|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. It forms a parallelogram lying NE-SW along the [[River Ravi]]. It is 100 km from east to west and 45 km from the north-western boundary of the Division of Sahiwal, Division [[Faisalabad]], District [[Toba Tek Singh]]. The dry River Khushak Bias separates it from the District[[Pakpattan]]. [[Okara]] District is east of the division. [[District Khanewal]] and [[District Vehari]] form boundaries with the division, and on the southern side is [[District Pakpattan]]. |
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==Administration== |
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{{coord missing|Pakistan}} |
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Sahiwal Division consists of following three Districts and seven Tehsils; |
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" |
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|- |
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! '''Districts''' |
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! '''Tehsils''' |
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|- |
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| rowspan="2" | [[Sahiwal]] |
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| [[Sahiwal]] |
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|- |
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| [[Chichawatni]] <!-- column 1 occupied by cell Sahiwal --> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="3" | [[Okara]] |
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| [[Okara]] |
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|- |
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| [[Depalpur]] <!-- column 1 occupied by cell Okara --> |
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|- |
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| [[Renala Khurd]] <!-- column 1 occupied by cell Okara --> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="2" | [[Pakpattan]] |
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| [[Pakpattan]] |
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|- |
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| [[Arifwala]] <!-- column 1 occupied by cell Pakpattan --> |
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|} |
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Sahiwal Division has an area of 301 km². Sahiwal Division contains subtowns like Qadirabad, Yousafwala,Iqbal Nagar, Kassowal, Noorshah, [[Harappa]] and Ghaziabad. There are transport connections via [[National Highway Authority|National Highway]] and [[Pakistan Railways]] to all over Pakistan. |
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==History== |
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This region has a very rich history. [[Harappa]], which is now a large village in the [[Sahiwal]], was once home of one of the earliest urban civilizations of the world; the '''[[Indus Valley Civilization]]'''.<ref>[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/asia/harappa.html Harappa]</ref> [[Indus Valley Civilization]] is considered as [[Bronze Age]] [[Civilization]] (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE)with [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Ancient Egypt]] as its contemporaries. At its peak, the Indus Civilization may have had a population of well over five million. Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley, Harappans, developed new techniques in metallurgy and handicraft (carneol products, seal carving), and produced copper, bronze, lead, and tin. The civilization is noted for its cities built of brick, roadside drainage system, and multistoried houses. The mature phase of this civilization is known as the Harappan Civilization which overlapped the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age; thus it is difficult to date this transition accurately. The declining period of the IVC from about 1,900 BC and most widely accepted factor of this decline is ecological change due to which migrations occurred. Shaffer & Lichtenstein (in {{Harvcolnb|Erdosy|1995|p=139}}) stated that: "This shift by Harappan and, perhaps, other Indus Valley cultural mosaic groups, is the only archaeologically documented west-to-east movement of human populations in South Asia before the first half of the first millennium B.C.." This could have been caused by ecological factors, such as the drying up of the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]] and increased aridity in [[Rajasthan]] and other places. The Indus River also began to flow east and floodings occurred.<ref>Flam (1981, 1991) and Mackay (1938, 1943) as cited by Kenoyer in {{Harvcoltxt|Erdosy|1995|p=224}}</ref> Shaffer (as cited in {{Harvcolnb|Bryant|2001|p=192}}) contends: "There were no invasions from central or western South Asia. Rather there were several internal cultural adjustments reflecting altered ecological, social and economic conditions affecting northwestern and north-central South Asia". However, Indo-Aryan migration into this region is noted as approximately contemporaneous to the final phase of the decline of the [[Indus-Valley civilization]] (IVC). |
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[[Alexander]] crossed into India in 327 B.C.E. Here, he defeated many kingdoms capturing the jungles and planes of [[Indus]], |
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[[Chenab]] and [[Ravi]]. During his conquests, he with his army stooped at a village belonged to the Mallis, who were said to be one of the most warlike of the Indian tribes. Alexander was wounded several times in this attack, most seriously when an arrow pierced his breastplate and his ribcage.[http://india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=16] This village of malli is located in [[Kamalia]] near Sahiwal. |
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After Alexander left back, this region along with the whole [[Indian subcontinent]] was ruled by the [[Ashoka|Ashoka the great]] ([[Maurya Empire]]) for some two hundred years. After that no significant ruler came and this region remain under the invasion of [[Muslims]], [[Mongol|Mongols]], [[Lodhi|Lodhis]] and many others till the [[Babur]] came and laid down the foundation of [[Mughal Empire]]in 1526. However, after just four year after the death of Babur his son [[Humayun]] ruled India who later on was defeated by [[Sher Shah Suri]]. A soldier of fortune, Sher Shah also proved himself a gifted administrator as well as an able general. He during his reign laid down the net of road. The road connecting [[Dehli]] to [[Multan]], he constructed, passed from [[Gogera|Gogera, Sahiwal]] is known in locals as ''Kakhan Wali Sarak''. To maintain his power in this region he constructed a fort in [[Shergarh, Pakistan|Shergarh]] (in today's Sahiwal). |
