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| style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|1000000}}<br>{{r|RwandaNews}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|1000000}}<br>{{r|RwandaNews}}
| {{ntsh|70}}70% of Tutsis in Rwanda
| {{ntsh|70}}70% of Tutsis in Rwanda
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| [[Circassian genocide]]{{refn|group=N|name=NCircassian|The '''Circassian genocide''' refers to the ethnic cleansing, massive annihilation, [[Forced migration|displacement]],<ref>[http://justicefornorthcaucasus.info/?p=1251662239 Coverage of The tragedy public Thought (later half of the 19th century)], Niko Javakhishvili, Tbilisi State University, 20 December 2012, retrieved 1 June 2015</ref> destruction and [[Deportation|expulsion]] of the <nowiki/>majority of the [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Circassians]] from historical [[Circassia]], which roughly encompassed the major part of the [[North Caucasus]] and the northeast shore of the [[Black Sea]]. This occurred in the aftermath of the [[Caucasian War]] in the last quarter of the 19th century.<ref>Yemelianova, Galina, Islam nationalism and state in the Muslim Caucasus. April 2014. pp. 3</ref> The displaced people moved primarily to the [[Ottoman Empire]].
Former [[Russian President]] [[Boris Yeltsin]]'s May 1994 statement admitted that [[Resistance movement|resistance]] to the [[tsarist]] forces was legitimate, but he did not recognize "the guilt of the tsarist government for the [[genocide]]."<ref name=RFE>Paul Goble ''[http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1341730.html Circassians demand Russian apology for 19th century genocide]'', [[Radio Free Europe]] / [[Radio Liberty]] 15 July 2005, Volume 8, Number 23</ref> In 1997 and 1998, the leaders of [[Kabardino-Balkaria]] and of [[Adygea]] sent appeals to the [[Duma]] to reconsider the situation and to issue the needed apology; to date, there has been no response from [[Moscow]]. In October 2006, the Adygeyan public organizations of Russia, [[Turkey]], Israel, [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], the United States, Belgium, Canada and Germany have sent the president of the [[European Parliament]] a letter with the request to recognize the genocide against Adygean (Circassian) people.<ref>[http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=5634 Circassia: Adygs Ask European Parliament to Recognize Genocide]</ref>
On May 21, 2011, the [[Parliament of Georgia]] passed a resolution, stating that "pre-planned" mass killings of Circassians by Imperial Russia, accompanied by "deliberate famine and epidemics", should be recognized as "genocide" and those deported during those events from their homeland, should be recognized as "refugees". Georgia, which has [[Georgia–Russia relations|poor relations with Russia]], has made outreach efforts to North Caucasian ethnic groups since the 2008 [[Russo-Georgian War]].<ref name="nyt"/> Following a [[Hidden Nations, Enduring Crimes conference|consultation with academics, human rights activists and Circassian diaspora groups]] and parliamentary discussions in Tbilisi in 2010 and 2011, Georgia became the first country to use the word "genocide" to refer to the events.<ref name="nyt">[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/21/world/europe/21georgia.html?emc=eta1 Georgia Says Russia Committed Genocide in 19th Century]. ''[[New York Times]]''. May 20, 2011</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/08/09/f-sochi-olympics-russia-circassians.html|title=Russia's Sochi Olympics awakens Circassian anger|first=Amber|last=Hildebrandt|publisher=[[CBC News]]|date=2012-08-14|accessdate=2012-08-15}}</ref><ref>[http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=23472 Georgia Recognizes ‘Circassian Genocide’]. ''[[Civil Georgia]]''. May 20, 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/georgia_recognizes_russian_genocide_of_ethnic_circassians/24181560.htmlGeorgia Recognizes Russian 'Genocide' Of Ethnic Circassians]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]. May 20, 2011</ref> On 20 May, 2011 the parliament of the Republic of Georgia declared in its resolution<ref name=len>[http://lenta.ru/news/2011/05/20/cherkesy/ Грузия признала геноцид черкесов в царской России // Сайт «Лента.Ру» (lenta.ru), 20.05.2011.]</ref> that the mass annihilation of the Cherkess (Adyghe) people during the Russian-Caucasian war and thereafter constituted [[genocide]] as defined in the Hague Convention of 1907 and the UN Convention of 1948.
}}
| [[Circassia]], [[Russian Empire]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 1864
| style="text-align: center;" | 1867
| style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|400000}}<br><ref name=Euromaiden>{{cite web|title=Russians won’t admit expulsion of Circassians was genocide — but Ukrainians should|url=http://euromaidanpress.com/2016/05/21/russians-wont-admit-expulsion-of-circassians-was-genocide-but-ukrainians-should/#arvlbdata|website=Euromaiden Press}}</ref>
| style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|1500000}}<br><ref name=Shenfield>Shenfield, Stephen D (1999). "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide". In Levine, Mark D and Penny Roberts, ''Massacres in History''. Page 154: "The number who died in the Circassian catastrophe of the 1860s could hardly, therefore, be less than one million, and may well have been closer to one-and-a-half million"</ref>.
|{{ntsh|45}}90% to 97% of total Circassian population perished or deported.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS104971+22-May-2009+PRN20090522|title=145th Anniversary of the Circassian Genocide and the Sochi Olympics Issue|date=22 May 2009|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=28 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/21/world/europe/21georgia.html|title=Georgia Says Russia Committed Genocide in 19th Century|author=Ellen Barry|date=20 May 2011|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>Richmond, Walter. ''The Circassian Genocide''. Page 132: ". If we assume that Berzhe’s middle figure of 50,000 was close to the number who survived to settle in the lowlands, then between 95 percent and 97 percent of all Circassians were killed outright, died during Evdokimov’s campaign, or were deported."</ref>
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| style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|3000000}} <br>{{r|BBC0310|BDdeathcount}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|3000000}} <br>{{r|BBC0310|BDdeathcount}}
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| [[Aardakh]]{{refn|group=N|name=Chech|'''Aardakh''' also known as '''Operation Lentil''' ({{lang-ru|Чечевица}}, ''Chechevitsa''; {{lang-ce|'''Вайнах махкахбахар'''}} ''Vaynax Maxkaxbaxar'') was the [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|Soviet expulsion]] of the whole of the [[Nakh peoples|Vainakh]] ([[Chechen people|Chechen]] and [[Ingush people|Ingush]]) populations of the [[North Caucasus]] to [[Central Asia]] during [[World War II]]. The expulsion, preceded by the [[1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya]], was ordered on 23 February 1944 by [[NKVD]] chief [[Lavrentiy Beria]] after approval by [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Soviet Premier]] [[Joseph Stalin]], as a part of [[Forced settlements in the Soviet Union|Soviet forced settlement program]] and [[population transfer in the Soviet Union|population transfer]] that affected several million members of non-Russian Soviet ethnic minorities between the 1930s and the 1950s.