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The [[Mughals]] controlled the region from 1524 until 1739. The pastoral tribes of this barren expanse did not appear to have paid more than a nominal allegiance to the Muslim rulers, and even in the 19th century, when [[Ranjit Singh]] extended the [[Sikh]] supremacy as far as Multan, the population for the most part remained in a chronic state of rebellion. After the hold of the Mughal Empire had relaxed, the District was divided among the [[Nakai Misl|Sikh Nakkais]] and a number of important muslim tribes (Kharrals, Sials, Wattus, Hans). Between 1804 - 1810, [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] held most of the district, except for a strip on the Sutlej, which was held by the Nawab of Bahawalpur on payment of tribute to [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. However, it was occupied by [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] on default of payment. His rule remained till 1839 then after his death the empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. This opportunity was used by the [[British Empire]] to launch the [[First Anglo-Sikh War|Anglo-Sikh Wars]] from 1845 to 1849. This region was the the last territory to be merged into British India. British influence was first exercised in the district in 1847, when an officer was deputed to effect a summary settlement of the land revenue. The district came under direct British rule in 1849, when the district was officially formed with its headquarters at [[Pakpattan]]. The district was expanded to include the trans-Ravi portion in 1852, and the district headquarters were moved to [[Gogera]]. In 1865, when the railway was opened, a village on the railway, was named [[Montgomery District|Montgomery]] and became the capital of the district.<ref>[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V17_416.gif Montgomery District, Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 17, p. 410., 1860-1922]</ref> |
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This region also played a great role during the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]]. During that time, there was a general rising of the Jat clans, the District formed the scene of the only rising which took place north of the Sutlej. The District authorities, however, kept down the threatened rising till August 26, 1857 when the prisoners in jail made a desperate attempt to break loose. At the same time [[Rae Ahmed Nawaz Khan Kharal]], head of the Khurrul tribe, who had been detained at [[Gogera]], broke his arrest, and, though apprehended, was released on security, together with several other suspected chieftains.<ref>[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V17_417.gif Montgomery District - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 17, p. 411]</ref> In September 1858 [[Rae Ahmed Nawaz Khan Kharal| Rae Ahmed Khan]] led an insurrection in the [[Neeli Bar]] district, between the [[Sutlej]], [[Ravi]] and [[Chenab]] rivers in the love of mother land. The freedom fighters held the jungles of [[Gogera]] and had some successes against the British forces in open rebellion. [[Kamalia|Kot Kamalia]] was sacked; and Major Crawford Chamberlain, moving up with a small force from Multan, was besieged for some days at [[Chichawatni]] on the Ravi. These freedom fighters were actually able to make vast part of their land totally free of the British Raj for at least three months. Along with his companions Murad Fatiana, Shujaa Bhadroo, and Mokha Wehniwal, Ahmed Khan killed Lord Burkley the Commissioner for [[Gogera]]. He united most of the Bari tribes against the British rule. They also attacked the [[Central Jail Sahiwal|Gogera Central Jail]] and ensured the freedom of hundreds of freedom fighters who were kept there for charge of actively taking part in the War of Independence. Several minor actions followed in the open field, until finally the rebels, driven from the plain into the wildest jungles of the interior, were utterly defeated and dispersed. The British troops then inflicted severe punishment on the insurgent clans, destroying their villages, and seizing large numbers of cattle for sale.<ref>[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V17_417.gif Montgomery District - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 17, p. 411]</ref> |
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This district was part of the [[Lahore Division]] of Punjab Province. After the [[Partition of India|Partition of British India]], the district went to Pakistan in 1947. It's dimensions were altered many times till 2008 when it got the level of Division |
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==Sahiwal Dairy Cattle Breed== |
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The [[Sahiwal cattle]] breed is the best dairy breed of zebu or humped cattle (Bos Indicus), followed by the very similar Red Sindhi and Butana breeds.<ref>[http://mikenassau.freehomepage.com/dairybreed_1.html Synthetic Dairy Breed Proposal]</ref> It originated in the dry Punjab region which lies along the [[Indo-Pakistani border]], and was once kept in large herds by professional herdsmen called "Jaanglees". With the introduction of irrigation to the region their numbers dripped, and farmers used them as draft and dairy animals. The Division Sahiwal has one of the best dairy breeds in [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. It is thick-resistant, heat-tolerant and resistant to parasites, both internal and external. Cows average 2270 kilograms of milk while suckling a calf and much higher milk yields have been recorded. Due to their heat tolerance and high milk production they have been exported to other [[Asian countries]], [[Africa]], [[Caribbean]] and around the world. As oxen, they are docile but slow, making them more useful for slow work. Their colour can range from reddish brown to red, with varying amounts of white on the neck, and the underline. In males, the colour darkens towards the extremities, such as the head, legs and tails. Sahiwal breed arrived in [[Australia]] via [[New Guinea]] in the early 1950s. In Australia, the Sahiwal breed was initially selected as a dual-purpose breed. It played a valuable role in the development of the two Australian tropical dairy breeds, the Australian milking zebu and the Australian Fresian Sahiwal. Sahiwal breeds are now used in Australia for beef production, as crossing high-grade Sahiwal sires with Bos taurus animals produced a carcass of lean quality with desirable fat cover. |
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The Sahiwal breed is the heaviest milker of all zebu breeds and displays a well-developed udder. It sires small, fast-growing calves and is noted for its hardiness under unfavourable climatic conditions.<ref>1-Handbook of Australian Livestock, Australian Meat & Livestock Corporation,1989, 3rd Edition. 2-Genus Bos: Cattle Breeds of the World, 1985, MSO-AGVET (Merck & Co., Inc.), Rahway, N.J. 3-Mason, I.L. 1996. A World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds, Types and Varieties. Fourth Edition. C.A.B International. 273 pp.</ref><ref>[http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/sahiwal Sahiwal Cattle]</ref><ref>[http://www.rccsc.com.pk Research Centre for Conservation of Sahiwal Cattle]</ref> |
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==Agriculture== |
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[[Agriculture]] is important to the local economy, particularly the growing of cotton, grain, potato, wheat and rice exported all over Pakistan and around the world. As well as its [[cattle]] and [[sheep]], the Division is also famous for [[Water Buffalo]] milk all over the world. |
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==Muslim Majority District== |
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During the Partition of Punjab in 1947 Montgomery Known then (Sahiwal District) was a Muslim Majority District The Hindus and Sikhs Fled To the other side of the Border there was lots of Chaos and Riots Through out Sahiwal District This District was given to Newly Created Islamic Pakistan in the year 1947 after Muslim Refuges from Opposite side Crossed over and Settled in this District. |
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==Climate== |
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The climate of Sahiwal Division is extremely hot, reaching 45-50 degrees Celsius max in summers, and cold in winter down to 5-10 degree Celsius. The soil of the division is very fertile. The average rainfall is about 2000 mm. |
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==Major industries== |
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Sahiwal's industries include cotton ginning and pressing, tanning, textile (City cloth palace,City Fashion Center), textile spinning, weaving, leather products, garments, pharmaceuticals, flour mills, food processing, oil mills, cold storage, potato, tobacco, vegetable ghee/cooking oil, biscuits, chip board, confectionery, and woollen textile spinning and weaving. The Sahiwal breed of cattle, recognised as productive among Zebu dairy breeds, originated here; they are found now throughout the tropics. The main crops of the Sahiwal district are wheat, cotton, sugarcane, maize and rice. Main fruits are citrus, mangoes and guava. Sahiwal is a green and fertile town with 11,522 acres (46.63 km2) forests. KSC is an electrical industry in Sahiwal, producing water heaters, water coolers, air coolers, fans and washing machines. |
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==Twin cities== |
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Sahiwal city is twinned with the town of [[Rochdale]], in [[Greater Manchester]], [[North West England]].There is a direction sign in Rochdale's town centre pointing in Sahiwal's direction with "Sahiwal 3960 miles" written on it. |
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==Sports== |
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[[Cricket]] is the most popular [[sports]] in Sahiwal. Sahiwal produced many cricketers like [[Mushtaq Ahmed]], [[Manzoor Elahi]], [[Zahoor Elahi]] and [[Saleem Elahi]]. [[Association football|Football]] is quite popular too. |
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==Notable residents== |
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<!-- IMPORTANT: Only list people here who already have a Wikipedia article. --> |
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*[[Abdus Salam]], Pakistan's only Nobel Prize winner was born in Santokdas, Division Sahiwal, according to his elder sister and his obituary,<ref>[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4606%28199811%2944%3C386%3AMASKBE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-K&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage T. W. B. Kibble, "Muhammad Abdus Salam, K. B. E., (29 January 1926-21 November 1996)" ''Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society,'' Vol. 44, Nov., 1998 (Nov., 1998), pp. 386-401.]</ref> although he grew up in [[Jhang]]. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for his achievements in the field of Theoretical Physics in 1979. He is buried in [[Rabwah]], in the Jhang district. |
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*[[Majeed Amjad]], one of the founding forefathers of modern [[Urdu]] literature, was born in Sahiwal and received his education from Government College [[Lahore]]. He was inspired by the greenery of Sahiwal and wrote about the trees and greenery of Sahiwal. There is a park named for him. |
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*[[Munir Niazi]], A leading Urdu language poet of national and international stature. |
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==Notable towns and colonies== |
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Pak Avanue, Shadman Town, Gulistan Colony, Farid Town, Nai Abadi, [[Bilal colony sahiwal]],Mohalla Tullah Wala |
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Fateh Sher Colony, Tariq Bin Ziad (TBZ) Colony, Mohalla Rajpura,KOT ALLAH DIN, Kot Khadim Ali Sah, Barkad Town, Bahir wala adda, Jogi chowk, Lala Zar Colony,135/9.L, 134/9.L etc |
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==Information super highway== |
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There are various radio and cable networks broadcasting in the city, such as Sun Rise FM 96 Sahiwal and Suno Dil 102 radio and cable networks like Voltas Cable Network, Galaxy Cable Network and Geo Cable network. Here in Sahiwal also have Digital Photostudio and Digital mixing lab like Bandhan Movies. The main companies providing dial-up internet facilities are BrainNet and CyberNet. World Call Wireless has also started its operation in Sahiwal. World Call provides wireless telephones at low call rates and a wireless internet facility which is much faster than the dial-up service providers in the city. Recently, Wateen Telecom has also opened its office in Sahiwal. Wateen offers landline telephone, cellular phone, HAQ television, high-speed internet and WiMax.Sahiwal is on the Information superhighway after getting a high speed DSL Internet Facility enabled by Multi Net. Multi Net offer 256kb/s, 512kb/s, 1Mb/s & 2Mb/s shared speed & there is also Wateen Telecom who have started their service with high speed DSL via WIFI. A lot more development is being done in the field of IT and telecoms. Sahiwal is connected with backbone fiber that connects all the major cities of Pakistan. All Govt. Schools in Sahiwal have the latest PIV Based Computer Lab from the Government of Punjab IT and Computer Labs Project. Roughly one million rupees is spent on each lab; these furnished labs contain 16 of the latest PIV (Core 2 Duo) computers, air conditioner, printer and Internet facility. Each lab has dedicated IT staff including an IT Teacher, working on 17 Scale and Lab In charge. The government hopes that this project will improve the IT education standard in Sahiwal. Asia's tallest television broadcaster is located in the city.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} |
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==Hospitals== |
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The District Hospital commonly known as the Civil Hospital is the largest hospital of Sahiwal. It has a nursing school and also offers different laboratory courses. Many doctors of the city have served their House Jobs here. However adequate medical facilities, especially emergency specialist equipment, are often not available and patients are referred to Lahore (the capital city of the Punjab), which is inconvenient and risky.Now a medical school is openned and a new hospital is being built which would provide state of art treatments to sahiwalians. Other notable hospitals include the Christian Hospital, Bhagwan jee Children Hospital, the Mir Wilayat Hussain Zaidi Maternity Hospital and the Sadiq Medical care Hospital at Faride town. Shaukat Khanam Lab, Agha Khan Lab, Bhagwan Lab, Shafqat Lab and numerous other private laboratories are functioning in the city. Private clinics of doctors are numerous.Wapda fortified dispensary is a best facility for wapda servants.There is a free dispensory in Bilal Colony. |