The deportation encompassed their entire nations, well over 500,000 people, as well as the complete liquidation of the [[Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]]. Hundreds of thousands<ref name=Nekrich/><ref name=Dunlop/><ref name=Gammer/><ref name=Rummel/> of Chechens and Ingushes died or were killed during the round-ups and transportation, and during their early years in exile. The survivors would not return to their native lands until 1957. Many in Chechnya and Ingushetia classify it as an act of [[genocide]], as did the [[European Parliament]] in 2004.<ref name=Europarl>[http://www.unpo.org/article/438 UNPO: Chechnya: European Parliament recognises the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944]</ref><ref name=chenday>[http://savechechnya.org/archives/410 Press-Release: February 23, World Chechnya Day - Save Chechnya Campaign - Let&#039;s Break the Silence for Justice in Chechnya]</ref>}}
|[[Soviet Union]], [[North Caucasus]]
| style="text-align: center;" |1944
| style="text-align: center;" |1948
| style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|144704}}<br><ref name=Wood>Wood, Tony. ''Chechnya: the Case for Independence''. page 37-38</ref>
| style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|200000}}<br><ref name=Nekrich>Nekrich, ''Punished Peoples''</ref><ref name=Dunlop>Dunlop. ''Russia Confronts Chechnya'', pp 62-70</ref><ref name=Gammer>Gammer. ''Lone Wolf and the Bear'', pp166-171</ref><ref name=Rummel>[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/USSR.TAB1B.GIF Soviet Transit, Camp, and Deportation Death Rates]</ref>
|{{ntsh|35}}23.5% to almost 50% of total Chechen population<ref name=Wood>Wood, Tony. ''Chechnya: the Case for Independence''. page 37-38</ref><ref name=Nekrich>Nekrich, ''Punished Peoples''</ref><ref name=Dunlop>Dunlop. ''Russia Confronts Chechnya'', pp 62-70</ref><ref name=Gammer>Gammer. ''Lone Wolf and the Bear'', pp166-171</ref><ref name=Rummel>[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/USSR.TAB1B.GIF Soviet Transit, Camp, and Deportation Death Rates]</ref>
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| style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|210000}}<br>{{r|BurWhite|ICIBFR02_85}}<br>{{nts|50000}}<br>{{r|Totten2004}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|210000}}<br>{{r|BurWhite|ICIBFR02_85}}<br>{{nts|50000}}<br>{{r|Totten2004}}
|{{ntsh|10}}
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| [[Isaaq genocide]]{{refn|group=N|name=Isaaq|The '''Isaaq genocide''' or '''"Hargeisa Holocaust"'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last= Ingiriis |first= Mohamed Haji |date= 2016-07-02 |title= “We Swallowed the State as the State Swallowed Us”: The Genesis, Genealogies, and Geographies of Genocides in Somalia|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2016.1208475 |journal= African Security |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages= 237–258 |doi= 10.1080/19392206.2016.1208475 |issn=1939-2206 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Dd5ngjjVZb8C&pg=PA504&lpg=PA504&dq=&source=bl&ots=9GzZd8c49g&sig=pe_j5b6-sBauKqAUhbAZ9H8upAE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiEqfOGwuPTAhULK8AKHTJYDaEQ6AEINzAD#v=onepage&q=Siad%20barre's%20holocaust&f=false|title=A View From The Foothills: The Diaries of Chris Mullin |last=Mullin |first= Chris |date= 2010-10-01 |publisher= Profile Books |isbn= 1847651860 |language=en}}</ref> was the systematic, state-sponsored massacre of [[Isaaq]] civilians between 1988 and 1991 by the [[Somali Democratic Republic]] under the dictatorship of [[Siad Barre]].<ref name="Mburu">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7w8VAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22+against+the+Isaaq+people.+and+was+not%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Based+on+the+totality+of+evidence+collected+in+Somaliland%22|title=Past human rights abuses in Somalia: report of a preliminary study conducted for the United Nations (OHCHR/UNDP-Somalia)|last=Mburu|first=Chris|last2=Rights|first2=United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human|last3=Office|first3=United Nations Development Programme Somalia Country|date=2002-01-01|publisher=s.n.|language=en}}</ref> The number of civilian deaths in this massacre is estimated to be between 50,000-100,000 according to various sources,<ref name="Peifer">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tOgOwSXB164C&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=50,000&source=bl&ots=gDxdHZNEgV&sig=tQB8KBkmIN2qBGzghefetUE7ITo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwig3YSDnsjRAhVI1BoKHbKaBUEQ6AEIIjAB#v=onepage&q=50,000%20isaaq%20deaths&f=false|title=Stopping Mass Killings in Africa: Genocide, Airpower, and Intervention|last=Peifer|first=Douglas C.|date=2009-05-01|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=9781437912814|language=en}}</ref><ref name=Dynamics>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mKWiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi17-PMzMzRAhXLVhoKHZERA3w4ChDoAQg-MAc#v=onepage&q=%22large%20systematic%20scale%22&f=false|title=Making and Unmaking Nations: The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide in Contemporary Africa|last=Straus|first=Scott|date=2015-03-24|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=9780801455674|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jones">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZybbAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=By+then,+any+surviving+urban+Isaaks+-|title=Genocide, war crimes and the West: history and complicity|last=Jones|first=Adam|date=2017-01-22|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=9781842771914|language=en}}</ref> whilst local reports estimate the total civilian deaths to be upwards of 200,000 Isaaq civilians.<ref name=Somalilanded>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/investigating-genocide-somaliland-20142310820367509.html|title=Investigating genocide in Somaliland|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> This genocide also included the leveling and complete destruction of the second and third largest cities in Somalia, [[Hargeisa]] (which was 90 per cent destroyed)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Somaliland: Time for African Union Leadership|last=|first=|publisher=International Crisis Group|year=2006|isbn=|location=https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/somaliland-time-for-african-union-leadership.pdf|pages=5}}</ref> and [[Burao]] (70 per cent destroyed) respectively,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC&pg=PA152&dq=somalia+second+largest+city+destruction+hargeisa&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwio-cPnzsjRAhXBWhoKHUaMAvwQ6AEIITAB#v=onepage&q=somalia%20second%20largest%20city%20destruction%20hargeisa&f=false|title=Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation|last=Tekle|first=Amare|date=1994-01-01|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=9780932415974|language=en}}</ref> and had caused 400,000<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|year=|title=Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics|url=https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf|journal=|volume=|pages=10|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-s0VcsSW2rAC&pg=PA154&dq=%22The+scope+of+the+destruction+was+still+evident+when+Betty+%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiu6Yvpn8_RAhVJ7BQKHS6tDvkQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=%22The%20scope%20of%20the%20destruction%20was%20still%20evident%20when%20Betty%20%22&f=false|title=The New Africa: Dispatches from a Changing Continent|last=Press|first=Robert M.|date=1999-01-01|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=9780813017044|language=en}}</ref> Somalis (primarily of the Isaaq clan) to flee their land and cross the border to Hartasheikh in Ethiopia as refugees, creating the world's largest refugee camp then (1988),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WV0TAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=isaaq+400,000&source=bl&ots=iwV5IJSLjb&sig=qwS_Q38mseLNz_0ruvyv-4dgrjM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi105zco9bRAhVE7hoKHavtDysQ6AEIIzAC#v=snippet&q=400,000&f=false|title=The Early Morning Phonecall: Somali Refugees' Remittances|last=Lindley|first=Anna|date=2013-01-15|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=9781782383284|language=en}}</ref> with another 400,000 being internally displaced.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gajraj|first1=Priya|title=Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics|date=2005|publisher=World Bank|page=10|url=https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=52m9OsGODRUC&pg=PA227&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-yMfmp9bRAhVI7hoKHT7aCi8Q6AEIIDAB#v=onepage&q=isaaq&f=false|title=Racism and Ethnicity: Global Debates, Dilemmas, Directions|last=Law|first=Ian|date=2010-01-01|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405859127|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Africa Watch|journal=Volume 5|date=1993|page=4}}</ref> In 2001, the [[United Nations]] commissioned an investigation on past human rights violations in Somalia,<ref name="Mburu" /> specifically to find out if "crimes of international jurisdiction (i.e. war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide) had been perpetrated during the country's civil war". The investigation was commissioned jointly by the [[United Nations]] Co-ordination Unit (UNCU) and the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]. The investigation concluded with a report confirming the crime of genocide to have taken place against the Isaaqs in Somalia.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7w8VAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Based+on+the+totality+of+evidence+collected+in+Somaliland%22&dq=%22Based+on+the+totality+of+evidence+collected+in+Somaliland%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiR_vOU_b_TAhVpCMAKHUm3CiUQ6AEIJTAA|title=Past human rights abuses in Somalia: report of a preliminary study conducted for the United Nations (OHCHR/UNDP-Somalia)|last=Mburu|first=Chris|last2=Rights|first2=United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human|last3=Office|first3=United Nations Development Programme Somalia Country|date=2002-01-01|publisher=s.n.|language=en}}</ref>}}
| [[Somalia]]
| style="text-align: center;" |1988
| style="text-align: center;" |1991
| style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|50000}}<br><ref name="Peifer">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tOgOwSXB164C&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=50,000&source=bl&ots=gDxdHZNEgV&sig=tQB8KBkmIN2qBGzghefetUE7ITo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwig3YSDnsjRAhVI1BoKHbKaBUEQ6AEIIjAB#v=onepage&q=50,000%20isaaq%20deaths&f=false|title=Stopping Mass Killings in Africa: Genocide, Airpower, and Intervention|last=Peifer|first=Douglas C.|date=2009-05-01|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=9781437912814|language=en}}</ref><ref name=Dynamics>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mKWiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi17-PMzMzRAhXLVhoKHZERA3w4ChDoAQg-MAc#v=onepage&q=%22large%20systematic%20scale%22&f=false|title=Making and Unmaking Nations: The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide in Contemporary Africa|last=Straus|first=Scott|date=2015-03-24|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=9780801455674|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jones">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZybbAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=By+then,+any+surviving+urban+Isaaks+-|title=Genocide, war crimes and the West: history and complicity|last=Jones|first=Adam|date=2017-01-22|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=9781842771914|language=en}}</ref>
| style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|200000}}<br><ref name=Somalilanded>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/investigating-genocide-somaliland-20142310820367509.html|title=Investigating genocide in Somaliland|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
|{{ntsh|4}}
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Revision as of 01:39, 21 June 2017

This list of genocides by death toll includes death toll estimates of all deaths that are either directly or indirectly caused by genocide. It does not include non-genocidal mass killing such as the Destruction under the Mongol Empire (40 to 70 million deaths), the Thirty Years War (7 & 1/2 million deaths), Japanese War Crimes (3 to 14 million deaths), the Atrocities in the Congo Free State (3 to 13 million deaths), the 1965–1966 Indonesian Politicide (1/2 to 3 million deaths) or the Great Leap Forward (15 to 55 million deaths).