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==Education== |
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Sahiwal has several educational institutes of quality. But the literacy rate is still low: about 30% overall and 51% in the city of Sahiwal. The Divisional Public School (DPS) and St. Mary's Convent High School are a schools of the city. Other notable schools are Government High School, [[Govt. High School Urban Area]], Comprehensive High School, Government Pilot Higher Secondary School and Junior Model High School. Government Immamia College, Government Postgraduate College (GPGC) and Government College for Men and Women.and it has also a biggest institute of technology(govt.college of technology)GCT (http://gctsahiwal.com/index.htm). Medical & Dental College and '''COMSATS''' Institute of Information Technology (CIIT) are also working. Virtual University has opened a campus in Sahiwal, and offers distance learning programmes. It is situated near the Government College Sahiwal. Baha-u-Deen Zikria University (BZU) sub-campus Sahiwal and COMSATS Institut Of Information Technology Sahiwal Campus has been successfully providing several under-graduate and graduate programmes since 2005.The private sector has a major role in the education system. Schools in this regard are: The Educators 4(Campuses), Acute Business College ACCA and CAT, The Allied School, The Knowledge School, The Beaconhouse School System, Bloom Field Hall, The City School Pre-Forces Cadet School. Dare-Aqram Model School SCOPE School System Bhagwan Public School Muhammadan Law College Sahiwal Multan Law College Sahiwal The Limit College The Command College Quaid e Azam Polytechnic Institute Quaid e Azam Technology College |
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The private sector is playing a major role in education system. schools in this regard are: |
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* [[Divisional Public School and College, Sahiwal|Divisional Public School and College]] [http://www.dpsswl.com Official Website] |
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* The Beaconhouse School System, |
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* Bloom Field Hall, |
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* The City School |
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* Government College For Women Sahiwal, |
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* Government Post-Graduate College Sahiwal [http://www.gpgcs.edu.pk Official Website] |
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* BZU Sub Campus Sahiwal, |
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* Punjab College, |
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* Comsets University, |
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* Government Commerce College Old campus GCT Road, |
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* Government Commerce College New Campus, |
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* Imamiyah College, |
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* Government Vocational Training Institute Yadgar Chowk, |
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* Government Technical Training Institute Sahiwal, |
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* Government College Of Technology |
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* Government Comprehensive School Sahiwal, |
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* Government High School Sahiwal |
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==Demography== |
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The Sahiwal Division was historically home to various clans of [[Kharal|Kharal Rajput]]s (Sahis, Bashera, Purbera), [[Tulla Jats|Tullah]] , [[Mahaar|Maher]], [[Dogar]], [[Sial (tribe)|Syal]], Sanpal, [[Sipra]], [[Khichi]], [[Wasli (clan)|Wasli]], [[Kamboh]], [[Kathia]], [[Arain]], [[Langrial (tribe)|Langriyal]], [[Bhatti]], [[Bhutta (Rajput)|Bhutta]], [[Muslim Jat|Jats]], Murdana a Subtribe of [[Rind]] [[Baloch of Punjab|Baloch]]s, [[Khagga]] (Qureshi), Pathans and Gillani Syeds of Shekhu Shareef. |
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==Language== |
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[[Punjabi Language|Punjabi]] is the spoken language of people of district. |
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Urdu is also spoken language of citizans |
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==Sahiwal District Jail== |
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The Sahiwal jail was constructed in 1873 in Montgomery in the Punjab Province of then British India which is now called Sahiwal and which is part of the Punjab province in Pakistan.It was depicted in one of the famous [[Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV Drama)]] ''[[Jangloos]]''. |
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The jail’s authorized accommodation is 1565, however, at present around 4500 prisoners (number varies almost on a daily basis) of three districts i.e. Sahiwal, Okara and Pakpattan are confined in this prison. |
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A rough break-down of the prison population to give an idea to the reader is given below: |
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Undertrial Prisoners 2768 |
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CT Prisoners 849 |
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CP Prisoners 538 |
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Juvenile Prisoners 57 |
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Female Prisoners 37 |
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Total population 4249 |
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Historically, this prison was famous by the name of Montgomery Jail. |
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Before and after independence, a numbers of politicians, poet, and social activists had remained confined in this prison, including Abu-ul-Kalam, Jawahar Lal Nehru, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Sardar Abdul Qayyum Khan, Agha Shorash Kashmeeri, Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Habib Jalab, and Maulana Zafar Ali Khan. |
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Maulana Zafar Ali Khan remained confined in Montgomery Prison for 5 years. His famous poems Book namely “Jasyat” is in the memory of Montgomery Prison’s memory. |
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While in prison, Faiz Ahmad Faiz wrote “Zindan Nama”. |
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To fulfill the requirements of the inmates and made them useful citizen after their release, a Literacy Center has been established. About 1000 inmates are using this Center. Jail warders and convicts having minimum qualification Fellow of Arts (12th grade) have been deputed teachers in these Literacy Centers. |
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A computer center has been established for the juvenile prisoners. |
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The jail also has a farm where vegetables and fodder is grown. |
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The prison also has a factory where carpets, duree, woolen blankets and jute tatts are made. |
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A new high security jail is under construction next to the central jail. |
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==See also== |
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*[[Kakazai]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Districts of Punjab (Pakistan)}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2011}} |
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[[Category:Sahiwal District]] |
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[[ca:Districte de Sahiwal]] |
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[[fr:District de Sahiwal]] |
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[[simple:Sahiwal Division]] |
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[[it:Distretto di Sahiwal]] |
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Revision as of 04:57, 31 October 2011
Sahiwal Division | |
|---|---|
 Location of Sahiwal in Punjab. | |
| Country |  Pakistan |
| Province | Punjab |
| Capital | Sahiwal |
| Population (1998) | |
| • Total | 1,843,194 |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (PST) |
| Website | www.sahiwal.gov.pk |
Sahiwal Division (Urdu: ضلع ساہیوال) is a Division in the Punjab province of Pakistan. As of 1998, it had a population of 208,778 people, with an annual growth-rate of 1.92%.[1] Since 2008, Sahiwal Division along with Okara District and Pakpattan District has comprised the Sahiwal Division. The city of Sahiwal is the capital of both the district and the division. About 18 miles south-west of Sahiwal is Harappa, an ancient city of the world, oldest urban center of Harappan or Indus civilization in South Asia. About 28 miles (45 km) west of Sahiwal, at Kamalia, is the site of Malli city captured by Alexander the Great in 325 bc. Alexander stayed in this region of Punjab for two years and fought almost 12 wars during his stay.[2] In 1849, a district was made with the name of Pakpattan (now Sahiwal) between Lahore and Multan for the administrative purposes. In 1851, it's headquarter was moved to Gogera (a small town) and this region got the name Gogera. In September 1858, participating in India's First War of Independence, this region fought war under the command of great Freedom Fighter Rae Ahmed Nawaz Khan Kharal who was the famous landlord in this area. Along with his companions Murad Fatiana, Shujaa Bhadur, and Mokha Wehniwal, Rae Ahmed Nawaz Khan Kharal killed Lord Burkley the Commissioner for Gogera. They led an insurrection in the wide area of Punjab covering Ganji Bar, Neeli Bar and Sandal Bar area (an area between rivers Sutlej, Ravi River and Chenab River covered with thick forests in past). These great warriors held the jungles of Gogera and gave the immense resistance to the British forces, besieging Major Crawford Chamberlain at Chichawatni. In 1954, when Railway tack between Lahore and Multan was laid under the British Raj, a large railway station was constructed here and this region got the name of Sahiwal after the Sahi clan of Kharal Rajputs who were the inhabitants of this area. In 1865, Sahiwal name was changed and it was named Montgomery after Sir Robert Montgomery, then Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab.[1] Its current name was reinstated in 1966.
Location
Sahiwal Division is located in the south-east of Punjab, from Multan Division it lies between 30-40 north latitude and 73-06 longitude. It is 500 ft (150 m) above sea level. It forms a parallelogram lying NE-SW along the River Ravi. It is 100 km from east to west and 45 km from the north-western boundary of the Division of Sahiwal, Division Faisalabad, District Toba Tek Singh. The dry River Khushak Bias separates it from the DistrictPakpattan. Okara District is east of the division. District Khanewal and District Vehari form boundaries with the division, and on the southern side is District Pakpattan.
Administration
Sahiwal Division consists of following three Districts and seven Tehsils;
| Districts | Tehsils |
|---|---|
| Sahiwal | Sahiwal |
| Chichawatni | |
| Okara | Okara |
| Depalpur | |
| Renala Khurd | |
| Pakpattan | Pakpattan |
| Arifwala |
Sahiwal Division has an area of 301 km². Sahiwal Division contains subtowns like Qadirabad, Yousafwala,Iqbal Nagar, Kassowal, Noorshah, Harappa and Ghaziabad. There are transport connections via National Highway and Pakistan Railways to all over Pakistan.
History
This region has a very rich history. Harappa, which is now a large village in the Sahiwal, was once home of one of the earliest urban civilizations of the world; the Indus Valley Civilization.[3] Indus Valley Civilization is considered as Bronze Age Civilization (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE)with Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt as its contemporaries. At its peak, the Indus Civilization may have had a population of well over five million. Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley, Harappans, developed new techniques in metallurgy and handicraft (carneol products, seal carving), and produced copper, bronze, lead, and tin. The civilization is noted for its cities built of brick, roadside drainage system, and multistoried houses. The mature phase of this civilization is known as the Harappan Civilization which overlapped the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age; thus it is difficult to date this transition accurately. The declining period of the IVC from about 1,900 BC and most widely accepted factor of this decline is ecological change due to which migrations occurred. Shaffer & Lichtenstein (in Erdosy 1995:139) stated that: "This shift by Harappan and, perhaps, other Indus Valley cultural mosaic groups, is the only archaeologically documented west-to-east movement of human populations in South Asia before the first half of the first millennium B.C.." This could have been caused by ecological factors, such as the drying up of the Ghaggar-Hakra River and increased aridity in Rajasthan and other places. The Indus River also began to flow east and floodings occurred.[4] Shaffer (as cited in Bryant 2001:192) contends: "There were no invasions from central or western South Asia. Rather there were several internal cultural adjustments reflecting altered ecological, social and economic conditions affecting northwestern and north-central South Asia". However, Indo-Aryan migration into this region is noted as approximately contemporaneous to the final phase of the decline of the Indus-Valley civilization (IVC).
Alexander crossed into India in 327 B.C.E. Here, he defeated many kingdoms capturing the jungles and planes of Indus, Chenab and Ravi. During his conquests, he with his army stooped at a village belonged to the Mallis, who were said to be one of the most warlike of the Indian tribes. Alexander was wounded several times in this attack, most seriously when an arrow pierced his breastplate and his ribcage.[1] This village of malli is located in Kamalia near Sahiwal.