The United Nations Genocide Convention defines genocide as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group".[1] Various other definitions can be found in scholarly literature, but they have no legal weight.

Event Location From To Lowest
estimate 		Highest
estimate 		%
The Holocaust[N 1]
(Lower figures (5-6 million) are for the Jewish genocide, and the higher figures (11-17 million) is for the total killed in all Nazi genocides and War Crimes.) 		Nazi-Germany controlled Europe 1942 1945 4,900,000
[3][4]
11,000,000
[5][6] 		6,000,000
[7]
17,000,000
[5][8] 		Around 45% of Holocaust victims were non-Jews, including significant numbers of Polish Catholics.[9]

97% of Jews killed were non-German. Around 33% of German Jews and more than 80% of non-German Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe were killed.[10]

Generalplan Ost[N 2]
(The genocide and enslavement of Slavic peoples by Nazi Germany) 		Nazi-occupied Soviet Territories 1941 1945 4,500,000
[14] 		13,700,000
[15] 		Approximately 20% of the 68 million of occupied areas' population were eliminated, mostly through the Nazi Hunger Plan.
Holodomor (Голодомор)[N 3]
(Ukrainian genocide) 		Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 1932 1933 1,800,000
[27][28][29][30] 		7,500,000
[31][32][33][34][35]
Cambodian genocide[N 4] Democratic Kampuchea 1975 1979 1,700,000
[41][42][43] 		3,000,000
[43][44] 		21%-33% of total population of Cambodia[45][46]

100% of Cambodian Viets
50% of Cambodian Chinese and Cham
40% of Cambodian Lao and Thai
25% of Urban Khmer
16% of Rural Khmer

Armenian genocide Մեծ Եղեռն (Medz Yeghern, "Great Crime")[N 5] Ottoman Empire
(territories of present-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq) 		1915 1922 800,000 1,500,000
[47] 		75% of Armenians in Turkey
Rwandan genocide[N 6] Rwanda 1994 1994 500,000
[48] 		1,000,000
[48] 		70% of Tutsis in Rwanda
Circassian genocide[N 7] Circassia, Russian Empire 1864 1867 400,000
[58] 		1,500,000
[59]. 		90% to 97% of total Circassian population perished or deported.[60][61][62]
Greek genocide including the Pontic genocide[N 8] Ottoman Empire
(territories of present-day Turkey) 		1914 1922 289,000
[63] 		750,000
[64]
Assyrian genocide ܣܝܦܐ (Seyfo, "Sword")[N 9] Ottoman Empire
(territories of present-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq) 		1915 1923 275,000
[65] 		750,000
[65]
Zunghar genocide 准噶尔灭族 in the Zunghar Khanate[N 10] Western Mongolia, Kazakhstan, northern Kyrgyzstan, southern Siberia 1755 1758 480,000
[69] 		600,000
[69] 		80% of 600,000 Zungharian Oirats
Porajmos (Romani genocide)[N 11] Nazi controlled Europe 1935 1945 130,000
[78] 		500,000
[79][80] 		25% of Romani people in Europe
Genocide by the Ustaše[N 12]
(See also Serbian genocide) 		Independent State of Croatia 1941 1945 357,000
[82][83] 		385,000
[82][83][84]
Bangladesh genocide[N 13] Bangladesh 1971 1971 300,000
[86] 		3,000,000
[87][88]
Aardakh[N 14] Soviet Union, North Caucasus 1944 1948 144,704
[95] 		200,000
[89][90][91][92] 		23.5% to almost 50% of total Chechen population[95][89][90][91][92]
East Timor genocide[N 15] East Timor 1975 1999 85,320
[100] 		196,720
[101] 		13% to 44% of East Timor's total population
(See death toll of East Timor genocide)
Burundian genocides of Hutus and Tutsis[N 16] Burundi 1972

1993 		1972

1993 		80,000
[102][103]
50,000
[104] 		210,000
[102][103]
50,000
[104]
Isaaq genocide[N 17] Somalia 1988 1991 50,000
[108][109][110] 		200,000
[111]
Kurdish genocide[N 18] Ba'athist Iraq 1986 1989 50,000
[123] 		200,000
[124][122][125]
Guatemalan genocide[N 19] Guatemala 1962 1996 35,000
[130] 		166,000
[131]
Herero and Namaqua genocide[N 20] German South-West Africa 1904 1908 34,000
[132] 		110,000
[133][134]
Bosnian genocide[N 21] Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992 1995 8,373
[139] 		25,609
39,199
[140]
Selk'nam genocide[N 22] Chile, Tierra del Fuego Late 19th Century Early 20th Century 2,500
[141] 		3,900
[142] 		84%
The genocide reduced their numbers from around 3000 to about 500 people. (Now pure Selk'nam are considered extinct.[142][143]
Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL[N 23] northern Iraq and Syria 2014 present thousands
[146]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-organized, persecution and murder of approximately 6 million Jews by the German Nazi government and its collaborators. Initially it was carried out in German-occupied Eastern Europe by paramilitary death squads (Einsatzgruppen) by shooting or, less frequently, using ad hoc built gassing vans, and later in extermination camps by gassing.[2]
    By extending its definition the Holocaust may also refer to the other victims of German war crimes during the rule of Nazism, such as the Romani genocide's victims, Poles and other Slavic civilian populations and POWs, victims of Germany's eugenics program, political opponents, Homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, and civil hostages and resisters from all over Europe.