After Alexander left back, this region along with the whole Indian subcontinent was ruled by the Ashoka the great (Maurya Empire) for some two hundred years. After that no significant ruler came and this region remain under the invasion of Muslims, Mongols, Lodhis and many others till the Babur came and laid down the foundation of Mughal Empirein 1526. However, after just four year after the death of Babur his son Humayun ruled India who later on was defeated by Sher Shah Suri. A soldier of fortune, Sher Shah also proved himself a gifted administrator as well as an able general. He during his reign laid down the net of road. The road connecting Dehli to Multan, he constructed, passed from Gogera, Sahiwal is known in locals as Kakhan Wali Sarak. To maintain his power in this region he constructed a fort in Shergarh (in today's Sahiwal).
The Mughals controlled the region from 1524 until 1739. The pastoral tribes of this barren expanse did not appear to have paid more than a nominal allegiance to the Muslim rulers, and even in the 19th century, when Ranjit Singh extended the Sikh supremacy as far as Multan, the population for the most part remained in a chronic state of rebellion. After the hold of the Mughal Empire had relaxed, the District was divided among the Sikh Nakkais and a number of important muslim tribes (Kharrals, Sials, Wattus, Hans). Between 1804 - 1810, Maharaja Ranjit Singh held most of the district, except for a strip on the Sutlej, which was held by the Nawab of Bahawalpur on payment of tribute to Maharaja Ranjit Singh. However, it was occupied by Maharaja Ranjit Singh on default of payment. His rule remained till 1839 then after his death the empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. This opportunity was used by the British Empire to launch the Anglo-Sikh Wars from 1845 to 1849. This region was the the last territory to be merged into British India. British influence was first exercised in the district in 1847, when an officer was deputed to effect a summary settlement of the land revenue. The district came under direct British rule in 1849, when the district was officially formed with its headquarters at Pakpattan. The district was expanded to include the trans-Ravi portion in 1852, and the district headquarters were moved to Gogera. In 1865, when the railway was opened, a village on the railway, was named Montgomery and became the capital of the district.[5]
This region also played a great role during the Indian rebellion of 1857. During that time, there was a general rising of the Jat clans, the District formed the scene of the only rising which took place north of the Sutlej. The District authorities, however, kept down the threatened rising till August 26, 1857 when the prisoners in jail made a desperate attempt to break loose. At the same time Rae Ahmed Nawaz Khan Kharal, head of the Khurrul tribe, who had been detained at Gogera, broke his arrest, and, though apprehended, was released on security, together with several other suspected chieftains.[6] In September 1858 Rae Ahmed Khan led an insurrection in the Neeli Bar district, between the Sutlej, Ravi and Chenab rivers in the love of mother land. The freedom fighters held the jungles of Gogera and had some successes against the British forces in open rebellion. Kot Kamalia was sacked; and Major Crawford Chamberlain, moving up with a small force from Multan, was besieged for some days at Chichawatni on the Ravi. These freedom fighters were actually able to make vast part of their land totally free of the British Raj for at least three months. Along with his companions Murad Fatiana, Shujaa Bhadroo, and Mokha Wehniwal, Ahmed Khan killed Lord Burkley the Commissioner for Gogera. He united most of the Bari tribes against the British rule. They also attacked the Gogera Central Jail and ensured the freedom of hundreds of freedom fighters who were kept there for charge of actively taking part in the War of Independence. Several minor actions followed in the open field, until finally the rebels, driven from the plain into the wildest jungles of the interior, were utterly defeated and dispersed. The British troops then inflicted severe punishment on the insurgent clans, destroying their villages, and seizing large numbers of cattle for sale.[7]
This district was part of the Lahore Division of Punjab Province. After the Partition of British India, the district went to Pakistan in 1947. It's dimensions were altered many times till 2008 when it got the level of Division
Sahiwal Dairy Cattle Breed
The Sahiwal cattle breed is the best dairy breed of zebu or humped cattle (Bos Indicus), followed by the very similar Red Sindhi and Butana breeds.[8] It originated in the dry Punjab region which lies along the Indo-Pakistani border, and was once kept in large herds by professional herdsmen called "Jaanglees". With the introduction of irrigation to the region their numbers dripped, and farmers used them as draft and dairy animals. The Division Sahiwal has one of the best dairy breeds in India and Pakistan. It is thick-resistant, heat-tolerant and resistant to parasites, both internal and external. Cows average 2270 kilograms of milk while suckling a calf and much higher milk yields have been recorded. Due to their heat tolerance and high milk production they have been exported to other Asian countries, Africa, Caribbean and around the world. As oxen, they are docile but slow, making them more useful for slow work. Their colour can range from reddish brown to red, with varying amounts of white on the neck, and the underline. In males, the colour darkens towards the extremities, such as the head, legs and tails. Sahiwal breed arrived in Australia via New Guinea in the early 1950s. In Australia, the Sahiwal breed was initially selected as a dual-purpose breed. It played a valuable role in the development of the two Australian tropical dairy breeds, the Australian milking zebu and the Australian Fresian Sahiwal. Sahiwal breeds are now used in Australia for beef production, as crossing high-grade Sahiwal sires with Bos taurus animals produced a carcass of lean quality with desirable fat cover.
The Sahiwal breed is the heaviest milker of all zebu breeds and displays a well-developed udder. It sires small, fast-growing calves and is noted for its hardiness under unfavourable climatic conditions.[9][10][11]
Agriculture
Agriculture is important to the local economy, particularly the growing of cotton, grain, potato, wheat and rice exported all over Pakistan and around the world. As well as its cattle and sheep, the Division is also famous for Water Buffalo milk all over the world.