  2. ^ The Master Plan for the East (Generalplan Ost or GPO) differed from the Holocaust in that it was a programme by the Nazi Germany's government for a vast substitution of the existing Slav population of Central and Eastern Europe with German colonizers by means of genocide and ethnic cleansing on a vast scale.[11][12] It was to be undertaken in territories occupied by Germany during World War II against all peoples considered by the Nazi racially inferior, the main target being the Slav population.[11][13] The plan was partially realized during the war, resulting, directly or indirectly, in a very large number of deaths. However its full implementation was not considered practicable during major military operations, and later was prevented by Germany's defeat. Depending on how The Holocaust is defined, casualties from both genocides may be included in the same figure. The actions undertaken and planned by Nazi Germany match the UN's definition of genocide as specific ethnicities were explicitly targeted for extermination.
  3. ^ In 2003 Holodomor, the man-made famine in Ukraine, was recognized by the United Nations as the result of actions and policies of the Soviet government of Joseph Stalin that caused millions of deaths,[16] and in 2008 by the European Parliament as a crime against the Ukrainian people, and against humanity.[17] Holodomor is considered a genocide in Ukraine,[18], Australia,[19] Canada,[20] Colombia,[21] Ecuador,[22] Estonia,[23] Georgia,[23] Hungary,[23] Latvia,[23] Lithuania,[23] Mexico,[23] Paraguay,[23] Peru,[23] Poland,[24] and Vatican City,[23] while the Russian Federation views it as part of the wider Soviet famine of 1932-33.[25] Scholars are divided and their debate is inconclusive on whether the Holodomor falls under the definition of genocide.[26]
  4. ^ The Cambodian genocide was carried out by the Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot[36] who, planning to create a form of agrarian socialism founded on an extremist ideology coupled with ethnic hostility, forced the urban population to relocate savagely to the countryside, among torture, mass executions, forced labor, and starvation. The genocide ended in 1979 with the Cambodian invasion by the Vietnamese army.[37] Up to 20,000 mass graves, the infamous Killing Fields, were uncovered,[38] where at least 1,386,734 murdered victims found their final resting place.[39] On 7 August 2014, two top leaders, Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan, received life sentences for crimes against humanity.[40]
  5. ^ The extermination of the Armenians, carried out by the Young Turks, led to the coining of the word "genocide". It included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches, mass starvation, and occurred concurrently with the Assyrian and Greek genocides. The State of Turkey denies a genocide ever occurred.
  6. ^ Some 50 perpetrators of the Rwandan genocide have been found guilty by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, but most others have not been charged due to lack of witness accounts. Another 120,000 were arrested by Rwanda; of these, 60,000 were tried and convicted in the Gacaca court system. Perpetrators who fled into Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo) were used as a justification when Rwanda and Uganda invaded Zaire (First and Second Congo Wars). It is recognized by the international community as a genocide.
  7. ^ The Circassian genocide refers to the ethnic cleansing, massive annihilation, displacement,[49] destruction and expulsion of the majority of the indigenous Circassians from historical Circassia, which roughly encompassed the major part of the North Caucasus and the northeast shore of the Black Sea. This occurred in the aftermath of the Caucasian War in the last quarter of the 19th century.[50] The displaced people moved primarily to the Ottoman Empire. Former Russian President Boris Yeltsin's May 1994 statement admitted that resistance to the tsarist forces was legitimate, but he did not recognize "the guilt of the tsarist government for the genocide."[51] In 1997 and 1998, the leaders of Kabardino-Balkaria and of Adygea sent appeals to the Duma to reconsider the situation and to issue the needed apology; to date, there has been no response from Moscow. In October 2006, the Adygeyan public organizations of Russia, Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Syria, the United States, Belgium, Canada and Germany have sent the president of the European Parliament a letter with the request to recognize the genocide against Adygean (Circassian) people.[52] On May 21, 2011, the Parliament of Georgia passed a resolution, stating that "pre-planned" mass killings of Circassians by Imperial Russia, accompanied by "deliberate famine and epidemics", should be recognized as "genocide" and those deported during those events from their homeland, should be recognized as "refugees". Georgia, which has poor relations with Russia, has made outreach efforts to North Caucasian ethnic groups since the 2008 Russo-Georgian War.[53] Following a consultation with academics, human rights activists and Circassian diaspora groups and parliamentary discussions in Tbilisi in 2010 and 2011, Georgia became the first country to use the word "genocide" to refer to the events.[53][54][55][56] On 20 May, 2011 the parliament of the Republic of Georgia declared in its resolution[57] that the mass annihilation of the Cherkess (Adyghe) people during the Russian-Caucasian war and thereafter constituted genocide as defined in the Hague Convention of 1907 and the UN Convention of 1948.
  8. ^ For the Greek genocide other sources give 450,000-900,000 casualties between Pontic, Cappadocian and Ionians Greeks. The genocide, istigated by the Ottoman government, included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches, summary expulsions, arbitrary executions, and destruction of Greek Orthodox cultural, historical and religious monuments.
  9. ^ The Assyrian genocide is commonly known as "Seyfo" (which means sword in Assyrian). It occurred concurrently with the Armenian and Greek genocides.
  10. ^ Zunghar genocide. The Manchu Qianlong Emperor of Qing China issued his orders for his Manchu Bannermen to carry out the genocide and eradication of the Zunghar nation, ordering the massacre of all the Zunghar men and enslaving Zunghar women and children.[66] The Qianlong Emperor moved the remaining Zunghar people to the mainland and ordered the generals to kill all the men in Barkol or Suzhou, and divided their wives and children to Qing soldiers.[67][68] The Qing soldiers who massacred the Zunghars were Manchu Bannermen and Khalkha Mongols. In an account of the war, Wei Yuan wrote that about 40% of the Zunghar households were killed by smallpox, 20% fled to Russia or the Kazakh Khanate, and 30% were killed by the army, leaving no yurts in an area of several thousands of Chinese miles except those of the surrendered.[69][70][71] Clarke wrote 80%, or between 480,000 and 600,000 people, were killed between 1755 and 1758 in what "amounted to the complete destruction of not only the Zunghar state but of the Zunghars as a people."[69][72] Historian Peter Perdue has shown that the decimation of the Dzungars was the result of an explicit policy of extermination launched by the Qianlong Emperor.[69] Although this "deliberate use of massacre" has been largely ignored by modern scholars,[69] Mark Levene, a historian whose recent research interests focus on genocide, has stated that the extermination of the Dzungars was "arguably the eighteenth century genocide par excellence".[73]
  11. ^ Porajmos (Romani pronunciation: IPA: [pʰoɽajˈmos]), or Samudaripen ("Mass killing"), the Romani genocide or Romani Holocaust, was the planned and attempted effort by the government of Nazi Germany and its allies to exterminate part of the Romani people of Europe. On 26 November 1935 a supplementary decree to the Nuremberg Laws stripping Jews of their German citizenship expanded the category "enemies of the race-based state" to include Romani, the same category as the Jews, and in some ways they had similar fates.[74][75] In 1982, West Germany formally recognized that genocide had been committed against the Romani.[76] In 2011 the Polish Government passed a resolution for the official recognition of the 2nd of August as a day of commemoration of the genocide.[77]
  12. ^ Genocide by the Ustaše. The government of the Independent State of Croatia murdered Serbs, Jews, Romani and antifascist Croats and Bosnian Muslims inside its borders, many in concentration camps, like the infamous Jasenovac camp. Ante Pavelić, the leader of the Ustaše, enacted racial laws similar to those of Nazi Germany, declaring Jews, Romani and Serbs "enemies of the people of Croatia".[81]
  13. ^ Bangladesh genocide. Massacres, killings, rape, arson and systematic elimination of religious minorities (particularly Hindus), political dissidents and the members of the liberation forces of Bangladesh were conducted by the Pakistan Army with support from paramilitary militias—the Razakars, Al-Badr and Al-Shams—formed by the radical Islamist Jamaat-e-Islami party.[85]
  14. ^ Aardakh also known as Operation Lentil (Russian: Чечевица, Chechevitsa; Chechen: Вайнах махкахбахар Vaynax Maxkaxbaxar) was the Soviet expulsion of the whole of the Vainakh (Chechen and Ingush) populations of the North Caucasus to Central Asia during World War II. The expulsion, preceded by the 1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya, was ordered on 23 February 1944 by NKVD chief Lavrentiy Beria after approval by Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, as a part of Soviet forced settlement program and population transfer that affected several million members of non-Russian Soviet ethnic minorities between the 1930s and the 1950s. The deportation encompassed their entire nations, well over 500,000 people, as well as the complete liquidation of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Hundreds of thousands[89][90][91][92] of Chechens and Ingushes died or were killed during the round-ups and transportation, and during their early years in exile. The survivors would not return to their native lands until 1957. Many in Chechnya and Ingushetia classify it as an act of genocide, as did the European Parliament in 2004.[93][94]
  15. ^ The East Timor genocide refers to the "pacification campaigns" of state sponsored terror by the Indonesian government during their occupation of East Timor. Oxford University held an academic consensus calling the Indonesian Occupation of East Timor genocide and Yale university teaches it as part of their "Genocide Studies" program.[96][97] Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report of the UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) reports an estimated minimum number of conflict-related deaths of 102,800 (+/- 12,000). Of these, the report says that approximately 18,600 (+/-1,000) were either killed or disappeared, and that approximately 84,000 (+/-11,000) died from hunger or illness in excess of what would have been expected due to peacetime mortality. These figures represent a minimum conservative estimate that CAVR says is its scientifically-based principal finding. The report did not provide an upper bound, however, CAVR speculated that the total number of deaths due to conflict-related hunger and illness could have been as high as 183,000.[98] The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.[99]
  16. ^ Burundian genocide. In the long sequence of civil fights that occurred between Tutsi and Hutu since Burundi's independence in 1962, the 1972 mass killings of Hutu by the Tutsi and the 1993 mass killings of Tutsis by the majority-Hutu populace are both described as genocide in the final report of the International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi presented to the United Nations Security Council in 1996.