Muslim Majority District
During the Partition of Punjab in 1947 Montgomery Known then (Sahiwal District) was a Muslim Majority District The Hindus and Sikhs Fled To the other side of the Border there was lots of Chaos and Riots Through out Sahiwal District This District was given to Newly Created Islamic Pakistan in the year 1947 after Muslim Refuges from Opposite side Crossed over and Settled in this District.
Climate
The climate of Sahiwal Division is extremely hot, reaching 45-50 degrees Celsius max in summers, and cold in winter down to 5-10 degree Celsius. The soil of the division is very fertile. The average rainfall is about 2000 mm.
Major industries
Sahiwal's industries include cotton ginning and pressing, tanning, textile (City cloth palace,City Fashion Center), textile spinning, weaving, leather products, garments, pharmaceuticals, flour mills, food processing, oil mills, cold storage, potato, tobacco, vegetable ghee/cooking oil, biscuits, chip board, confectionery, and woollen textile spinning and weaving. The Sahiwal breed of cattle, recognised as productive among Zebu dairy breeds, originated here; they are found now throughout the tropics. The main crops of the Sahiwal district are wheat, cotton, sugarcane, maize and rice. Main fruits are citrus, mangoes and guava. Sahiwal is a green and fertile town with 11,522 acres (46.63 km2) forests. KSC is an electrical industry in Sahiwal, producing water heaters, water coolers, air coolers, fans and washing machines.
Twin cities
Sahiwal city is twinned with the town of Rochdale, in Greater Manchester, North West England.There is a direction sign in Rochdale's town centre pointing in Sahiwal's direction with "Sahiwal 3960 miles" written on it.
Sports
Cricket is the most popular sports in Sahiwal. Sahiwal produced many cricketers like Mushtaq Ahmed, Manzoor Elahi, Zahoor Elahi and Saleem Elahi. Football is quite popular too.
Notable residents
- Abdus Salam, Pakistan's only Nobel Prize winner was born in Santokdas, Division Sahiwal, according to his elder sister and his obituary,[12] although he grew up in Jhang. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for his achievements in the field of Theoretical Physics in 1979. He is buried in Rabwah, in the Jhang district.
- Majeed Amjad, one of the founding forefathers of modern Urdu literature, was born in Sahiwal and received his education from Government College Lahore. He was inspired by the greenery of Sahiwal and wrote about the trees and greenery of Sahiwal. There is a park named for him.
- Munir Niazi, A leading Urdu language poet of national and international stature.
Notable towns and colonies
Pak Avanue, Shadman Town, Gulistan Colony, Farid Town, Nai Abadi, Bilal colony sahiwal,Mohalla Tullah Wala Fateh Sher Colony, Tariq Bin Ziad (TBZ) Colony, Mohalla Rajpura,KOT ALLAH DIN, Kot Khadim Ali Sah, Barkad Town, Bahir wala adda, Jogi chowk, Lala Zar Colony,135/9.L, 134/9.L etc
Information super highway
There are various radio and cable networks broadcasting in the city, such as Sun Rise FM 96 Sahiwal and Suno Dil 102 radio and cable networks like Voltas Cable Network, Galaxy Cable Network and Geo Cable network. Here in Sahiwal also have Digital Photostudio and Digital mixing lab like Bandhan Movies. The main companies providing dial-up internet facilities are BrainNet and CyberNet. World Call Wireless has also started its operation in Sahiwal. World Call provides wireless telephones at low call rates and a wireless internet facility which is much faster than the dial-up service providers in the city. Recently, Wateen Telecom has also opened its office in Sahiwal. Wateen offers landline telephone, cellular phone, HAQ television, high-speed internet and WiMax.Sahiwal is on the Information superhighway after getting a high speed DSL Internet Facility enabled by Multi Net. Multi Net offer 256kb/s, 512kb/s, 1Mb/s & 2Mb/s shared speed & there is also Wateen Telecom who have started their service with high speed DSL via WIFI. A lot more development is being done in the field of IT and telecoms. Sahiwal is connected with backbone fiber that connects all the major cities of Pakistan. All Govt. Schools in Sahiwal have the latest PIV Based Computer Lab from the Government of Punjab IT and Computer Labs Project. Roughly one million rupees is spent on each lab; these furnished labs contain 16 of the latest PIV (Core 2 Duo) computers, air conditioner, printer and Internet facility. Each lab has dedicated IT staff including an IT Teacher, working on 17 Scale and Lab In charge. The government hopes that this project will improve the IT education standard in Sahiwal. Asia's tallest television broadcaster is located in the city.[citation needed]
Hospitals
The District Hospital commonly known as the Civil Hospital is the largest hospital of Sahiwal. It has a nursing school and also offers different laboratory courses. Many doctors of the city have served their House Jobs here. However adequate medical facilities, especially emergency specialist equipment, are often not available and patients are referred to Lahore (the capital city of the Punjab), which is inconvenient and risky.Now a medical school is openned and a new hospital is being built which would provide state of art treatments to sahiwalians. Other notable hospitals include the Christian Hospital, Bhagwan jee Children Hospital, the Mir Wilayat Hussain Zaidi Maternity Hospital and the Sadiq Medical care Hospital at Faride town. Shaukat Khanam Lab, Agha Khan Lab, Bhagwan Lab, Shafqat Lab and numerous other private laboratories are functioning in the city. Private clinics of doctors are numerous.Wapda fortified dispensary is a best facility for wapda servants.There is a free dispensory in Bilal Colony.