  17. ^ The Isaaq genocide or "Hargeisa Holocaust"[105] [106] was the systematic, state-sponsored massacre of Isaaq civilians between 1988 and 1991 by the Somali Democratic Republic under the dictatorship of Siad Barre.[107] The number of civilian deaths in this massacre is estimated to be between 50,000-100,000 according to various sources,[108][109][110] whilst local reports estimate the total civilian deaths to be upwards of 200,000 Isaaq civilians.[111] This genocide also included the leveling and complete destruction of the second and third largest cities in Somalia, Hargeisa (which was 90 per cent destroyed)[112] and Burao (70 per cent destroyed) respectively,[113] and had caused 400,000[114][115] Somalis (primarily of the Isaaq clan) to flee their land and cross the border to Hartasheikh in Ethiopia as refugees, creating the world's largest refugee camp then (1988),[116] with another 400,000 being internally displaced.[117][118][119] In 2001, the United Nations commissioned an investigation on past human rights violations in Somalia,[107] specifically to find out if "crimes of international jurisdiction (i.e. war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide) had been perpetrated during the country's civil war". The investigation was commissioned jointly by the United Nations Co-ordination Unit (UNCU) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The investigation concluded with a report confirming the crime of genocide to have taken place against the Isaaqs in Somalia.[120]
  18. ^ The Kurdish genocide also known as al-Anfal campaign (Arabic: حملة الأنفال), [121] was a series of genocidal operations[122] against the Kurdish people and other non-Arab populations in northern Iraq, that was led by the Ba'athist Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and was headed by Ali Hassan al-Majid in the final stages of the Iran–Iraq War. The code name chosen by the former Iraqi Baathist government for this campaign takes its name from Surat al-Anfal, the eighth chapter of the Quran. The Anfal operations also targeted Assyrians, Shabaks, Iraqi Turkmens, Yazidis, Jews, Mandaeans, and many villages belonging to these ethnic groups were also destroyed. The Anfal campaign was recognized as a genocide by Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and South Korea.
  19. ^ Guatemalan genocide. The government forces of Guatemala and allied paramilitary groups have been condemned by the Historical Clarification Commission for committing genocide against the Maya population[126][127] and for widespread human rights violations against civilians during the civil war fought against various leftist rebel groups. At least an estimated 200,000 persons lost their lives by arbitrary executions, forced disappearances and other human rights violations.[128] A quarter of the direct victims of human rights violations and acts of violence were women.[129]
  20. ^ The Herero and Namaqua Genocide was the campaign to exterminate the Herero and Nama people that the German Empire undertook in German South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia). It is considered one of the first genocides of the 20th century.
  21. ^ The Bosnian genocide comprises localized, in time and place, massacres like in Srebrenica[135] and in Žepa committed by Bosnian Serb forces in 1995, as well as the scattered ethnic cleansing campaign throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska[136] that took place during the 1992–1995 Bosnian War.[137] The Srebrenica massacre is the most recent act of genocide committed in Europe and is the only event of the war that fulfills the definition of genocide set by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. On 31 March 2010 the Serbian Parliament passed a resolution condemning the Srebrenica massacre and apologizing to the families of Srebrenica for the deaths of Bosniaks.[138]
  22. ^ The Selk'nam Genocide was the genocide of the Selk'nam people, indigenous inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego in South America, from the second half of the 19th to the early 20th century. Spanning a period of between ten and fifteen years the Selk'nam, which had an estimated population of some three thousand, saw their numbers reduced to 500.[141]
  23. ^ The Genocide of Yazidis ' by ISIS includes mass killing, rape and enslavement of girls and women, forced abduction, indoctrination and recruitment of Yazidis boys (aged 7 to 15) to be used in armed conflicts, forced conversion to Islam and expulsion from their ancestral land. The United Nations' Commission of Inquiry on Syria officially declared in its report that ISIS is committing genocide against the Yazidis population.[144] It is difficult to assess a precise figure for the killings[145] but it is known that some thousand of Yazidis men and boys are still unaccounted for and ISIS genocidal actions against Yazidis people are still ongoing, as stated by the International Commission in June 2016.

References

  1. ^ "Analysis Framework: Legal definition of genocide" (PDF). Office of the UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide (OSAPG). Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  2. ^ For a listing of the number of murdered Jews, detailed by country, see Dawidowicz, Lucy (2010). The War Against the Jews: 1933-1945. Open Road Media. Appendix A. ISBN 978-1453203064.
  3. ^ Reitlinger, Gerald (1953). The Final Solution. The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939–1945. New York City: Beechhurst Press.
  4. ^ Early efforts by scholars to determine the number of Jews murdered by the Nazis were limited by a lack of access to pertinent records. The genocide seldom entered Western discourse, both due to ignorance and to the Cold-War politics which made West Germany a new ally of the United States.The first significant work on the subject published in English was Gerald Reitlinger's Final Solution (1953), which, relying almost exclusively on German documentation, estimated 4.9 million dead. This figure is now considered extremely conservative. Raul Hilberg's 1961 The Destruction of the European Jews became a classic in the field of Holocaust literature and made the genocide of the Jews known to the wider public, Hilberg estimated its victims to be 5.1 million lives, or 4.9 - 5.4 million broadly construed. The trial of Adolph Eichmann further raised awareness of the genocide, Eichmann also provided documentation and testimony which revised the number of the dead.The first work to arrive at a figure comparable to modern estimates was Lucy Dawidowicz's The War Against the Jews, published in 1975, the book provided detailed listings by country of the number of Jews killed in the Holocaust which are still used as a reference in modern Holocaust studies. Dawidowicz researched birth and death records in many cities of prewar Europe to come up with a death toll of 5,933,900 Jews. After the opening of Soviet records, scholarship arrived at a death toll of about 6 million Jews. Gutman and Rozett's Encyclopedia of the Holocaust was published in 1990 and estimated slightly over 5.9 million Jews were murdered.Wolfgang Benz's The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide, published 1995, gave a toll of 6.2 million.