Education
Sahiwal has several educational institutes of quality. But the literacy rate is still low: about 30% overall and 51% in the city of Sahiwal. The Divisional Public School (DPS) and St. Mary's Convent High School are a schools of the city. Other notable schools are Government High School, Govt. High School Urban Area, Comprehensive High School, Government Pilot Higher Secondary School and Junior Model High School. Government Immamia College, Government Postgraduate College (GPGC) and Government College for Men and Women.and it has also a biggest institute of technology(govt.college of technology)GCT (http://gctsahiwal.com/index.htm). Medical & Dental College and COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT) are also working. Virtual University has opened a campus in Sahiwal, and offers distance learning programmes. It is situated near the Government College Sahiwal. Baha-u-Deen Zikria University (BZU) sub-campus Sahiwal and COMSATS Institut Of Information Technology Sahiwal Campus has been successfully providing several under-graduate and graduate programmes since 2005.The private sector has a major role in the education system. Schools in this regard are: The Educators 4(Campuses), Acute Business College ACCA and CAT, The Allied School, The Knowledge School, The Beaconhouse School System, Bloom Field Hall, The City School Pre-Forces Cadet School. Dare-Aqram Model School SCOPE School System Bhagwan Public School Muhammadan Law College Sahiwal Multan Law College Sahiwal The Limit College The Command College Quaid e Azam Polytechnic Institute Quaid e Azam Technology College
The private sector is playing a major role in education system. schools in this regard are:
- Divisional Public School and College Official Website
- The Beaconhouse School System,
- Bloom Field Hall,
- The City School
- Government College For Women Sahiwal,
- Government Post-Graduate College Sahiwal Official Website
- BZU Sub Campus Sahiwal,
- Punjab College,
- Comsets University,
- Government Commerce College Old campus GCT Road,
- Government Commerce College New Campus,
- Imamiyah College,
- Government Vocational Training Institute Yadgar Chowk,
- Government Technical Training Institute Sahiwal,
- Government College Of Technology
- Government Comprehensive School Sahiwal,
- Government High School Sahiwal
Demography
The Sahiwal Division was historically home to various clans of Kharal Rajputs (Sahis, Bashera, Purbera), Tullah , Maher, Dogar, Syal, Sanpal, Sipra, Khichi, Wasli, Kamboh, Kathia, Arain, Langriyal, Bhatti, Bhutta, Jats, Murdana a Subtribe of Rind Balochs, Khagga (Qureshi), Pathans and Gillani Syeds of Shekhu Shareef.
Language
Punjabi is the spoken language of people of district. Urdu is also spoken language of citizans
Sahiwal District Jail
The Sahiwal jail was constructed in 1873 in Montgomery in the Punjab Province of then British India which is now called Sahiwal and which is part of the Punjab province in Pakistan.It was depicted in one of the famous Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV Drama) Jangloos.
The jail’s authorized accommodation is 1565, however, at present around 4500 prisoners (number varies almost on a daily basis) of three districts i.e. Sahiwal, Okara and Pakpattan are confined in this prison.
A rough break-down of the prison population to give an idea to the reader is given below:
Undertrial Prisoners 2768 CT Prisoners 849 CP Prisoners 538 Juvenile Prisoners 57 Female Prisoners 37
Total population 4249
Historically, this prison was famous by the name of Montgomery Jail.
Before and after independence, a numbers of politicians, poet, and social activists had remained confined in this prison, including Abu-ul-Kalam, Jawahar Lal Nehru, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Sardar Abdul Qayyum Khan, Agha Shorash Kashmeeri, Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Habib Jalab, and Maulana Zafar Ali Khan.
Maulana Zafar Ali Khan remained confined in Montgomery Prison for 5 years. His famous poems Book namely “Jasyat” is in the memory of Montgomery Prison’s memory.
While in prison, Faiz Ahmad Faiz wrote “Zindan Nama”.
To fulfill the requirements of the inmates and made them useful citizen after their release, a Literacy Center has been established. About 1000 inmates are using this Center. Jail warders and convicts having minimum qualification Fellow of Arts (12th grade) have been deputed teachers in these Literacy Centers.
A computer center has been established for the juvenile prisoners.
The jail also has a farm where vegetables and fodder is grown.
The prison also has a factory where carpets, duree, woolen blankets and jute tatts are made.
A new high security jail is under construction next to the central jail.
See also
References
- ^ POPULATION SIZE AND GROWTH OF MAJOR CITIES Table
- ^ Template:Shahid, Abdul Razzaq Quote: "It shows that Sikandar spent two years Punjab and fought atleast 12 wars. And the evidence shows that the area of his stay was mostly between Lahore and Multan along with ravi river; the area which is the topic of my paper."
- ^ Harappa
- ^ Flam (1981, 1991) and Mackay (1938, 1943) as cited by Kenoyer in Erdosy (1995:224)
- ^ Montgomery District, Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 17, p. 410., 1860-1922
- ^ Montgomery District - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 17, p. 411
- ^ Montgomery District - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 17, p. 411
- ^ Synthetic Dairy Breed Proposal
- ^ 1-Handbook of Australian Livestock, Australian Meat & Livestock Corporation,1989, 3rd Edition. 2-Genus Bos: Cattle Breeds of the World, 1985, MSO-AGVET (Merck & Co., Inc.), Rahway, N.J. 3-Mason, I.L. 1996. A World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds, Types and Varieties. Fourth Edition. C.A.B International. 273 pp.
- ^ Sahiwal Cattle
- ^ Research Centre for Conservation of Sahiwal Cattle
- ^ T. W. B. Kibble, "Muhammad Abdus Salam, K. B. E., (29 January 1926-21 November 1996)" Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 44, Nov., 1998 (Nov., 1998), pp. 386-401.