  5. ^ a b Using wider definition that includes non Jewish victims
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  7. ^ Davies, Norman (2012). God's Playground [Boże igrzysko]. Otwarte (publishing). p. 956. ISBN 8324015566. Polish edition, second volume. To, co robili Sowieci, było szczególnie mylące. Same liczby były całkowicie wiarygodne, ale pozbawione komentarza, sprytnie ukrywały fakt, że ofiary w przeważającej liczbie nie były Rosjanami, że owe miliony obejmowały ofiary nie tylko Hitlera, ale i Stalina, oraz że wśród ludności cywilnej największe grupy stanowili Ukraińcy, Polacy, Białorusini i Żydzi. Translation: The Soviet methods were particularly misleading. The numbers were correct, but the victims were overwhelmingly not Russian, and came from either one of the two regimes.
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  13. ^ Jill Stephenson (2006). Hitler's Home Front: Wurttemberg under the Nazis. Hambledon Continuum. p. 113. ISBN 978-185285442-3. Other non-'Aryans' included Slavs, Blacks and Roma and Sinti (Romanies).
  14. ^ Zemskov, Viktor (2013). "О масштабах людских потерь CCCР в Великой Отечественной Войне" [On the scale of human losses of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War]. ru:Демоскоп Weekly (in Russian).
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  16. ^ Works related to Joint Statement on Holodomor at Wikisource.
  17. ^ European Parliament resolution on the commemoration of the Holodomor, the Ukraine artificial famine (1932–1933)
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  20. ^ "Journals of the Senate No.72, 2nd Session, 37th Parliament" (PDF). 19 June 2003: 994–995. Retrieved 24 July 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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  22. ^ "Aprueba resolución: Congreso se solidariza con pueblo Ucraniano" [Resolution passed: Congress is in solidarity with Ukrainian people]. National Congress of Ecuador (in Spanish). 30 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 31 October 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  25. ^ "Russian lawmakers reject Ukraine's view on Stalin-era famine". Sputnik International. RIA Novosti. 2 April 2008.
  26. ^ David Marples (30 November 2005). "The great famine debate goes on..." ExpressNews. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (2001). "Current knowledge of the level and nature of mortality in the Ukrainian famine of 1931–3". In V. Vasil'ev; Y. Shapovala (eds.). Komandiri velikogo golodu: Poizdki V.Molotova I L.Kaganovicha v Ukrainu ta na Pivnichnii Kavkaz, 1932–1933 rr. Kyiv: Geneza. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ Vallin, Jacques; France Meslé; Serguei Adamets; Serhii Pyrozhkov (2002). "A new estimate of Ukrainian population losses during the crises of the 1930s and 1940s" (PDF). Population Studies. 56 (3): 249–264. doi:10.1080/00324720215934. ISSN 0032-4728. PMID 12553326. Retrieved 13 August 2016. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  29. ^ Meslé, France; Gilles Pison; Jacques Vallin (May 2005). "France-Ukraine: Demographic Twins Separated by History" (PDF). Population and Societies (413). Institut national d’études démographiques: 1–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 November 2006. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ Meslé, France; Vallin, Jacques (2003). Mortalité et causes de décès en Ukraine au XXème siècle (in French). Contributions by Vladimir Shkolnikov, Serhii Pyrozhkov, Serguei Adamets. Institut National d'Études Démographiques (INED). ISBN 978-2733201527. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  31. ^ Rosefielde, Steven (1983). "Excess Mortality in the Soviet Union: A Reconsideration of the Demographic Consequences of Forced Industrialization, 1929–1949". Soviet Studies. 35 (3): 385–409. doi:10.1080/09668138308411488. JSTOR 151363. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  32. ^ Наливайченко назвал количество жертв голодомора в Украине [Nalyvaichenko called the number of victims of Holodomor in Ukraine] (in Russian). LB.ua. 14 January 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  33. ^ Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. London: The Bodley Head. p. 53. ISBN 978-0224081412. One demographic retrojection suggests a figure of 2.5 million famine deaths for Soviet Ukraine. This is too close to the recorded figure of excess deaths, which is about 2.4 million. The latter figure must be substantially low, since many deaths were not recorded. Another demographic calculation, carried out on behalf of the authorities of independent Ukraine, provides the figure of 3.9 million dead. The truth is probably in between these numbers, where most of the estimates of respectable scholars can be found. It seems reasonable to propose a figure of approximately 3.3 million deaths by starvation and hunger-related disease in Soviet Ukraine in 1932–1933. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  34. ^ Marples, David R. (2007). Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine. Central European University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-963-7326-98-1. Retrieved 13 August 2016. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  35. ^ "Ukraine - The famine of 1932–33". Encyclopædia Britannica. The Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–33—a man-made demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime. Of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the Soviet Union, about four to five million were Ukrainians. ... Its deliberate nature is underscored by the fact that no physical basis for famine existed in Ukraine. ... Soviet authorities set requisition quotas for Ukraine at an impossibly high level. Brigades of special agents were dispatched to Ukraine to assist in procurement, and homes were routinely searched and foodstuffs confiscated... The rural population was left with insufficient food to feed itself.
  36. ^ Frey, Rebecca Joyce (2009). Genocide and International Justice. Facts On File. p. 83. ISBN 978-0816073108. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  37. ^ Mayersan, Deborah (2013). ""Never Again" or Again and Again". In Mayersen, Deborah; Pohlman, Annie (eds.). Genocide and Mass Atrocities in Asia: Legacies and Prevention. Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 978-0415645119. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  38. ^ DeMello, Margo (2013). Body Studies: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 86. ISBN 978-0415699303. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  39. ^ Documentation Center of Cambodia - Mapping of mass graves.
  40. ^ McKirdy, Euan (8 August 2014). "Top Khmer Rouge leaders found guilty of crimes against humanity, sentenced to life in prison". CNN. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ The CGP, 1994–2008 Cambodian Genocide Program, Yale University.
  42. ^ Terry, Fiona (2002). Condemned to Repeat?: The Paradox of Humanitarian Action. Cornell University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0801487965. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  43. ^ a b Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia". In Reed, Holly E.; Keely, Charles B. (eds.). Forced Migration and Mortality. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  44. ^ The Quality of Mercy: Cambodia, Holocaust, and Modern Conscience. Touchstone. 1985. p. 115–6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  45. ^ Etcheson, Craig (2005). After the Killing Fields: Lessons from the Cambodian Genocide. Greenwood. p. 119. ISBN 978-0275985134. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  46. ^ Heuveline, Patrick (1998). "'Between One and Three Million': Towards the Demographic Reconstruction of a Decade of Cambodian History (1970-79)". Population Studies. 52 (1). Taylor & Francis: 49–65. doi:10.1080/0032472031000150176. JSTOR 2584763. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  47. ^ Adalian, Rouben Paul (2004). "Armenian Genocide". Washington, DC: Armenian National Institute. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  48. ^ a b See, e.g., Rwanda: How the genocide happened, BBC, April 1, 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide, Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), page 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. 7 out of 10 Tutsis were killed.
  49. ^ Coverage of The tragedy public Thought (later half of the 19th century), Niko Javakhishvili, Tbilisi State University, 20 December 2012, retrieved 1 June 2015
  50. ^ Yemelianova, Galina, Islam nationalism and state in the Muslim Caucasus. April 2014. pp. 3
  51. ^ Paul Goble Circassians demand Russian apology for 19th century genocide, Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty 15 July 2005, Volume 8, Number 23
  52. ^ Circassia: Adygs Ask European Parliament to Recognize Genocide
  53. ^ a b Georgia Says Russia Committed Genocide in 19th Century. New York Times. May 20, 2011
  54. ^ Hildebrandt, Amber (2012-08-14). "Russia's Sochi Olympics awakens Circassian anger". CBC News. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  55. ^ Georgia Recognizes ‘Circassian Genocide’. Civil Georgia. May 20, 2011
  56. ^ Recognizes Russian 'Genocide' Of Ethnic Circassians[permanent dead link]. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. May 20, 2011
  57. ^ Грузия признала геноцид черкесов в царской России // Сайт «Лента.Ру» (lenta.ru), 20.05.2011.
  58. ^ "Russians won't admit expulsion of Circassians was genocide — but Ukrainians should". Euromaiden Press.
  59. ^ Shenfield, Stephen D (1999). "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide". In Levine, Mark D and Penny Roberts, Massacres in History. Page 154: "The number who died in the Circassian catastrophe of the 1860s could hardly, therefore, be less than one million, and may well have been closer to one-and-a-half million"
  60. ^ "145th Anniversary of the Circassian Genocide and the Sochi Olympics Issue". Reuters. 22 May 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
  61. ^ Ellen Barry (20 May 2011). "Georgia Says Russia Committed Genocide in 19th Century". The New York Times.
  62. ^ Richmond, Walter. The Circassian Genocide. Page 132: ". If we assume that Berzhe’s middle figure of 50,000 was close to the number who survived to settle in the lowlands, then between 95 percent and 97 percent of all Circassians were killed outright, died during Evdokimov’s campaign, or were deported."
  63. ^ Rummel, Rudolph J. (1997). "Statistics Of Turkey's Democide. Estimates, Calculations, and Sources". Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia and Transaction Publishers, Rutgers University. Retrieved 15 April 2015. Table 5.1B.
  64. ^ Jones, Adam (2010). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 150–1. ISBN 0-415-48619-X.
  65. ^ a b Assyrian Genocide; Lexicorient
  66. ^ Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  67. ^ 大清高宗純皇帝實錄, 乾隆二十四年
  68. ^ 平定準噶爾方略
  69. ^ a b c d e f Perdue, Peter C. (2005). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674016842.
  70. ^ Wei Yuan, 聖武記 Military history of the Qing Dynasty, vol.4. "計數十萬戶中，先痘死者十之四，繼竄入俄羅斯哈薩克者十之二，卒殲於大兵者十之三。除婦孺充賞外，至今惟來降受屯之厄鲁特若干戶，編設佐領昂吉，此外數千里間，無瓦剌一氊帳。"
  71. ^ Lattimore, Owen (1950). Pivot of Asia; Sinkiang and the inner Asian frontiers of China and Russia. Little, Brown. p. 126.
  72. ^ Clarke, Michael Edmund (2004). In the Eye of Power (PDF) (doctoral thesis). Brisbane: Griffith University. p. 37. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2012. {{cite thesis}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  73. ^ Moses, A. Dirk (2008). Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1845454524. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  74. ^ Milton, Sybil (February 1992). "Nazi Policies towards Roma and Sinti 1933-1945". Journal of Gypsy Lore Society. 5. 2 (1): 1–18. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  75. ^ "Holocaust Encyclopedia - Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939-1945". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  76. ^ "Holocaust Memorial Day: 'Forgotten Holocaust' of Roma finally acknowledged in Germany". The Telegraph. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  77. ^ "OSCE human rights chief welcomes declaration of official Roma genocide remembrance day in Poland". OSCE. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  78. ^ Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-231-50590-1. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
  79. ^ "Germany unveils Roma Holocaust memorial: Memorial commemorates the 500,000 Roma victims of the Nazi Holocaust during World War II". aljazeera.com. 25 October 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  80. ^ Some estimates are higher, e.g. Sybil Milton: "Something between a half-million and a million-and-a-half Romanies and Sinti were murdered in Nazi Germany and Occupied Europe between 1939 and 1945" in Latham, Judith, ed. (1995). "First US Conference on Gypsies in the Holocaust". Current Affairs Bulletin (3–23928). See also König, Ulrich (1989). Sinti und Roma unter dem Nationalsozialismus. Bochum: Brockmeyer. The count of half a million Sinti and Roma murdered between 1939 and 1945 is too low to be tenable.
  81. ^ Fischer, Bernd J., ed. (2007). Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South-Eastern Europe. Purdue University Press. pp. 207–10. ISBN 978-1557534552. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  82. ^ a b Excluding the Jews and Roma people sent to the German extermination camps.
  83. ^ a b "Axis Invasion of Yugoslavia - Croatia". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  84. ^ Other sources give higher numbers for Serbian deaths, as in Ball, Howard (2011). Genocide: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-59884-488-7. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  85. ^ "Part 5: Chapter 2, paragraph 33". Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report. 1974. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  86. ^ According to Pakistani Government Commission (Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report 1974).
  87. ^ "Bangladesh war: The article that changed history – Asia". BBC. 25 March 2010.
  88. ^ While the official Pakistani government report (Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report 1974) estimated that the Pakistani army was responsible for 26,000 killings in total, other sources have proposed various estimates ranging between 200,000 and 3 million. Indian Professor Sarmila Bose recently expressed the view that a truly impartial study has never been done, while Bangladeshi ambassador Shamsher M. Chowdhury has suggested that a joint Pakistan-Bangladeshi commission be formed to properly investigate the event.
    Chowdury, Bose comments – Dawn Newspapers Online.
    Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the 20th Century: Bangladesh – Matthew White's website.
  89. ^ a b c Nekrich, Punished Peoples
  90. ^ a b c Dunlop. Russia Confronts Chechnya, pp 62-70
  91. ^ a b c Gammer. Lone Wolf and the Bear, pp166-171
  92. ^ a b c Soviet Transit, Camp, and Deportation Death Rates
  93. ^ UNPO: Chechnya: European Parliament recognises the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944
  94. ^ Press-Release: February 23, World Chechnya Day - Save Chechnya Campaign - Let's Break the Silence for Justice in Chechnya
  95. ^ a b Wood, Tony. Chechnya: the Case for Independence. page 37-38
  96. ^ Payaslian, Simon. "20th Century Genocides". Oxford bibliographies.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  97. ^ "Genocide Studies Program: East Timor". Yale.edu.
  98. ^ Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report Chega!
  99. ^ Chega! The CAVR Report Archived May 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  100. ^ Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report of the UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) reports an estimated minimum number of conflict-related deaths of 102,800 (+/- 12,000). Of these, the report says that approximately 18,600 (+/-1,000) were either killed or disappeared, and that approximately 84,000 (+/-11,000) died from hunger or illness in excess of what would have been expected due to peacetime mortality. These figures represent a minimum conservative estimate that CAVR says is its scientifically-based principal finding. The report did not provide an upper bound, however, CAVR speculated that the total number of deaths due to conflict-related hunger and illness could have been as high as 183,000. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings
    • This estimates comes from taking the minimum killed violently applying the 70% violent death responsibility given to Indonesian military combined with the minimum starved.

    Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report Chega!
    Chega! The CAVR Report Archived May 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  101. ^ Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report of the UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) reports an estimated minimum number of conflict-related deaths of 102,800 (+/- 12,000). Of these, the report says that approximately 18,600 (+/-1,000) were either killed or disappeared, and that approximately 84,000 (+/-11,000) died from hunger or illness in excess of what would have been expected due to peacetime mortality. These figures represent a minimum conservative estimate that CAVR says is its scientifically-based principal finding. The report did not provide an upper bound, however, CAVR speculated that the total number of deaths due to conflict-related hunger and illness could have been as high as 183,000. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings
    • This estimates comes from taking the maximum killed violently applying the 70% violent death responsibility given to Indonesian military combined with the maximum starved.

    Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report Chega!
    Chega! The CAVR Report Archived May 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  102. ^ a b White, Matthew. Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century: C. Burundi (1972-73, primarily Hutu killed by Tutsi) 120,000
  103. ^ a b International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (2002). Paragraph 85. "The Micombero regime responded with a genocidal repression that is estimated to have caused over a hundred thousand victims and forced several hundred thousand Hutus into exile"
  104. ^ a b Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S.; Charny, Israel W. (2004). Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. Routledge. p. 331. ISBN 978-0415944304.
  105. ^ Ingiriis, Mohamed Haji (2016-07-02). ""We Swallowed the State as the State Swallowed Us": The Genesis, Genealogies, and Geographies of Genocides in Somalia". African Security. 9 (3): 237–258. doi:10.1080/19392206.2016.1208475. ISSN 1939-2206.
  106. ^ Mullin, Chris (2010-10-01). A View From The Foothills: The Diaries of Chris Mullin. Profile Books. ISBN 1847651860.
  107. ^ a b Mburu, Chris; Rights, United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human; Office, United Nations Development Programme Somalia Country (2002-01-01). Past human rights abuses in Somalia: report of a preliminary study conducted for the United Nations (OHCHR/UNDP-Somalia). s.n.
  108. ^ a b Peifer, Douglas C. (2009-05-01). Stopping Mass Killings in Africa: Genocide, Airpower, and Intervention. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 9781437912814.
  109. ^ a b Straus, Scott (2015-03-24). Making and Unmaking Nations: The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide in Contemporary Africa. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801455674.
  110. ^ a b Jones, Adam (2017-01-22). Genocide, war crimes and the West: history and complicity. Zed Books. ISBN 9781842771914.
  111. ^ a b "Investigating genocide in Somaliland".
  112. ^ Somaliland: Time for African Union Leadership. https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/somaliland-time-for-african-union-leadership.pdf: International Crisis Group. 2006. p. 5. {{cite book}}: External link in |location= (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  113. ^ Tekle, Amare (1994-01-01). Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation. The Red Sea Press. ISBN 9780932415974.
  114. ^ "Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics" (PDF): 10. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  115. ^ Press, Robert M. (1999-01-01). The New Africa: Dispatches from a Changing Continent. University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813017044.
  116. ^ Lindley, Anna (2013-01-15). The Early Morning Phonecall: Somali Refugees' Remittances. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781782383284.
  117. ^ Gajraj, Priya (2005). Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics (PDF). World Bank. p. 10.
  118. ^ Law, Ian (2010-01-01). Racism and Ethnicity: Global Debates, Dilemmas, Directions. Longman. ISBN 9781405859127.
  119. ^ "Africa Watch". Volume 5: 4. 1993.
  120. ^ Mburu, Chris; Rights, United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human; Office, United Nations Development Programme Somalia Country (2002-01-01). Past human rights abuses in Somalia: report of a preliminary study conducted for the United Nations (OHCHR/UNDP-Somalia). s.n.
  121. ^ Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul R. (2007). Dictionary of Genocide. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 252. ISBN 978-0313346422. Kurdish Genocide in Northern Iraq, (U.S. Response to). Well aware of the genocidal Al-Anfal campaign waged against the Kurds in northern Iraq by Iraqi president Saddam Hussein.
  122. ^ a b Black, George (July 1993). Genocide in Iraq: the Anfal campaign against the Kurds (PDF). New York: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 1-56432-108-8. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  123. ^ Wong, Edward (5 April 2006). "Hussein Charged With Genocide in 50,000 Deaths". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 August 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  124. ^ Ochsenwald, William; Nettleton Fisher, Sydney (2003). The Middle East: A History (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 659. ISBN 978-0072442335.
  125. ^ McDowall, David (2004). A Modern History of the Kurds: Third Edition (3rd ed.). I.B.Tauris. p. 359. ISBN 978-1-85043-416-0.
  126. ^ "Press Briefing: Press conference by members of the Guatemala Historical Clarification Commission". United Nations. 1 March 1999. Retrieved 13 August 2016. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  127. ^ "Guatemala Memory of Silence" (PDF). Commission for Historical Clarification Conclusions and Recommendations. Guatemala City. 1999. Retrieved 13 August 2016. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  128. ^ CEH 1999, p. 20.
  129. ^ CEH 1999, p. 23.
  130. ^ Namely the 83% of the "fully identified" 42,275 civilians killed by human rights violations during the Guatemalan Civil War. See CEH 1999, p. 17, and "Press Briefing: Press conference by members of the Guatemala Historical Clarification Commission". United Nations. 1 March 1999. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  131. ^ Applying the same proportion as for the fully identified victims to the estimated total amount of person killed or disappeared during the Guatemalan civil war (at least 200.000). See CEH 1999, p. 17.
  132. ^ Nuhn, Walter (1989). Sturm über Südwest. Der Hereroaufstand von 1904 (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe. ISBN 3-7637-5852-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  133. ^ According to the 1985 United Nations' Whitaker Report, some 65,000 Herero (80 percent of the total Herero population), and 10,000 Nama (50% of the total Nama population) were killed between 1904 and 1907.
  134. ^ Moses 2008, p. 296.
    Sarkin-Hughes, Jeremy (2008). Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century: The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia, 1904-1908. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Security International. p. 142. ISBN 978-0313362569.
    Schaller, Dominik J. (2008). From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa. NY: Berghahn Books. p. 296. ISBN 1-8454-5452-9.
    Friedrichsmeyer, Sara L.; Lennox, Sara; Zantop, Susanne M. (1998). The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy. University of Michigan Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0472096824.
    Nuhn 1989.
    Hoffmann, Anette (2007). Marie-Aude Baronian; Stephan Besser; Yolande Jansen (eds.). Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 33. ISBN 90-420-2129-2. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  135. ^ Irwin, Rachel (13 December 2012). "Genocide Conviction for Serb General Tolimir". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  136. ^ Gutman, Roy (1993). A Witness to Genocide. Lisa Drew Books. ISBN 978-0020329954.
  137. ^ Thackrah, John Richard (2008). Routledge Companion to Military Conflict since 1945. Taylor & Francis. pp. 81–82. ISBN 978-0-203-01470-7.
  138. ^ "Serbian MPs offer apology for Srebrenica massacre". BBC News. 31 March 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  139. ^ The figure considers only the estimated number of killed people in Srebrenica massacre based on the list of missing persons."Preliminary List of Missing Persons from Srebrenica 1995". Potočari Memorial Center. Archived from the original on 18 April 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) The International Commission on Missing Persons recovered and identified 6,930 remains."Facts and Figures on Srebrenica". icmp.int. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  140. ^ The two figures consider all Bosniak civilians killed during the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina. For the first figure see: Robinson, Matt (15 February 2013). "After years of toil, book names Bosnian war dead". Reuters.. For the second see: Ball, Patrick; Tabeau, Ewa; Verwimp, Philip (17 June 2007). "The Bosnian Book of Dead: Assessment of the Database" (PDF). Falmer: The Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  141. ^ a b Chapman, Anne (2010). European Encounters with the Yamana People of Cape Horn, Before and After Darwin (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-052151379-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  142. ^ a b Gardini, Walter (1984). "Restoring the Honour of an Indian Tribe-Rescate de una tribu". Anthropos (in German). 79 (4/6): 645–7.
  143. ^ Ray, Leslie (2007). Language of the Land: The Mapuche in Argentina and Chile. Copenhagen: IWGIA (International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs). p. 95. ISBN 978-879156337-9.
  144. ^ "UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria: ISIS is committing genocide against the Yazidis". United Nations - Office of the High Commissioner. 16 June 2016.
  145. ^ HRC (2016). They came to destroy: ISIS Crimes Against the Yazidis (PDF). Human Rights Council Thirty-second session Agenda item 4. pp. 8–9, 21, 36. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  146. ^ It is impossible to ascertain a precise figure which anyway is higher than some thousands (HRC 2016).
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